April 1982
MICROCOMPUTING
T.M.
A WAYNE GREEN PUBUCATION
USA $2.95 (ukjci.so)
o
o
Q
0"65945
04
Artificial Intelligence?
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r
YES ... I'd like to know more about Percom disk
systems. Please rush me booklet "D".
Send to: PERCOM DATA COMPANY, INC. Dept KB1
11220 Pagemill Road, Dallas TX 75243
name
street
city
state
zip
The Drive People
11220 Pagemill Road • Dallas TX • 75243 • (214) 340-7081
L
phone number
I'm interested in floppy disk storage for my...
TRS-80 HMdl III LMdl I H IBM PC
n H/Z-89 JH-8 HAIM/KIM/SYM DSystem-50
I'm interested in hard disk storage for my
DIBM PC :DTRS-80 Mdl III HApple II HAtari U H/Z-89
Other computer?
(G floppy disk or [ hard disk?)
PRICES AND SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE.
•TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Radio Shack Corporation which has no
relationship 'to Percom Data Company, inc
1 1981 Percom Data Company. Inc
Most small system users think all micro-
computers are created equal. And they're
right. If you want performance, convenience,
styling, high technology and reliability (and
who doesn't?) your micro usually has a price
tag that looks more like a mini. It seems big
performance always means big bucks. But
not so with the SuperBrain!
Standard SuperBrain features include: twin
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350,000 bytes of disk storage - expandable
to 10 megabytes. A full 64K of dynamic
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insure compatibility to literally hundreds of
application packages presently available. And,
a 12" non-glare, 24 line by 80 column screen.
You'll also get a full ASCII keyboard with
an 18 key numeric pad and individual cursor
control keys. Twin RS232C serial ports for
fast and easy connection to a modem or
printer. Dual Z80 processors which operate
at 4 MHZ to insure lightning-fast program
execution. And the list goes on! Feature after
feature after feature.
Better yet, the SuperBrain boasts modular
design to make servicing a snap. A common
screwdriver is about the only service tool
you'll ever need. And with the money you'll
save on purchasing and maintaining the
SuperBrain, you could almost buy another one.
For under $3,500, it is truly one of the most
remarkable microcomputers available anywhere.
Whether your application is small
business, scientific, educational or just word
processing, the SuperBrain is certainly an
exciting solution to the small computer
problem. And since you can easily expand it,
you'll probably never outgrow it.
Call or write us today for a complimentary
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formance without having to spend big bucks.
3
_ NTE3TEC
Cdata
SYSTEMS,
• 3
2300 Broad River Rd. Columbia, SC 29210
(803) 798-9100 TWX: 810-666-2115
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_
MICROCOMPUTING
PUBLISHER/EDITOR
Wayne Green
EDITORIAL MANAGER
Jeff DeTray
MANAGING EDITOR
Dennis Brisson
COPY EDITOR
Eric Moloney
TECHNICAL EDITORS
Harold Nelson
G. Michael Vose
EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS
Lise Markus, Linda Stephenson
PRODUCTION EDITOR
Susan Gross
ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANTS
Michelle Christian, Pat Graham, Nancy Noyd
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Robert Baker, Ken Barbier, Frank Derfler, Jr.,
Peter Stark
PRODUCTION MANAGER/PUBLICATIONS
Nancy Salmon
ASSISTANT PRODUCTION MANAGER
Michael Murphy
ADVERTISING GRAPHICS
Bruce Hedin, Steve Baldwin, Fiona Davies,
Jane Preston
PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT
Joan Ahern, Frances Benton, Linda Drew,
Bob Dukette, Matthew Hale, Susan Hays,
Pat Mackowsky, Theresa Ostebo,
Scott Philbrick, Sharon Phinney, Dianne Ritson,
Betty Smith, Deborah Stone,
Anne Vadeboncoeur, Irene Vail, Judi Wimberly,
David Wozmak
PHOTOGRAPHY
Thomas Villeneuve, Robert Villeneuve,
Paul Babich, Sandra Dukette, Bryan Hastings
TYPESETTING
Sara Bedell, Debbie Davidson,
Michele DesRochers, Beverly Jackson,
Stephen Jewett, Elizabeth Lockhart,
Anne Rocchio, Kelly Smith, Karen Stewart
DESIGN CONSULTANTS
Denzel Dyer, Howard Happ, Laurie MacMillan,
Joyce Pillarella, Diana Shonk, Susan Stevens,
Donna Wohlfarth
EXECUTIVE VICE-PRESIDENT
Sherry Smythe
ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER
Edward Ferman
COMPTROLLER
Peter Correia
EXECUTIVE ASSISTANT
Leatrice O'Neil
ACCOUNTING MANAGER
Knud Keller
DIRECTOR OF MARKETING
603-924-9471
Debra Boudrieau
CIRCULATION
Doris Day, Pauline Johnstone,
Dion Owens, designer
BULK SALES MANAGER
Ginnie Boudrieau
ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT
Matthew Smith
ADVERTISING
603-924-7138
Louise Caron, John Gancarz, Susan Martin,
Hal Stephens,
Marcia Stone, Office Mgr.
NEW ENGLAND ADVERTISING REPRESENTATIVE
John A. Garland
Jack Gardner
Garland Associates, Inc.
Box 314 SHS
Duxbury, MA 02332
617-934-6464 or 6546
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
32 Artificial Intelligence after 25 Years Harold Nelson
Exploring the relationship of machines and intelligence.
38 Eliza-A Software Classic for Your Micro Thomas Parsons
Stop in for a session with the world's most celebrated shrink.
44 Robots, Checkers and Learning Ken Barbier
Comments on the direction Al should be moving.
DATABASE MANAGEMENT
46 Database Scorecard Robert Akers
A rundown of database systems available for microcomputers.
EDUCATION
146 Why Johnny Can't Compute ArtBottereii
Some reasons computers have yet to realize their potential.
HARDWARE
64 A "Pennypinching" Video Display Richard McLaurin
All you need is an oscilloscope.
LANGUAGES
84 Pascal Meets Instant Insanity Michael Kan
Computer problem-solving using structured programming techniques.
140 Basic and Pascal Square Off John summer
Some timing comparisons that should interest you.
CP/M
Apple
Page 64.
Page 44.
SR^^^^H^^^^
[^WJ
!T#^5
4 Microcomputing, April 1982
Contents: April 1982
Volume VI
No. 4
Osborne
Osborne I
William Roberts On the Go with the Osborne I
Price, performance and software make this unit a winner.
Richard McGrath Why Pay More for Word Processing?
A letter-quality word processing system for under $3900.
KenBarbier Olympia's Switch-hitter
An economical alternative to conventional printers.
REVIEWS
70
76
88
SOFTWARE
Apple
Atari
Harry Pmetz A Basic Solution to Definite Integrals 92
A simple, effective solution to practical math problems.
Gary Douchant Alternative to Atari's Disk System 131
Use your cassette as an I/O device.
Color Computer Jonathan Kraushaar Machine Code at Your
Fingertips 136
Put machine code into your micro's memory to speed execution.
Publisher's Remarks-6
PET-pourri-12
Dial-up Directory- 18
Computer Blackboard-22
Letters to the Editor-26
Corrections-90
Micro Quiz-145
DEPARTMENTS
Dealer Directory-152
Book Reviews- 179
New Products- 186
New Software- 196
Calendar-209
Classifieds-209
Software Reviews-210
Page 70.
Page 88.
Manuscripts
Contributions in the form of manuscripts
with drawings and/or photographs are wel-
come and will be considered for possible
publication. We can assume no responsi-
bility for loss or damage to any material.
Please enclose a self-addressed, stamped
envelope with each submission. Payment
for the use of any unsolicited material will
be made upon acceptance. All contribu-
tions should be directed to the Microcom-
puting editorial offices. "How to Write for
Microcomputing" guidelines are available
upon request.
Editorial Offices
Pine Street
Peterborough, NH 03458
Phone:603-924-9471
Advertising Offices
Elm Street
Peterborough, NH 03458
Phone: 603-924-7138
Circulation Offices
Elm Street
Peterborough, NH 03458
Phone:603-924-9471
To subscribe, renew
or change an address
Write to Microcomputing, Subscription
Department, PO Box 997, Farmingdale,
NY 1 1737. For renewals and changes of ad-
dress, include the address label from your
most recent issue of Microcomputing. For
gift subscriptions, include your name and
address as well as those of gift recipients.
Postmaster: Send form *3579 to Micro-
computing, Subscription Services, PO Box
997, Farmingdale, NY 11737.
Subscription
problem or question
Write to Microcomputing, Subscription
Department, PO Box 997, Farmingdale,
NY 1 1737. Please include an address label.
This month's cover:
Illustration by Steve Lavers
Microcomputing (ISSN 0192-4575) is published monthly
by Wayne Green, Inc., 80 Pine St., Peterborough NH
03458. Subscription rates in U.S. are $25 for one year and
$53 for three years. In Canada: $27 for one year only, U.S.
funds. Foreign subscriptions (surface mail)— $35 for one
year only, U.S. funds. Foreign air mail subscriptions-
please inquire. Canadian Distributor: Micron Distribut-
ing, 409 Queen St. West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5V
2A5. South African Distributor: Microcomputing, PO Box
782815, Sandton, South Africa 2146. Second-class post-
age paid at Peterborough, NH 03458 and at additional
mailing offices. Phone: 603-924-9471. Entire contents
copyright 1982 by Wayne Green, Inc. No part of this pub-
lication may be reprinted or otherwise reproduced with-
out written permission from the publisher.
Microcomputing, April 1982 5
PUBLISHER'S REMARKS
Opportunities
Abound
By Wayne Green
Technology
Opens Up
New Jobs
Job Security
The government spent I hate to think
how much finding out what all of us in
the microcomputer field already know:
the pay dirt of the future is in computers,
and we haven't seen anything yet!
They put computer servicing in the
number one spot for growth in need of
people. Programmers made sixth place,
which shows, I suspect, how much trust
we can put in government statistics and
surveys. Sure, we are going to need a lot
of people to service these gadgets, but I
believe that the manufacturers will ad-
dress the lack of service people — and the
high cost of using people for service — by
designing and building systems that re-
quire as little service as possible.
In looking over the Bureau of Labor
Statistics' estimate of future job needs, it
is obvious that microcomputers were not
even considered. Their list has systems
analysts in the number three spot. For
micros? Unlikely. No, that's inherited
from the mini and maxi worlds. They list
computer operators in fourth place. May-
be. But don't you think that we are going
to come up with some smarter ways of
getting stuff put into our computer
systems than rows of input operators?
I am going through a crisis in data in-
put with my own typesetting system. It's
been difficult for the system to keep up
with the growing size of my magazines,
the documentation for Instant Software
and a burgeoning book department.
We've gone from three typesetting sys-
tems to five, and now are headed for
seven and some sort of high speed new
equipment.
Despite the usual insurmountable diffi-
culties, we've managed to interface a mi-
crocomputer to the typesetting system
and a growing percentage of the key-
boarding of type is going this route. This
is making it possible for authors to send
in their articles on disks. The editors then
The pay dirt of the future
is in computers,
and we haven't
seen anything yet!
edit the articles on a compatible machine
and feed the finished material into the
typesetter.
This interfacing has also opened up the
option of letting some of our people type
at home on a microcomputer system.
Then the disk can be brought in, typeset-
ting codes added, and machine time can
be saved.
Well, no matter how you slice it, there
are probably going to be more job oppor-
tunities in computers over the next ten
years or so than in any other field. This
means not only that it will be easier to
find work, but also that the more indus-
trious career worker will find plenty of
golden chances to find the best of work.
We've already seen hundreds of small
businesses blossom as a result of the
TRS-80. This mini-industry already em-
ploys several thousand people. Now
we're going to be adding a similar infra-
structure supporting the IBM. That's not
to short-shrift the Apple support indus-
try, and so on down the line. We may end
up with only two or three major firms in
the micro systems business, but each of
these will be supporting hundreds, possi-
bly thousands, of others. This means
plenty of jobs for some time to come.
Further, the proliferation of microcom-
puters will be triggering a revolution in
communications, with large databases
developing, electronic mail, satellite
communications, direct ordering via
computers from stores, and so on. We
haven't seen anything yet in hardware,
software ... or career opportunities.
Those Workshops
If your mail is anything like mine it ar-
rives with several invitations for semi-
nars or workshops a week. Obviously,
this is a very big business. If only to sup-
port the cost of sending out the tons of lit-
erature, people must be signing up to
take these courses and attend the
lectures.
I must admit, perhaps a bit sheepishly,
that I've been sucked in a few times.
From that admission you can tell, if
you're sharp, that there is at least a re-
mote chance that I was somewhat disap-
pointed. I hate to tell you how much time
and money I've wasted on seminars that
sounded fantastic. I've even managed to
make the trip all the way to New York to
get conned by some of these things.
It would be simple if all of these work-
shops were turkeys; then I could just put
them down as a group and save you a
bundle. Unfortunately, in amongst the
stiffs are some pretty good information
sources, so it comes down to a buyer-be-
ware question. And that's where a maga-
zine such as this can prove worthy of
your investment— many times over.
You don't want to miss out on any real-
ly good workshops. You also don't want
to get suckered into the myriad rip-offs.
Now, since I obviously can't go out and
check 'em all out for you, what we have
here is a failure to communicate between
readers. Let's do something about that. If
you'll write a review of any workshops or
any of the other similar high-cost events,
we'll publish the results.
Let us know the who, what, when,
where, how much and so forth. Let us
know your evaluation of the workshop,
pro and con. Is it one you would recom-
mend? If so, for whom? Did you get good
value?
Also let us know if you want your name
on the report or would rather that it were
unsigned.
6 Microcomputing, April 1982
DISCOUNT & BONUS COUPONS
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No gimmicks! For BIG SAVINGS on top-quality products
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NOTE: There is absolutely nothing phony about this offer. The companies
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^See List of Advertisers on page 178
Microcomputing, April 1982 7
The VCR Debacle
You've probably read about the
brouhaha over the use of video recorders.
Universal and Walt Disney studios sued
Sony because VCR owners might record
some of their copyright materials. The
court found for Sony. As with all such
battles of the titans, the war then moved
to the court of appeals, where Mickey
Mouse won. Now the case is headed for
the Supreme Court, bills are pending in
Congress, and one whale of a lot of money
is being spent. Wasted.
The VCR people argue that their re-
corders are being used to enhance the
service of broadcasters. By allowing peo-
ple to watch programs at a time more
convenient to themselves, they are in-
creasing the audience of television
shows. This time has already been paid
for by the sponsors of the shows, so no
one is being cheated. None of the record-
ers I've seen so far has a built-in system
for completely eliminating the commer-
cial . . . though this would be nice to
have. Even so, it isn't the TV stations
who are beefing; it's the movie studios.
Do they think we're going to record their
damned movies off the air and then sell
tickets in our living rooms to neighbors,
thus cutting their gate receipts?
One of the great untapped resources in
television today is the time shift use of
unwanted broadcast hours to provide
material of special interest. For a relative-
ly small cost an enterprising firm could
buy up the unwanted wee hours and put
on material specifically designed to be
tape-recorded for more convenient time
use. Someone is going to think of this one
of these days and make a few million
bucks.
I use my VCRs to save time. Not being a
fan of commercials, I'm able to cut my
viewing time down substantially by re-
cording everything I watch on the com-
mercial channels and viewing it later. I
can fast forward through the commer-
cials, running a 30-second spot in about
two seconds. Some of the message may
be lost on me, but then I am not much of a
prospect for a Chrysler, beer, aspirin and
most of the other products like that.
Wouldn't you like to skip through those
600-600-600-850 headache commercials
in two seconds?
Sitcoms can be watched 16 times
faster with little loss of anything. A half-
hour program can be seen in two min-
utes, complete with the commercials.
There's no sound with this system, but
then they didn't spend much on the writ-
ing anyway, so no real loss. The average
family sits and gawks at television over
seven hours per night. With a VCR this
whole stint could be compressed to about
28 minutes, including the ball games.
You have to be pretty alert to catch some
of those important plays at this speed,
but you get the hang of it.
They have a gadget on the market
8 Microcomputing, April 1982
One of the great
untapped resources in
television today is the
time shift use of
unwanted broadcast hours
which allows you to speed up audio
recordings without changing the pitch.
The next obvious move is to use this
speech sampling system for speeding up
the sound as we zip through those slow,
boring TV programs. Maybe I'm onto
something.
Getting back to VCRs. why spend a
whole half hour on Best of the West when
you can strip off the introduction, the
commercials and the closing format, al-
lowing you to see the entire show in
about ten minutes? Found time. Heck,
you might even use this extra time prof-
itably by writing some computer
programs.
In the meantime I'm not at all happy
about Disney running up the cost of VCR
machines, our courts and Congress with
what I see as a frivolous law suit. I've can-
celled all plans to visit Disney World this
year and you may be sure that you won't
see me in a Disney movie. If Walt were
still alive this never would have hap-
pened. I'm boycotting Disney and Uni-
versal this year, unless their stuff is
broadcast on television. I might just tape
it then and watch it at my own conve-
nience, out of perversity.
Consumer Electronics Show
A lot of lip service (and media hype) has
been devoted to the concept of micro-
computers as consumer products. So the
obvious show to attend if you want to
keep up with the new computer develop-
ments should be a consumer electronics
show. Well, despite some coverage of
new computer products in the past at this
biannual extravaganza, the January
show this year was a dud.
The main events at the CES shows
have been hi-fi, CB, video, calculators,
digital watches, portable radios, radar de-
tectors and such. It's been a trade show,
with the manufacturers and importers
displaying their new products to buyers
from department stores, discount chains,
hi-fi stores and video stores. Note that I
did not include computer stores, Radio
Shacks and the usual outlets for micro-
computers. That's probably why the
computer firms have shied away from
this show. Few of the conventional elec-
tronic equipment stores have felt equal to
coping with computer sales.
The January CES show in Las Vegas
always has an impressive attendance, on
the order of 50,000. It has the benefit of
providing a bit of post-holiday vacation
for dealers during the winter, which prob-
ably doubles or triples the attendance
over what they would have if they ran the
show in Kansas City. Not being particu-
larly interested in gambling, I am not a
big Vegas fan, but I do enjoy getting to
one of their show extravaganzas.
CES was, for the most part, in the dol-
drums. The poor economy of the country
has slowed sales of most electronic
gadgets, with the result that research
and development has also slowed down.
There was little exciting this time. In the
computer field HP announced the demise
of their "personal computer," the HP-83.
TI was pushing kids' toys. The only real
news was the new Commodore equip-
ment, starting at $150 on the low end.
You'll be reading a lot more about that.
Vegas or no Vegas, that's the last CES
show for me for a year or so unless retail-
ing patterns change substantially and
more computers start to be sold by
discount stores, department stores
and so on.
If I were more interested in gambling I
would spend a few weeks practicing for it
with my computer and I could do reason-
ably well. Most of you probably know
about the ways to beat 2 1 , but shy away
because they are fairly complex. It is
possible to win rather consistently at
craps too, once you know how.
Anyone enjoying the Vegas life could
do well settling down there, at least until
the casinos get tired of small steady
losses. Rooms with a kitchenette are
available for around $85 a week in some
hotels. All-you-can-eat meals are so
cheap it is difficult to believe. How about
a $1.99 (plus tax) breakfast with 37 dif-
ferent foods on a buffet? Lunch is $2.49
and dinner $3.49, and that includes all
the roast beef and ham you want. The
food's good, if you don't mind vying for it
with the 400-pound regular customers.
As if all that wonderful food wasn't bad
enough. Bob Chang, who runs the tours
of the Asian Consumer Electronics
Shows in October, had a special Chinese
dinner for his regulars. This year's tour,
by the way, will not only include the
shows in Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong and
Beijing, but will continue around the
world for those interested, to Munich and
London. The price is right. The Asian
shows, by the way, are a gold mine for
anyone interested in importing elec-
tronic gadgets. They also do a lot better
as far as microcomputers are concerned
than CES.
Sherry and I have been on the Asian
tour twice now and found it to be first
rate. You stay at top hotels and get more
meals thrust at you than you can handle.
The electronic shows are big and excit-
ing. They give you a chance to meet man-
ufacturers you'd never get to see any
other way. The inclusion of China in the
trip this year is a plus. In 1980 a group of
us made a side trip to China, but it wasn't
at that time a regular part of the tour.
If I can get things caught up enough.
we'll be on the trip again this year.
Another Trauma for Green
Just what I needed, another record for-
mat. Truthfully, I'm still sulking over the
change from 78 to 33 rpm records. That
painful technological change hit me 30
years ago and left a permanent mark. I
still have perhaps a 30-foot shelf of 78s
Toshiba's new digital audio disk player— the XR-81—uses a laser beam to "read"
audio signals off the surface of the 4M? inch disk. The detected signal is then pro-
cessed through a converter to recover the information and transform it into music.
Because the laser beam touches nothing on the disk— unlike conventional audio
systems — wear and tear of records is eliminated.
up in the attic, just in case they make a
comeback.
The last improvement gave me about
five times as much music per disk, plus
some weight loss per disk, though the di-
ameter stayed the same at 12 inches. The
cost per piece of music went down sub-
stantially. A ten record album in the 40s
cost $ 10, which is about equivalent in to-
day's dollarettes to $175. The same mu-
sic today takes two records at about $15
or so. Not bad. The quality is marginally
better too, and the records don't break
now.
Still, here I am with a nice library of
LPs— about 18 feet of them. That's close
to 1000 disks. Even if they get a lot more
music on the 4V£ inch digital disks, I'm
still faced with a crushing cost to convert
my software to the new format.
One thing is for sure— a major change
in format such as that announced by
Toshiba (see photo) can only hurt the ex-
isting market for record players.
With the digital laser beam reading
records on the horizon, you have to have
some serious emotional problems to go
out and make a $1000 or more commit-
ment to a dying technology.
Well, here we go again. Fortunately, I
have room in the attic for my old LPs too.
The bright side of this is that at my age
this will undoubtedly be the last change I
have to face in record formats. □
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SUPERCALC 2 USERS
FANTASTIC BREAK THROUGH!
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CASH RECEIPTS/SALES/ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE. maintain
these accounts with auto posting from one to the other two related
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account balance Taped instructional set included $39.95
Combined CD/CR.OVR $59.95
Depreciation 4 asset categories $24.95
Balance Sheet. Income Statement merge all $24.95
5" x 8" Disks for OSBORNE 1 . Heath/Zenith 89 and Xerox 820.
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Direct Costing and Inventory Valuation
Customized Applications available Mid '82
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^See List of Advertisers on page 178
Microcomputing, April 1982 9
outer.
Introducing
the Sinclair ZX81
If you're ever going to buy
a personal computer, now is the
time to do it.
The new Sinclair ZX81 is the
most powerful, yet easy-to-use
computer ever offered for anywhere
nearthe price: only $149.95* completely
assembled.
Don't let the price fool you. The
ZX81 has just about everything you
could ask for in a personal computer.
A breakthrough
in personal computers
The ZX81 is a major advance over
the original Sinclair ZX80— the world's
largest selling personal computer and
the first for under $200.
In fact, the ZX81's new 8K Extended
BASIC offers features found only on com-
puters costing two or three times as much.
Just look at what you get:
■ Continuous display, including moving
graphics
■ Multi-dimensional string and numerical
arrays
•Plus shipping and handling. Price includes connectors
for TV and cassette, AC adaptor, and FREE manual
■ Mathematical and scientific functions
accurate to 8 decimal places
■ Unique one-touch entry of key words
like PRINT, RUN and LIST
■ Automatic syntax error detection and
easy editing
■ Randomize function useful for both
games and serious applications
■ Built-in interface for ZX Printer
■ 1K of memory expandable to 16K
The ZX81 is also very convenient
to use. It hooks up to any television set
to produce a clear 32-column by 24-line
display. And you can use a regular
cassette recorder to store and recall
programs by name.
If you already own a ZX80
The 8K Extended BASIC
chip used in the ZX81 is available
as a plug-in replacement for your
ZX80 for only $39.95, plus shipping
and handling— complete with new key-
board overlay and the ZX81 manual.
So in just a few minutes, with no
special skills or tools required, you can
upgrade your ZX80 to have all the
powerful features of the ZX81. (You'll
have everything except continuous dis-
play, but you can still use the PAUSE
and SCROLL commands to get moving
graphics.)
With the 8K BASIC chip, your
ZX80 will also be equipped to use the
ZX Printer and Sinclair software.
Order at no risk**
We'll give you 10 days to try out
the ZX81. If you're not completely satis-
fied, just return it to Sinclair Research
and we'll give you a full refund.
And if you have a problem with
your ZX81, send it to Sinclair Research
within 90 days and we'll repair or replace
it at no charge.
"Does not apply to ZX81 kits.
NEW SOFTWARE:Sinclair has
published pre-recorded pro-
grams on cassettes for your
ZX81, or ZX80 with 8K BASIC.
We're constantly coming out
with new programs, so we'll
send you our latest software
catalog with your computer.
ZX PRINTER: The Sinclair ZX
Printer will work with your ZX81,
or ZX80 with 8K BASIC. It will
be available in the near future
and will cost less than $100.
16K MEMORY MODULE:
Like any powerful, full fledged
computer, the ZX81 is expand-
able. Sinclair's 16K memory
module plugs right onto the
back of your ZX81 (or ZX80,
with or without 8K BASIC).
Cost is $99.95. plus shipping
and handling.
ZX81 MANUAL: The ZX81
comes with a comprehensive
164-page programming guide
and operating manual de-
signed for both beginners and
experienced computer users.
A $10.95 value, it's yours free
with the ZX81.
Introducing
the ZX81 kit
If you really want to
save money, and you enjoy
building electronic kits, you
can order the ZX81 in kit form
for the incredible price of just
$99.95* It's the same, full-featured
computer, only you put it together
yourself. We'll send complete, easy-
to-follow instructions on how you can
assemble your ZX81 in just a few hours
All you have to supply is the soldering iron
How to order
Sinclair Research is the world's larg-
est manufacturer of personal computers.
The ZX81 represents the latest
technology in microelectronics, and it
picks up right where the ZX80 left off.
Thousands are selling every week.
We urge you to place your order
for the new ZX81 today. The sooner you
order, the sooner you can start enjoying
your own computer.
To order, simply call our toll free
number, and use your MasterCard or VISA
To order by mail, please use the
pupon. And send your check or money
order. We regret that we cannot accept
purchase orders or C.O.D.'s.
CALL 800-543-3000. Ask for op-
erator #509. In Ohio call 800-582-1364.
In Canada call 513-729-4300. Ask for
operator #509. Phones open 24 hours
a day, 7 days a week. Have your Master-
Card or VISA ready.
These numbers are for orders
only. For information, you must write to
Sinclair Research Ltd., 2 Sinclair Plaza,
Nashua, NH 03061.
incl
AD CODE 04KM^
PRICEt QTY. AMOUNT
-=/
ZX81
ZX81 Kit
8K BASIC chip (for ZX80)
Memory Module (for ZX81 or ZX80)
Shipping and Handling
$149.95
99.95
39.95
99.95
4.95
TOTAL
$4.95
MAIL TO: Sinclair Research Ltd., One Sinclair Plaza, Nashua, NH 03061
NAME
ADDRESS
CITY/STATE/ZIP.
t U.S. Dollars
DEI-POURRI
VIC Disk
Is Here
By Robert W. Baker
Initial
Tests
Favorable
VIC- 1540 Disk
In January I received a VIC- 1540 disk as
a beta test site. The enclosure is white
plastic and styled similar to the VIC. The
disk format is identical to that used in the
current CBM 4040 disk, and diskettes are
completely interchangeable between
units.
I encountered no major problems with
the disk operating system (DOS) or opera-
tion of the disk, so production models
should be available by now. The original
documentation was extensive but con-
tained a number of errors. Most of the
utility programs supplied on the
Test/Demo disk needed further work as
well. Hopefully these will be cleaned up
before being distributed.
Saving and loading programs on the
disk is easy— just add a comma followed
by the number 8 at the end of the Save or
Load command. However, if you want to
rename or delete a file on the disk it gets a
little more involved. Any command that
you want the DOS to execute must be
sent through a command channel to the
disk. You have to open the command
channel and then use a Print* command
to pass disk commands to the DOS. The
VIC operating system doesn't include
disk commands like the latest PET/CBM
systems. This should sound very familiar
to 2040 disk owners!
Unfortunately, Commodore didn't
create a DOS support program, like the
DOS Wedge, for the VIC. Instead, a sim-
ple Basic program that provides an easy
way to display the disk directory, execute
disk commands or check the disk status
is included with the VIC- 1540 disk. Re-
member though, since this is a Basic pro-
gram, there are times when you cannot
use it and must know how to use the
command channel. If you get an error
when trying to save a program on disk,
there is no easy way to read the disk
status. You have to type in a few program
lines and run them to read the disk
status. The Input* command needed to
read the disk status cannot be performed
12 Microcomputing, April 1982
in immediate mode from the keyboard.
Apparently, Commodore has taken the
same path with the VIC disk as with the
original PET 2040 disk. Many people
were upset once they found out how
clumsy it was to use the original 2040
disk. Once the DOS Wedge was gener-
ated, things did get a little better. Unfor-
tunately, we're right back where we
started until someone can come up with
a DOS Wedge or similar help for the
VIC disk.
The preliminary Test/Demo disk did
not include any backup utilities. The on-
ly way to back up a program is to load it
into memory, switch disks, then save the
program on the backup disk. At present,
there is no way to copy a sequential data
file from one disk to another. Unless
you have a friend or local dealer with a
4040 disk, there's no way to back up
these files.
Input Bug
Recently I found a serious bug in the or-
iginal VIC operating system software.
I've made Commodore aware of the prob-
lem and they plan to correct it as soon as
possible. The problem appears whenever
you print a prompt for an input com-
mand and the prompt is longer than 22
characters, causing the display line to
wrap. Whenever the prompt causes a line
wrap, the prompt is returned along with
any characters that are entered from the
keyboard.
If the program is expecting a string re-
sponse to an input command with a
string variable (A$), you simply get the
wrong response. The response the pro-
gram sees in the string variable will con-
tain the entire input prompt plus the
characters entered from the keyboard.
When the program is expecting a nu-
meric response to an input command
with a floating point (B) or integer (C%)
variable, then you really have a problem.
Again, the entire input prompt is re-
turned along with the user response from
the keyboard. Since the prompt will gen-
erally be an alphanumeric string, the
program will display a REDO FROM
START error message, re-display the in-
put prompt and wait for another input
response. No matter what you enter from
the keyboard, the program will always
see the prompt text first and complain
about getting the wrong type of response.
The problem is even worse once you re-
member a new VIC feature. If you hit the
return key without entering any charac-
ters first, the system returns the last key-
board response entered on the VIC. On
any PET or CBM system this would ter-
minate execution of the Basic program
and READY would be displayed. You
cannot hit the return key alone to get out
of the error condition caused by the input
error on the VIC. I have found, however,
that sometimes you can hit a shifted-
return followed by a normal return to get
out of a crazy state like this.
So, if you've displayed an input prompt
that causes the line to wrap and you're
trying to get a numeric input, you've
probably hung the VIC system and may
have to turn it off. Any keyboard input
simply returns the REDO FROM START
error message and re-displays the long
prompt that caused the whole mess. Hit-
ting return re-enters the last keyboard in-
put, causing the same results. Even the
run/stop key cannot always get you out of
the error condition since the program is
not really executing any Basic state-
ments. You might be able to enter a shift-
ed return followed by a normal return
and recover. Otherwise, the last resort is
to turn off the VIC and start over.
If you try this simple little test pro-
gram, you'll quickly see what is happen-
ing if the problem exists on your VIC:
10 INPUT "PLEASE ENTER ANY TEXT
RESPONSE": AS
20 PRINT AS
Address correspondence to Robert W.
Baker, 15 Windsor Drive, Atco. NJ
08004.
When you run this program, the prompt
is displayed and wraps the line. Enter
any text followed by return. The program
will display the value it received for A$. If
the problem exists on your VIC, the en-
tire prompt will reappear followed by
your keyboard entry. By typing PRINT
A$ as an immediate command, you can
prove to yourself that the A$ response is
really as shown.
Now change A$ in both lines to A and
run the program again. This time you'll
see the REDO FROM START error, even
if you enter a valid numeric response.
Try hitting the return key. Still getting
the error? How about the run/stop key.
Can you get out of the error condition?
OK, try hitting the return key while
holding the shift button. Now hit return
again without the shift. This may get you
out of the error condition. If you're not
having any luck, turn off the VIC and
start over.
This same problem occurs if you use a
Print command for the prompt and an In-
put command to get the response. This
program causes the same problems:
10 PRINT* PLEASE ENTER ANY TEST RESPONSE';
20 INPUT AS
30 PRINT A$
So far I haven't found a cure for the prob-
lem, so watch the length of your input
prompts until Commodore comes up
with a fix.
By the way, if you enter enough char-
acters in response to an input prompt to
wrap a line on an 8032/8016 system, on-
ly the characters on the last line when
return is hit will be returned in the pro-
gram variable. Remember that the
80-column systems do not support line
wrapping like the 40-column machines
and the VIC. If the input prompt wraps a
line, it has no effect on the input charac-
ters other than limiting the number of
characters that can still fit on that line.
Basic Aid
F. Arthur Cochrane, of Beech Island,
SC, has created new and improved ver-
sions of several utility programs that
have been around for some time in the
public domain. In particular, he has cre-
ated new versions of Basic Aid and Micro-
mon and has put together an extension to
the Power ROM. Since many people have
been trying to locate copies of these pro-
grams for their systems, I thought it may
be of interest to show you what Arthur
has done with them. These new versions
are all being made available on disk
through one of the user groups, ATUG,
which I'll mention more about later.
Basic Aid is a machine-language utility
program for the PET/CBM that loads into
upper RAM and adds a number of com-
mands to the Basic operating system.
Earlier versions contained commands for
auto line numbering when entering new
programs, block deletes, line renumber-
ing, repeating keys, program tracing, etc.
See List of Advertisers on page 178
Since Basic Aid uses many of the ROM
routines, there are specific versions for
each machine and ROM set.
Cochrane has created a new and im-
proved version, adding a number of new
commands and features, including
screen print, true program merge, print
spooling, scrolling and other fancy and
useful features.
He has created copies of his new Basic
Aid for most Commodore machines; in-
cluding Basic 3.0 and 4.0 ROMs; 40,
Fat-40(40-column machines with
12-inch screens), or 80-column displays;
and Commodore or ASCII printers (in all
logical combinations). Each copy auto-
matically relocates itself to the top of
RAM, so it will work in both 16K and 32K
machines. Eight different copies are
available on one disk through the ATUG
Disk Exchange for less than $10 — but
more about that later. By the way, the
disk also includes the source code for
Eastern House Software's MAE assem-
bler and instructions that you can print
using Word Pro. The instructions were
generated using Word Pro 3 + but can be
printed using Word Pro 3 or 4 with a few
slight changes.
Since many people haven't seen Basic
Aid I thought it might be worthwhile to
include a list of its commands and a brief
description of each:
+ Auto: prints incrementing Basic line
numbers for you as you key-in a pro-
gram.
• Break: calls the machine-language
monitor.
• Change: searches through a Basic pro-
What's
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TRS-80 trademark of Radio Shack — CP M Trademark oi Digital Research
Microcomputing, April 1982 1 3
gram in memory for a specified string
and replaces it with another string given
in the command. You can specify a range
of lines or search and change an entire
program.
• CRT: the current contents of the dis-
play screen are sent to a printer connect-
ed to the IEEE bus as device number 4.
Different versions support ASCII or Com-
modore printers.
• Delete: deletes a given range of lines
from a Basic program.
• Dump: lists the variables used in a Ba-
sic program and their current values in
the order in which they were created.
They are printed in such a way that you
can edit the values and then continue ex-
ecution with the updated values. Arrays
are not included in the listing.
OFind: searches a Basic program for a
string and displays the lines where it oc-
curs. A line range can be specified or the
entire program can be searched.
• FList: lists a Basic program from a disk
file directly to the screen without affect-
ing the contents in memory.
• Help: displays the Basic line where an
error occurred during program execution
causing the program to stop. The part of
the line causing the problem will be
highlighted.
+ KUI: disables Basic Aid.
• Lower: puts the system in lowercase
mode, same as a Poke 59468, 14.
• Merge: merges a Basic program on disk
with the one in memory. This is a true
merge just as if the lines were typed in
from the keyboard. Lines are merged be-
tween ones in memory if necessary, and
duplicate lines in memory are replaced
with the merged lines. The program is
listed as it is being merged.
• QflT: cancels repeat keys (except on
Fat-40 and 8032 systems), scrolling, and
keyprint features.
• Pac/c: removes remarks and wasted
spaces in a Basic program currently in
memory. The documentation admits
that this feature can be easily fooled and
recommends saving a copy of the pro-
gram before performing this function.
+ Read: reads a sequential file from the
disk and displays it on the screen.
• Renumber: renumbers a Basic pro-
gram correcting all GOTOs and GOSUBs.
Specific starting and increment numbers
can be specified.
• Repeat/Scroll: enables repeat keys,
scrolling and keyprint. Repeat keys are
set automatically when Basic Aid is first
called, and automatically cancelled each
time a program is loaded.
The keyprint function lets you send the
screen contents to the printer with the
press of one key. This is the same as the
CRT command except that it can occur
in a program. This is useful for printing
instructions from a program that will
normally only display them on the
screen.
The cursor up and cursor down control
keys can be used to scroll through a Basic
program listing. When the cursor is at
the bottom of the screen and a cursor
down is pressed, the next line will be
printed. When the cursor is at the top of
the screen and a cursor up is pressed, the
previous line is listed. The cursor must
be in the first two columns for scrolling to
occur.
• Size: gives the size of a Basic program
in memory or any program on disk. The
size is displayed in both decimal and hex-
adecimal.
• Spool: sends a file directly from the
disk to the printer. The system can then
do other things, such as editing a pro-
gram, as long as the IEEE bus is not ac-
cessed. The command is started with the
command and a filename of a sequential
file. Basic Aid opens the file and 4 'listens'*
the printer, then gets off the IEEE bus.
This allows the disk to "talk" directly to
the printer. When the printer stops print-
ing, just enter the command again with-
out a filename to "unlisten" the printer,
"untalk" the disk and close the file. The
spool command can be used to list a long
program while you use the system for
something else, if you save the listing in a
sequential disk file first.
T
S
00
Model II
264002
3288
8 Megabyte
Hard Disk
$
(Primary)
26-4150.
3994
DISCOUNT TRS-80® Computers
We have the Largest Inventory in the Central
United States. Discount prices on all
software and accessories for your TRS-80
computer needs.
BUY
DIRECT
Toll Free Order:
1-800-835-9056
Kansas Residents:
1-800-362-9091
Jimscot, Inc.
* No out of state Taxes
* Immediate Shipment
* Several Payment Methods
* Direct Buying
^164
00
®
P.O. Box 607 - 1023 N. Kansas
Liberal, Ks. 67901
TRS-80 is a Registered Trademark of Tandy Corporation
WRITE TODAY FOR YOUR
FREE CATALOG!
14 Microcomputing, April 1982
• Start: gives the load address of a pro-
gram on disk in decimal and hexa-
decimal.
• Trace: enables or disables the tracing
of a Basic program. Tracing takes place
in a window in the upper right of the
screen. The last nine lines plus the cur-
rent line are displayed. Both the line
number and what is executing in the line
are listed. A command option controls
the speed of the tracing.
• Un-new: recovers a Basic program
after a New command is entered.
% Upper: puts the system into uppercase
mode the same as entering a Poke
59468, 12 command.
• DOS Support: includes all DOS Wedge
commands and features.
As you can see, there are a number of
useful features packed into this utility.
By the way, the commands that print to
the screen can be paused, held or
stopped, and the escape mode feature of
the 8032/8016 is also implemented.
Micromon
Micromon Uself started as Extramon,
which is an extended monitor for the
PET, originally written by Bill Seiler. The
original Micromon was an improved ver-
sion of Extramon, also written by Bill
Seiler. It has the same commands as Ex-
tramon, plus those of the TIM monitor. If
you do any work in machine-language
programming on the PET/CBM, you'll
probably want a copy of Extramon or
Micromon. They add a number of
features badly missing in the standard
Commodore (TIM) monitor.
Now Cochrane has further improved
Micromon with the addition of 11 new
commands. It also has repeats on all keys
and you can use the cursor up/down keys
to scroll through memory dumps and
disassembler listings. A quick list of the
commands of this latest Micromon is
shown in Table 1 so you can see some of
its powerful debugging aids.
There are several extended monitors
available for the PET/CBM. many with
similar features. Earlier monitors only
worked on one particular machine due to
their dependence on ROM routines. This
latest Micromon will work on Basic 3.0 or
4.0 machines without modification. If
you like, Micromon can even be assem-
bled and burned into an EPROM, then
plugged into an empty PROM socket of
the PET/CBM. Once you do this, Micro-
mon is always available— just enter a
SYS command whenever you need it.
You no longer have to load it each time
the system is reset or powered up.
A copy of the Micromon source code (in
MAE assembler format), as well as the ac-
tual program and Word Pro documenta-
tion, are available on disk through
ATUG. A copy of Extramon 9.3 is also
available along with a Basic program that
provides instructions on its use.
See List of Advertisers on page 1 78
A = A simple one-line assembler.
B = Set a break point.
C = Compare two ranges of memory and
print any differences.
D = Disassemble a range of memory.
E = Exit Micromon.
F = Fill a range of memory with a
specified value.
G = Go to the address specified and begin
program execution.
H = Hunt a range of memory for a certain
pattern.
K = Kill Micromon and restore interrupt
vectors.
L = Load a program from disk.
M = Display a range of memory in hex
and ASCII.
N = Relocate a machine-language pro-
gram to a new area of memory by fixing
three-byte instructions or two-byte con-
stants.
O = Calculate branch instruction offsets.
Q = Quick trace of program execution.
R = Display the register values when
Micromon was entered. The values can
be changed using the screen editor.
S = Save a range of memory in a disk pro-
gram file.
T ■ Transfer a range of memory from one
location to another.
W = Single step program execution.
X = Exit to Basic.
Z = Change character sets.
.$ = Convert a hexadecimal number to
decimal, ASCII and binary.
. # = Convert a decimal number to hexa-
decimal, ASCII, and binary.
. % = Convert a binary number to hexa-
decimal, ASCII, and decimal.
." = Convert an ASCII character to hexa-
decimal, decimal and binary.
. + = Add two hexadecimal numbers and
display the sum.
. - = Subtract two hexadecimal numbers
and display the difference.
.& = Compute the checksum for the
range of memory indicated.
Table 1 . Micromon commands.
DISCOUNT
ATUG
For those unfamiliar with ATUG, this
is the ASM/TED User Group that offers a
program exchange for those using
Eastern House Software's various assem-
blers. They now have over ten different
4040 disks full of various programs that
you can get at reasonable cost. If you sup-
ply the disks, with return postage and a
self-addressed mailer, the cost is $5 per
disk. Otherwise, send $10 per disk and
the User Group will supply everything.
By the time this appears, 8050 disks
should also be available.
The various programs by F. Arthur
Cochrane mentioned here are available
through the ATUG program exchange.
All of the programs are available on one
1-800-528-8960
GUARANTEED
LOW PRICES
1 6K RAM — $1 20 Z80 CARD — $279
Videx Card — $249 CPS CARD — $179
Graphic Card — $89 Clock CARD — $229
8000-2 — $2675 8000-15 — $3975
ANADEX
9500 — $1200 9501 — $1200
ATARI
400- 1 6K — $349 800- 1 6 K — $669
410 — $59 810 — $429
825 — $569 850 — $149
C-ITOM
25CPS-P — $1299 45CPS-P — $1459
DATASOUTH
DS120— $595 DS180 — $1259
DIABLO
630 — $1945 1640 — $2475
Plain — $20 Scotch — $25 Dysan — $35
EPSON WITH GRAPHICS
MX70 — $289 MX80 — $429
MX80FT — $519 MX100 — $689
GRAPHIC ROM — $79 RS232 — $69
HAZELTINE
1500 — $995 ESPRIT — $595
Apple Drive/Card — $390/$90
MODEMS
HAYS — MICROMODEM — $290
Novation — Cat — $149
Penril — 300/1200 (21 2A) — $795
MONITORS
Teco-BW — $99 Teco-Green — $1 15
Sanyo-Green — $249 Color — $425
Amdek-Green — $159 Color — $349
NORTHSTAR
Advantage — $2995 HR64QD — $3025
8023 — $489 7710 — $2350
MPI
88G — $569 99G — $659
120 — $659 135 — $689
TELEVIDEO
912 — $669 950 — $915
Tl
810 — $1240 820 — $1795
All Major Brands — $CALL
MOUNTAIN HARDWARE
Romplus — $119 Music System — $429.00
OKIDATA
M80 — $325 SL125 - $3150
M82A — $459 SL250 — $4200
M83A — $729 M84 — $1 1 79
820 — $2399
ZENITH
Z19 — $669 Z89 — $2129
Arizona 1-602-246-1783
EXPOTEK
CORPORATION
2231R W. Shangri La Rd.
Phoenix, AZ 85029
Microcomputing, April 1982 15
single 8050 disk along with a few other
miscellaneous programs. If you need a
4040 format disk, Basic Aid is on one disk
while Extramon and Micromon are on
another.
At present, requests for 4040 disks
should be addressed to Brent Anderson,
200 S. Century, Rantoul. IL 61866. Any-
one needing 8050 format disks can send
their requests to me at 15 Windsor Drive,
Atco, N J 08004. Since I'll be helping with
the distribution of disks, I'll try to provide
more information on the other disks
available through the program exchange
in a later column. If you've been receiv-
ing copies of the Midnight Gazette, you
should see occasional reports from the
program exchange there.
For anyone who hasn't heard about the
Midnight Gazette, this is a free newsletter
containing reviews and the latest infor-
mation on Commodore-related items. It
is published quarterly by the Central Il-
linois Pet User Group. To get future
issues, send up to four double-stamped
self-addressed envelopes or U.S. funds
for same. Send your requests to CIPUG,
635 Maple, Mt. Zion, IL 62549.
While on the subject of newsletters,
The Paper is still in publication as an ex-
clusive newsletter for Commodore-relat-
ed topics. It is now being published six
times a year by Centerbrook Software
Designs, Pearl Street, Livingston Manor,
NY 12758. Cost is $4 per copy or $20 for
all issues of the current volume. Cana-
dian subscriptions are $25/volume while
foreign subscriptions are $30 (surface)
and $40 (airmail) per volume. This is an
excellent newsletter, typically running
over 50 pages in length. They desperate-
ly need new subscribers to stay alive.
Drop them a line if you'd like to see
something like this continue.
Word Pro Quit
Jim Halsey, of Execom Corp., has
come up with a nice little modification for
Word Pro 3 that lets you quit or exit Word
Pro gracefully without powering down or
resetting the system. Evidently this pro-
cess was thought of at the time Word Pro
was written, but some of the needed code
is missing. Halsey's changes take advan-
tage of 88 bytes of extra memory that ex-
ist on his Execom-80 board. However,
you could rewrite the changes to use
EPROM storage or any other RAM expan-
sion memory that will not be used by
Word Pro. I've included Halsey's changes
for Basic 3.0 (Table 2) and 4.0 (Table 3)
since you may still be able to use them
even if you don't have the Execom board.
A disassembly listing is included along
with memory dumps for both versions.
To make changes to Word Pro, first
load Word Pro into memory without us-
ing the auto-start load commands. This
puts the program into memory and al-
lows you to make the changes using the
monitor. Then simply save the new ver-
16 Microcomputing, April1982
sion onto disk and give it a
try. To be safe,
use a different filename and don't delete
your original Word
1 Pre
program. If
you've made a mistake you can start over
again!
After loading Word Pre
i, get into the
monitor and
display
locations 38BF to
38C2 (hexadecimal).
They should origi-
nally contain the hex values of C9 43 FO
44. If your version of Word Pro 3 doesn't
contain these
! values
►, then you cannot
make the
changes shown
. If the values
are OK, then make the required changes
for your Basic version.
Display
locations
0362
to 03B9 and
enter the
new hex values shown using
the screen editor and the monitor. Now
check locations
0410 to 0412; they
should or
iginally
be
4C D7 14. Change
. , 0362
R9
FF
LDR
#$FF
.. 0364
3D
FF
37
STR
$87FF
> 0367
20
29
E2
JSR
$E229
, 036R
R0
00
LDV
•$00
.. 036C
E9
35
03
LDR
$0385* V
.. 036F
99
00
84
STR
$8400/ V
L~1 "' "?•-.■
C8
I N V
C0
30
CPV
#$30
, 0375
no
F5
BNE
$036C
, 0377
E9
35
03
LDR
$0385, V
.. 037n
99
3F
38
STR
$388F,V
, 037D
C8
I NY
, 037E
C8
34
CPV
#$34
.. 03S0
D6
F5
BNE
$0377
Ci'~"-''~'
4C
D7
14
JHP
$14D7
L~1'~"- ,c "i
.i \j ._• i_i ._i
C9
51
CMP
#$51
fi"'07
F0
08
BEQ
$0391
.. 0389
C9
43
CMP
#$43
.. 03SE
F8
01
EEC!
$038E
, 038D
60
RTS
, 03SE
4C
07
39
JMP
$3907
, 0391
R9
39
LDR
#$89
.. 0393
3D
94
00
STR
$0094
.. 8396
R9
U>:
LDR
#$C3
.. 0393
3D
95
00
STR
$0095
.. 039 E
R9
17
LDR
#$17
f 039D
3D
92
00
STR
$0092
, 03R0
R9
FD
LDR
#$FD
, 03R2
3D
93
00
STR
$0093
, 03RS
R9
2E
LDR
#$2E
, 03R7
3D
90
00
STR
$0090
.. 03RR
R9
E6
LDR
#$E6
, 03RC
3D
91
00
STR
$009 1
> 03RF
20
29
E2
JSR
$E229
, 03E2
4C
16
El
JMP
$E116
. 0365
2fi
00
84
JSR
$8400
, 03B8
ER
NOP
., 0410
4C
D7
14
JMP
$14D7
: 0362
R9
FF
3D
FF 87 29 29 E2
: 036R
R0
00
E9
85 03 99 90 84
: 0372
CS
C0
30
D0 F5 B9 85 03
: 037R
99
SF
•— ■ O
C8 C0 34 D0 F5
: 0382
4C
D7
14
C9 51 F0 08 C9
: 033R
43
F0
01
60 4C 07 39 R9
: 0392
39
3D
94
00 R9 C3 8D 95
: 039R
00
R9
17
8D i
5»2 00 R9 FD
: 03R2
3D
93
00
R9 i
>E 8D 90 00
: 03RR
R9
E6
3D
*1 00 20 29 E2
: 03E2
4C
16
El
20 00 84 ER 00
. : 0410
4C
D7
14
RR RR RR RR RR
Table 2.
Word Pro
3 mc
edification for
Basic 3.0.
the D7 to 62 and the 14 to 03. This makes
the program execute the subroutine you
just entered from 0362 to 03B9. Don't
forget to save a copy of the new Word Pro
version back onto disk. Once you've
made all the changes, you simply enter a
control-O followed by Q to exit from Word
Pro. Actually, the control key is the off
rvs key on the Commodore keyboard.
If you find that you're not quite sure
how these changes are to be made, or you
have a different Word Pro 3, you can send
your original Word Pro 3 disk to Execom
and they'll make the changes for a $5
handling fee. Their address is Execom
Corp., 1901 Polaris Ave., Racine, WI
53404. Remember that this change can
only be used with their Execom-80 board
as it is now written! □
_ jut
0364
0367
036R
036C
836F
0372
0373
0375
0377
037R
037D
037E
0330
M ._■ i_i .-
■_• '_■ •_'
0OO7
•_■ •_> i
0389
038E
038D
038E
0391
0393
0396
0398
039E
039D
03R0
03R2
03R5
03R7
03RR
03RC
03RF
03E2
03B5
03E8
87
E0
03
•Z'C>
14
R9 FF
3D FF
20 4E
R0 00
E9 85 83
99 00 84
C8
C0 30
D0 F5
E9 85
99 8F
C8
C0
D0
4C
C9
F0
C9
F0
60
4C
R9
8D
R9
8D
R3
8D
R9
8D
R9
3D
R9
8D
20
4C
28
ER
34
F5
D7
51
08
43
01
39
07
FF
94
E3
95 88
00
92 88
D4
93 00
55
90 00
E4
91
4E
E6
00
00
E0
D3
84
LDR
STR
JSR
LDV
LDR
STR
I NY
CPV
BNE
LDR
STR
IHV
CPV
BNE
JMP
CMP
EEC!
CMP
BEQ
RTS
JMP
LDR
STR
LDR
STR
LDR
STR
LDR
STR
LDR
STR
LDR
STR
JSR
JMP
JSR
NOP
#$FF
$87FF
$E84B
#$88
$0335 , V
$3400, V
•$38
$836C
4- ►_'•_> ■_'■_' .• T
$388F,V
#$34
$0377
$14D7
#$51
$0391
#$43
$038E
$3907
#$FF
$0094
#$E3
$0095
#$78
$8892
#$D4
$0093
#$55
$0090
#$E4
$889 1
$E04E
$D3E6
$8400
, 0410 4C D7 14 JMP $14D7
0362
036R
0372
037R
0382
038R
0392
039R
03R2
03RR
03E2
R9
R0
C8
99
4C
43
FF
00
8D
R9
4C
FF
00
8D FF
E9 35
C8 38 D0
8F
D7
F0
. i ii i . ii
14 C9
01 60
94 00
78 8D
93 00 R9
3D
R9
E4
E6
8D 91
D3 20
20
99
B9
34
F0
07
R9 E3
92 00
55 8D
00 20
00 34
ii^"
V.' I
03
F5
C0
51
4C
4E E0
00 34
35 03
D0 F5
08 C9
39 R9
8D 95
R9 D4
90 00
4E E0
ER 00
. : 0410 4C D7 14 RR RR RR RR RR
Table 3. Word Pro 3 modification for
Basic 4.0.
Introducing The
Word processing that goes beyond the stars.
H
*fti»tl
"^M-tt
low could anyone call their word processor
The FinalWord? Take the best features of the most popular
word processors, combine them and
add a few more in one text editor/
formatter and you'd be off to a
good start. Then, write the program
in C to allow user customiza- >
tion and make it capable of ]
supporting any printer on the
market and you'd be ahead of
everybody else. If you went one
step further and made your word
processor transportable from one terminal to
another you'd have— The FinalWord.
Supports multiple printers: The FinalWord
allows you to produce high-speed draft copies on one
printer, and letter-quality on another. It also means you'll
never need another version just because you bought a
new printer.
User-installable on different hardware:
With The FinalWord you can upgrade your system and still
have a familiar screen display. And since we've written
The FinalWord in C, new versions are available almost
as soon as new computers.
Features that go beyond the stars: Look at
what you get with The FinalWord: automatic generation
of Table of Contents, Index, footnoting and chapter/section
numbering; enhanced command sets (delete/move a
letter, word, sentence, paragraph, page); multiple buffers
and windows, deletion recovery, true proportional spacing
and more. And because we wrote The FinalWord to be
easily reconfigured for different systems, our price can
be lower.
The
Magic
Features FinalWord
WordStar
Wand
Full-Screen Editing
Yes
Yes
Yes
Directory Access while Editing
Yes
Yes
Yes
Simultaneous Printing while Editing
Yes
Yes
Yes
External Commands while Editing
Yes
Yes
No
Video Highlighting
Yes
Yes
No
Automatic Footnotes
Yes
No
No
User-Defined Commands
Yes
No
No
Multiple File Editing
Yes
No
No
Deletion Recovery
Yes
No
No
Supports Multiple Printers
Yes
No
No
Crash Recovery
Yes
No
No
Dynamic Include Files
Yes
No
Yes
Suggested Retail Price
$300
$495
$395
The FinalWord requires a 56K CP/M system and video terminal with cur-
sor positioning character sequences. It is presently available in 8" standard
format for the TRS-80 Model II, Vector Graphics and Altos Systems. There
are compatible versions for the HP-125, Xerox 820, Cromemco, Micropolis,
Ohio Scientific and Dynabyte Systems, and there are 5V versions for the
Heath/Zenith Z-89, Northstar, Apple and Superbrain. Coming Soon:
The FinalWord for the IBM Personal Computer.
The FinalWord is available through leading
retailers, Westico, and Discount Software,
or directly from:
Mark of the Unicorn
PO BOX 423
Arlington, Massachusetts 02174
(617) 489-1387
Dealer and OEM inquiries invited.
Call for delivery schedule.
Reserve yours now!
^See List of Advertisers on page 178
Mark of the Unicorn
^313
Microcomputing, April 1982 1 7
DIAL-UP DIRECTORY
By Frank J. Derfler, Jr.
Direct
From DataSpeak
Kesa Company's
Inexpensive
New Modem
Welcome to Dial-up Directory. This
month, we'll review a new modem, exam-
ine the alternative telephone service avail-
able from Western Union, and look again
at the impact of deregulation on your
telephone service. But first, an announce-
ment and a few views from the mailbag.
Mailbag
Jim Preston sent me a nice note on
CompuServe pointing out that the non-
prime rate for the Dow Jones Information
Service (January Dial-up Directory) now
starts at 6:01 pm and ends at 4:00 am est.
Jim also points out that although the per-
minute rate is higher on DJIS, there are no
extra charges as there are on Compu-
Serve, so the net difference is not as great
as it might seem.
Modem 80 Revisited
Leslie Mikesell, the author of Modem 80,
which we reviewed last month, has asked
me to re-emphasize that Modem 80 is a
program for the TRS-80 Model I and III
that runs under TRSDOS. It allows the
transfer of files with CP/M systems run-
ning the CP/M program called Modem, but
it is not a CP/M program. The review was
quite clear in explaining this, but many
readers apparently did not catch the dif-
ference.
The IBM PC
I've been receiving a lot of mail asking
about data communications software and
bus decoding modems for the IBM PC. If
you are marketing or developing hard-
ware or software for this system, please let
me know. The world is holding its breath.
DataSpeak
Here is a nice little modem, which
operates well and provides good value.
The DataSpeak O/A-300 modem is manu-
factured and distributed by the Kesa Com-
pany in Sunnyvale, CA. At $129 it's the
least expensive direct connection modem
I've seen that still meets the FCC re-
quirements.
Before we get too far along, let's review
18 Microcomputing, April1982
The Kesa DataSpeak model O/A-300 is a compact, American made, direct connec-
tion modem available for $1 29. The modem is based on a phase lock loop. It includes
an audio feedback circuit which loops the transmitted signal back to the receive port
for testing of the internal modem circuitry, interface hardware and terminal
software.
what "direct connection" means. The
term "direct connection" indicates that
the device connects directly to the
telephone line and that it does not use
acoustic or inductive coupling. The main
advantage of direct connection is a reduc-
tion in the amount of noise that can poten-
tially enter and disrupt a circuit and
elimination of troublesome distortion and
harmonics from the telephone instru-
ment. The disadvantage of direct connec-
tion is the need for modular plugs on the
telephone or telephone line to allow the
electrical connection.
A direct connection modem should not
be confused with a bus decoding modem
like the Lynx, Microconnection, Hayes Mi-
cromodem or PMMI. These devices hap-
pen to also be direct connection modems
because they plug directly into the
telephone line but not all direct connec-
tion modems plug into the computer
data bus. The DataSpeak modem plugs
directly into the phone line, but it needs an
RS-232-C serial port to interface with a
microcomputer or terminal.
The DataSpeak O/A-300 is small, attrac-
tive, and easy to operate. It measures only
4.5 x 3.5 x 1.5 inches. The modem will
operate in the originate or the answer
mode. The device is designed to go in
series with a standard telephone. The use
of a series connection means you don't
have to buy an additional parallel
telephone jack or cord as you do with
many more expensive direct connection
modems. The off-hook LED gives you a
positive indication of when the modem
has control of the phone line. This again is
an improvement over some direct con-
nection devices that can hold up the
phone line for hours if the operator doesn't
notice the position of the switch. A test
switch is included which loops back the
modem tones to allow local testing of com-
puter communications software, the RS-
232C interface and the modem itself.
The DataSpeak comes with a 17-page
manual, which fully describes the connec-
tion and operation of the device. The
manual isn't fancy and it would benefit
from an index, but it is complete.
The DataSpeak O/A-300 is a good value.
It provides reliable operation at a very
reasonable price. It is available for $129
(plus $3 shipping) from the Kesa Com-
pany, 774 San Miguel Ave., Sunnyvale,
CA 94086 (408-746-2738).
Western Union Metro I
In the November 1981 Letters to the
NEW! TPM* for TRS-80 Model II
NEW! System/6 Package
Computer Design Labs
Z80 Disk Software
We have acquired the rights to all TDL software (& hardware). TDL software has long had the reputation of being the best in the
industry. Computer Design Labs will continue to maintain, evolve and add to this superior line of quality software.
— Carl Galletti and Roger Amidon, owners.
Software with Manual/Manual Alone
All of the software below is available on any of the
following media for operation with a Z80 CPU using
the CP/M* or similar type disk operating system
(such as our own TPM*).
for TRS-80* CP/M (Model I or II)
for 8" CP/M (soft sectored single density)
for 5 1 A" CP/M (soft sectored single density)
for WW North Star CP/M (single density)
for 5V4" North Star CP/M (double density)
BASIC I
A powerful and fast Z80 Basic interpreter with EDIT,
RENUMBER, TRACE, PRINT USING, assembly language
subroutine CALL, LOADGO for "chaining", COPY to
move text, EXCHANGE, KILL, LINE INPUT, error inter-
cept, sequential file handling in both ASCII and binary
formats, and much, much more. It runs in a little over 1 2
K. An excellent choice for games since the precision
was limited to 7 digits in order to make it one of the
fastest around. $49.95/$15.
BASIC II
Basic I but with 12 digit precision to make its power
available to the business world with only a slight sacrifice
in speed. Still runs faster than most other Basics (even
those with much less precision). $99.95/$15.
BUSINESS BASIC
The most powerful Basic for business applications. It
adds to Basic II with random or sequential disk flies in
either fixed or variable record lengths, simultaneous
access to multiple disk files, PRIVACY command to
prohibit user access to source code, global editing,
added math functions, and disk file maintenance capa-
bility without leaving Basic (list, rename, or delete).
$179.95/$25.
ZEDIT
A character oriented text editor with 26 commands
and"macro" capability forstringingmultiplecommands
together. Included are a complete array of character
move, add, delete, and display function. $49.95./$! 5.
Z80 Text Editing Language - Not just a text editor.
Actually a language which allows you to edit text and
also write, save, and recall programs which manipulate
text. Commands include conditional branching, subrou-
tine calls, iteration, block move, expression evaluation,
and much more. Contains 36 value registersand 1 text
registers. Be creative! Manipulate text with commands
you write using Ztel. $79.95/$25.
TOP
A Z80 Text Output Processor which will do text
formatting for manuals, documents, and other word
processing jobs. Works with any text editor. Does
justification, page numbering and headings, spacing,
centering, and much more! $79.95/$25.
MACRO I
A macro assembler which will generate relocateable
or absolute code for the 8080 or Z80 using standard
Intel mnemonics plusTDL/Z80 extensions. Functions
include 14 conditionals, 16 listing controls, 54 pseudo-
ops, 1 1 arithmetic/logical operations, local and global
symbols, chaining files, linking capability with optional
linker, and recursive/ reiterative macros. This assembler
is so powerful you'll think it isdoing all the work for you. It
actually makes assembly language programming much
less of an effort and more creative. $79.95/$20.
MACRO II
Expands upon Macro I's linking capability (which is
useful but somewhat limited) thereby being able to take
full advantage of the optional Linker. Also a time and
date function has been added and the listing capability
improved. $99.95/$25.
LINKER
How many times have you written the same subroutine
in each new program? Top notch professional pro-
grammers compile a library of these subroutines and
use a Linker to tie them together at assembly time.
Development time is thus drastically reduced and
becomes comparable to writing in a high level language
but with all the speed of assembly language. So, get the
new CDL Linker and start writing programs in a fraction
of the time it took before. Linker is compatible with
Macro I & II as well asTDL/Xitan assemblers version 2.0
or later. $79.95/$20.
DEBUG I
Many programmers give up on writing in assembly
language even though they know their programs would
be faster and more powerful. To them assembly language
seems difficult to understand and follow, as well as
being a nightmare to debug. Well, not with proper tools
like Debug I. With Debug I you can easily follow the flow
of any Z80 or 8080 program. Trace the program one
step at a time or 1 steps or whatever you like. At each
step you will be able to see the instruction executed and
what it did. If desired, modifications can then be made
before continuing. Ifs all under your control. You can
even skip displaying a subroutine call and up to seven
breakpoints can be set during execution. Use of Debug I
can pay for itself many times over by saving you valuable
debugging time. $79.95/$20.
DEBUG II
This is an expanded debugger which has all of the
features of Debug I plus many more. You can "trap" (i.e.
trace a program until a set of register, flag, and/or
memory conditions occur). Also, instructions may be
entered and executed immediately. This makes it easy
to learn new instructions by examining registers/memory
before and after. And a RADIX function allows changing
between ASCII, binary, decimal, hex, octal, signed
decimal, or split octal. All these features and more add
up to give you a very powerful development tool. Both
Debug I and II must run on a Z80 but will debug both Z80
and 8080 code. $99.95/$20.
ZAPPLE
A Z80 executive and debug monitor. Capable of
search, ASCII put and display, read and write to I/O
ports, hex math, breakpoint, execute, move, fill, display,
read and write in Intel or binary format tape, and more!
on disk
APPLE
8080 version of Zapple
SYSTEM/6
TPM with utilities, Basic I interpreter, Basic E compiler,
Macro I assembler, Debug i debugger, and ZEDIT text
editor.
Above purchased separately costs $339.75
Special introductory offer Only $1 79.75 with coupon!!
$160.00
NEW! TPM now available for TRS-80 Model
II!
TPM*
A NEW Z80 disk operation system! This is not CP/M*.
It's better! You can still run any program which runs with
CP/M* but unlike CP/M* this operating system was
written specif ically for the Z80* and takes full advantage
of its extra powerful instruction set. In other wprds its
not warmed over 8080 code! Available for TRS-80*
(Model I or II). Tarbell, Xitan DDDC, SD Sales "VERSA-
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ORDERING INFORMATION
Visa, Master Charge and C.O.D. O.K. To order call or
write with the following information, s^m^m
1. Name of Product (e.g. Macro I) £ &
2. Media (e.g. 8" CP/M) !■■■■ ^^m
3. Price and method of payment (e.g. C.O.D.) include
credit card info, if applicable.
4. Name, Address and Phone number.
5. For TPM orders only: I ndicate if for TRS 80, Tarbell,
Xitan DDDC, SD Sales (5V4 M or 8"). ICOM (5V or
8"), North Star (single or double density) or Digital
(Micro) Systems.
6. N.J. residents add 5% sales tax.
Manual cost applicable against price of subsequent
software purchase in any item except for the Osborne
software.
SYSTEM MONITOR BOARD (SMBII)
A complete I/O board for S-1 00 systems. 2 serial ports,
2 parallel ports, 1 200/2400 baud cassette tape inter- _ . .
face, sockets for 2K of RAM, 3-2708/2716 EPROM's or For information and tech queries call
ROM, jump on reset circuitry. Bare board $49.95/$20. 609"599"2 1 46
ROM FOR SMB II
2KX8 masked ROM of Zapple monitor. Includes source
listing $34.95/$15.
PAYROLL (source code only)
The Osborne package. Requires C Basic 2.
5" disks $124.95 (manual not included)
8" disks $ 99.95 (manual not included)
Manual $20.00
ACCOUNTS PAYABLE/RECEIVABLE
(source code only)
By Osborne, Requires C Basic 2
5" disks $124.95 (manual not included)
8" $99.95 (manual not included)
Manual $20.00
GENERAL LEDGER (source code only)
By Osborne. Requires C Basic 2
5" disks $99.95 (manual not included)
8" disks $99.95 (manual not included)
Manual $20.00
C BASIC 2
Required for Osborne software. $99.95/$20.
These are NEW Toll Free numbers
For phone orders ONLY call toll free
1-800-458-3491 Ext. 15
In PA only 1-800-252-3567
OEMS
Many CDL products are available for licensing to
OEMs. Write to Carl Galletti with your requirements.
* Z80 is a trademark of Zilog
* TRS-80 is a trademark for Radio Shack
* TPM is a trademark of Computer Design Labs. It is not
CP/M*
* CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research
Prices and specifications subject to change without
notice.
DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED.
COMPUTER
DESIGN
LABS
^18
342 Columbus Avenue
Trenton, N.J. 08629
**See List of Advertisers on page 1 78
Microcomputing, April 1982 19
Editor column. Microcomputing pub-
lished a letter from Joseph E. Lopez of the
Western Union Company. Mr. Lopez
wrote to remind us that his company mar-
kets an alternative telephone service
called Metro I. Metro I is one of the alterna-
tives to the more traditional telephone
companies. Other alternative services
such as those from SP Communications
and MCI have been described in this col-
umn. I apologize to Western Union for not
mentioning their service, but I was under
the impression that it was aimed at large-
volume commercial users, not typical
Microcomputing readers.
As this issue is being put to bed, the
lawyers are still struggling to see if the
U.S. Government's suit against AT&T will
be settled or prosecuted further. Regard-
less of the immediate decision, it is clear
that the telephone system of the United
States will never be the same. Since the
readers of this column spend so much of
their time (and money!) on the telephone,
it seems appropriate to go back again and
review the bidding on the matter of alter-
native telephone services.
Thank You, AT&T
The monopoly that AT&T had on do-
mestic telephone service in the United
States gave this country the world's most
efficient, available and reliable telephone
system. The pricing policies that AT&T
and its affiliates negotiated put a great deal
of the burden of paying for the huge in-
vestment needed to install and maintain
this high quality system on long-distance
users, the government and business.
Businesses and government agencies paid
much higher rates than residential users
so that the proverbial "little ol' lady in ten-
nis shoes" located 30 miles from the near-
est central office could have telephone ser-
vice at a reasonable price. Long-distance
and commercial rates greatly offset the ex-
pensive, tedious and labor-intensive tasks
of providing and maintaining the local
telephone lines.
This has not been the case in many
other countries. In that other high-tech-
nology country, Japan, individual tele-
phone subscribers have to pay installation
charges that may run into thousands of
dollars. They are literally charged by the
meter for stringing wires to a home.
Americans have come to consider residen-
tial telephone service as a right. But like so
many other things we have taken for
granted, this may be changing.
Perhaps AT&T was a little over-protec-
tive. The Carte rphone decision was a
hard-fought and bitterly contested battle
which Anally gave independent com-
panies the right to attach "foreign" de-
vices to the lines of the local telephone
companies. Perhaps if the telephone
giants had not fought so hard, the victory
would not have been so sweet for the inde-
pendent industry (not Carterphone— it
wrung them dry) and they would not have
pursued further gains so hard.
The Carterphone decision in 1968
20 Microcomputing, April 1982
proved to be a good thing for the business
telephone customer. Offices and small
businesses particularly benefited from a
great number of new services, and local
telephone systems provided by compa-
nies that sprang up and thrived in the
competitive environment. The industry
quickly saw the evolution of the private
automatic branch exchange (PABX) into a
sophisticated electronic system able to
provide conference calls, call waiting,
camp on, toll line selection, billing records
and many other features.
The typical office worker in the U.S. has
fantastic local and long-distance com-
munications power contained in a simple
telephone. Everyone in the nation expects
nearly 100 percent reliability from the
telephone system. Some businesses found
that their privately owned in-house tele-
phone systems suffered from strange
noises and behaviors. They also often
found that service and repairs came slow-
ly and at high cost, but these problems
were usually offset by the fancy services
available, the initial cost savings and the
tax depreciation on owned equipment.
Now, in the 1980s, educated business
managers and hot competition have
weeded out most of the weak products and
companies in the PABX industry, but you
can still get strange sounds and strange
behavior out of many privately owned
business telephone systems.
Once it started, the pursuit of com-
petition in the telecommunications indus-
try went on vigorously. MCI, which calls
itself "The Nation's Long Distance Tele-
phone Company," fought the court battles
from 1969 to 1978 that allowed a carrier
other than AT&T to serve the general pub-
lic as a common carrier. This kind of ser-
vice is commonly referred to as "alterna-
tive telephone service." Here is how it
works:
Alternative telephone carriers find some
way to carry many simultaneous tele-
phone conversations between major met-
ropolitan areas. They may use their own
or leased microwave systems as MCI and
SP Communications do, or they may use
their own satellite as Western Union is
able to do. In any case, they carry tele-
phone conversations in bulk between
cities, while relying on the telephone lines
of the local telephone companies to carry
the calls the first and last few miles be-
tween their interface facilities and the
homes and offices of their customers.
A user of these services picks up the
local phone, dials a local number, and is
greeted by another dial tone. This second
dial tone is provided by the alternative car-
rier. The customer then dials an access
code and the area code and number of the
place to be called. If (and that is a big if) the
alternative carrier serves that specific
local calling area, the call can go through
at a rate that can be as much as 75 percent
less than the rates charged by the local
telephone system and AT&T. If the alter-
native carrier does not serve that area, the
user must fall back on more traditional
telephone service. If the call does go
through, the traditional long-distance car-
rier loses the revenue and cannot pass it
along to the local carrier.
I'm in favor of competition. I've experi-
enced the inadequacy of centralized and
monopolistic planning. But I'm the first
one to stand up and say that competition
in the telecommunications industry will
bring change, and that not all of us will be
happy with the changes that take place. A
good example can be seen in the change
we experienced with the deregulation of
the airline industry. Under a policy of
strict regulation, the airlines had to share
the good and bad routes. Hopefully the
good routes helped to offset the cost of the
bad. When they were allowed to compete
freely, airline companies cut back on non-
profitable routes and put more flights on
the profitable ones. This reduced fares and
provided more flights and services for
some people, but eliminated service for
some others. A recent study, however, has
shown that many small cities and rural
areas are now served by more frequent air
service than they were under regulation.
The service is provided by feeder airlines
using smaller, less comfortable, but more
appropriate and economical airplanes. I
would call this an example of the free mar-
ket system at its best.
The telephone system of the country
under deregulation will be similar in some
ways to both the airline system and the
experience of small businesses with pri-
vately owned telephone systems. The tele-
phone users in metropolitan areas will
find themselves with a tremendous num-
ber of telephone alternatives. Competition
will spawn video services, information ser-
vices, inexpensive telephone conferenc-
ing, and many other features that would
not have been available in a monopoly
system. Certain rates will be very low. But
the special services at low rates may not
be 100 percent reliable and the service
may not be of the highest quality.
Additionally, service to some small and
rural areas may initially suffer. The pric-
ing structure for telephone service will
change considerably. This change may in-
clude a hefty fee for installation of
telephone service and an increased fee for
the use of local circuits. Obviously, if long-
distance toll charges are not available to
the local companies to offset the cost of
providing local service, the rates for local
service must change.
This change can be for the better. If the
airline comparison holds true, we will see
small "feeder" telephone carriers devel-
oping which will take advantage of new
technologies to fill a need in the market.
They may use coaxial cable or direct satel-
lite-to-home broadcast to bring in a full
spectrum of voice and video services.
They may use narrowband radios to ser-
vice remote locations. I'm confident that if
a market exists someone will fill it with
some kind of service.
The examples break down at a certain
point, however, because they don't take
into account the complex engineering and
electrical standards required of the tele-
communications suppliers. The airlines
still have the FAA to enforce certain opera-
tional standards and the private telephone
systems have narrow interfaces with the
outside world. The telecommunications
carriers will be part of an electronically in-
terconnected nationwide network. They
have only gentlemen's agreements on
standards and compatibility.
The greatest contribution of AT&T may
have been the standards called Bell stan-
dard practices (BSPs). BSPs describe
everything from how to strip wire to how
to engineer a network. They worked very
well. In the room in which I'm writing, I
can see a very neat telephone installation
done according to the BSPs. I can also see
a cable TV installation obviously done by
someone with little training. The tele-
phone almost always works; the cable TV
often does not.
The entry of competition into the tele-
communications industry will bring a
great deal of change. This change will not
be all good or all bad for all persons, but
the impact will be felt for many years.
Back to Metro I
The letter about Western Union's Metro
I service got me up on this soap box. If you
live in a large metropolitan area and are
interested in using an alternative tele-
phone carrier (your Jong-distance phone
bill should be over $25 per month right
now), give Western Union a call at
800-325-6000. You may as well get on-
board with the changes in telecommuni-
cations early!
My Book
What good is having your own column if
you can't talk about your own book? Spec-
trum Books (a part of Prentice-Hall)
recently released my book, Microcom-
puter Data Communication Systems. I
think you can guess what it's about. This
text has a lot of good information on mes-
sage systems and information utilities; the
fundamentals of data communications,
modems, terminals and software for
specific microcomputers; and some
philosophy. There are lots of pictures and
tables, a glossary and an index.
By the time this article is published, the
book should be available from the Micro-
computing book nook (800-258-5473),
Apparat (800-525-7674), your local
bookstore or your local computer store. I
tried hard to make the book interesting
and informative for the beginner yet a
good reference for the experienced data
communcations user. I hope you like it!D
Address correspondence to Frank J.
Derfler, Jr., PO Box 691, Herndon, VA
22070. Send electronic mail to TCB967
on the Source, 70003,455 on Com-
puServe, or to the AMRAD CBBS at
703-734-1387.
#24 SOFTWARE
ULTIMATE SOFTWARE PLAN
We'll match any advertised price on any
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It's a convenient, uncomplicated, logical
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CP/M
DISK WITH
MANUAL
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ONLY
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE"
Medical(PAS-3). $849/540
Dental (PAS-3) $849/$40
ASYST DESIGN®
Prof Time Accounting $549/$40
General Subroutine $269/540
Application Utilities $439/$40
COMPLETE BUS. SYSTEMS "
Creator $269/$25
Reporter $169/$20
Both $399/$45
COMPUTER CONTROL*
Fabs(B-tree) $159/$20
UltraSort II $159/$25
COMPUTER PATHWAYS"
Pearl (level 1) $ 99/$25
Pearl (level 2) $299/$40
Pearl (level 3) $549/$50
DIGITAL RESEARCH*
CP/M 2 2
NorthStar $149/$25
TRS-80 Model II
(P+T) $159/$35
Micropolis $169/$25
PL/l-80 $459/$35
BT-80 $179/$30
Mac $ 85/$15
Sid $ 65/$15
Z-Sid $ 90/$15
Tex $ 90/$15
DeSpool $ 50/$ 10
CB-80 $459/$35
CBasic-2 $ 98/$20
D.M.A.
Ascom $149/$15
Formula $539/$45
GRAHAM-DORIAN®
General Ledger $729/$40
Acct Receivable $729/$40
Acct Payable $729/$40
Job Costing $729/$40
Payroll II $729/$40
Inventory II $729/$40
Payroll $493/$40
Inventory $493/$40
Cash Register $493/$40
Apartment Mgt $493/$40
MICRO-AP"
S-Basic $269/$25
Selector IV $295/$35
Selector V $495/$50
MICRO DATA BASE SYSTEMS"
HDBS $269/$35
MDBS $795/$40
DRS or QRS or RTI $269/$ 1
MDBS PKG $1295/$60
MICROPRO®
WordStar $319/$60
Customization Notes $429/$na
Mail-Merge $109/$25
WordStar/ Mail-Merge $41 9/$85
DataStar $249/$60
WordMaster $ 1 1 9/$40
SuperSort I $199/$40
Spell Star $175/$40
CalcStar $259/$na
MICROSOFT®
Basic-80 $298
Basic Compiler $329
Fortran-80 $349
Cobol-80 $629
M-Sort $124
Macro-80 $175
Macro-86 $259
Edit-80 $ 84
MuSimp/MuMath $224
MuLisp-80 $174
Multi Plan Call
Manager Series Call
i/ (New items or new prices)
CP/M users:
specify disk systems and formats. Most formats available.
DATA BASE
FMS-80 $649/$45
dBASEII $595/$50
Condor II $899/$50
Access 80 Level 1 $249
Access 80 Level 2 $429
Access 80 Level 3 $679
DONT SAY UNCLE;
SAY MICROTAX TODAY!
Individual $ 250/$na
Professional $1000/$na
Partnership $ 750/$na
Package $1500/$na
ACRS, depreciation, batch
computing/printing of over
30 forms/schedules, and
much more.
ORGANIC SOFTWARE "
TextWriter III $111/$25
DateBook II $269/$25
Milestone $269/$30
OSBORNE®
General Ledger $ 59/$20
Acct Rec/Acct Pay $ 59/$ 20
Payroll w/Cost $ 59/$20
All 3 $129/$60
All 3 + CBASIC-2 $199/$75
Enhanced Osborne $269/$60
PEACHTREE"
General Ledger $399/$40
Acct Receivable $399/$40
Acct Payable $399/$40
Payroll $399/$40
Inventory $399/$40
Surveyor $399/$40
Property Mgt $799/$40
CPA Client Write-up $799/$40
P5 Version Add $ 1 29
MagiCalc $269/$25
Other less 10%
SOFTWARE WORKS®
Adapt (CDOS to CP/M) $ 69/$na
Ratfor $ 86/$na
SOHO GROUP®
MatchMaker $ 97/$20
Worksheet $177/$20
STRUCTURED SYSTEMS*
Business Packages,
Call for Price
SORCIM"
SuperCalc $269/$na
Trans 86 $115
Act $157
TCS*
GLorARorAPorPay $ 79/$25
All 4 $269/$99
Compiled each $ 99/$25
Inventory $ 99/$25
SUPERSOFT*
Diagnostic I $ 49/$20
Diagnostic II $ 84/$20
Disk Doctor $ 84/$2Q
Forth (8080 or Z80) $ 1 49/$30
Fortran $219/$30
Fortran w/Ratfor $289/$35
C Compiler $ 1 74/$20
Star Edit $189/$30
Other less 10%
UNICORN*
Mince $149/$25
Scribble $149/$25
Both $249/$50
WHITESMITHS®
C Compiler $600/$30
Pascal (incl "C ") $850/$45
PASCAL
Pascal/MT+ Pkg $429/$30
Compiler $315
Sp Prog $175
Pascal/Z $349/$30
Pascal/UCSD 4.0 $670/$50
Pascal/M $355/$20
WORD PROCESSING
WordSearch $ 1 79/$50
SpellGuard $229/$25
VTS/80 $259/$65
Magic Wand $289/$45
Magic Spell $269/$25
Spell Binder $349/$45
Select $495/$na
The Word $ 65/$na
OTHER GOODIES
Micro Plan $419/$na
Plan 80 $269/$30
Target $189/$30
BSTAM $149/$na
BSTMS $149/$na
Tiny C $ 89/$50
Tiny C Compiler $229/$50
Nevada Cobol $179/$25
MicroStat $224/$25
Vedit $130/$15
MiniModel $449/$50
StatPak $449/$40
Micro B + $229/$20
Raid $224/$35
String/80 $ 84/$20
String/80 (source) $279/$na
ISIS CP/M Utility $199/$50
Lynx $199/$20
Supervyz $ 95/$na
APPLE II
INFO UNLIMITED"
EasyWriter $199
Datadex $249
EasyMailer $128
Other less 15%
MICROSOFT*
Softcard (Z-80 CP/M) $298
Fortran $ 1 79
Cobol $499
Tasc $ 1 39
MICROPRO®
Wordstar $269
MailMerge $ 99
Wordstar/MailMerge $349
SuperSort I $159
Spellstar $129
PERSONAL SOFTWARE/
VISICORP«
^ Visicalc 3.3 $225
^ Desktop/Plan II $225
S Visiterm $ go
"* Visidex $225
•^ Visiplot $180
s Visitrend/Visiplot $300
y Visifile $225
PEACHTREE®
G/L.A/R.A/R Payor
Inventory (each) $224/$40
OTHER GOODIES
VU #3R
(usew/Visicalc) $ 79
Context Connector
(usew/Visicalc) $129
Micro Courier $219
Super-Text II $127
Data Factory $ 1 34
DB Master $184
IBM PC SOFTWARE
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'See List of Advertisers on page 178
Microcomputing, April 1982 21
COMPUTER BLACKBOARD
Software
Offerings
By Walter Koetke
Established
Vendors
Join the Ranks
Looking for Software?
The number of companies offering in-
structional software to schools continues
to increase on what seems like a daily
basis. Some of these companies are new,
but many have already established rela-
tionships with schools through their pre-
vious offerings of textbooks, film strips
and other instructional materials.
While most of these companies are
only offering software already available
from other sources, some are doing crea-
tive, original work. For example, Sun-
burst Communications is a company
selling carefully screened instructional
software as well as original material.
Marge Kosel, who served as Manager of
Instructional Software of MECC and was
instrumental in MECC's rise to national
prominence as a source of educational
software, heads their software develop-
ment endeavors. Her move to Sunburst
(39 Washington Ave., Pleasantville, NY
10507) will help to create another source
of high-quality instructional software.
Other good sources of material are: K-12
Micro Media, Inc., PO Box 17, Valley Cot-
tage, NY 10989, and Scholastic, Inc., 904
Sylvan Ave., Englewood Cliffs, NJ
07632.
More TI Arithmetic
The January column included a short
program that would work properly on the
TI and Atari, but on no other microcom-
puter I've had the opportunity to use.
That short program contained a typo that
certainly motivated many letters. I'm de-
lighted to give some of you an outlet for
your cynicism and an opportunity to ex-
ercise your sense of humor. Why do I
think the cynics were owners of Apples,
Address correspondence to Walter
Koetke, Putnam/Northern Westchester
BOCES, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598.
TRS-80s and PETs whose microcomput-
ers produced incorrect results? Never-
theless, the correct program is:
10 FOR C = 1 to 100 STEP . 1
20 PRINT C
30 NEXT C
Several TI owners asked for another
example that they might run that would
not work well with other microcom-
puters. One gets the impression they're a
persecuted lot. There are, however,
several other examples that fit the bill.
Consider the program:
10 FOR C = 1 to 100
20 IF SQR(C)OINT(SQR(C)) THEN 40
30 PRINT C
40 NEXTC
Try the program on your microcom-
puter. If you've a TI 99/4A you'll see the
ten perfect squares between 1 and 100
correctly displayed. On the other hand, a
Model III will print only six of the
answers, an Apple can find six of them,
and a PET produces six perfect squares.
Six of ten was an F when I was in school.
Antf what about the big guys? Microsoft
Basic will find just nine of the answers
while Basic-Plus on a $100,000+ PDP
11/70 minicomputer will correctly
calculate all of the ten answers. Minis do
have a few advantages over micros, but
only a few.
Software Protection
Last month I discussed the issue of
software protection and the wide dispari-
ty of thought between various factions.
The extent of this disparity and absurdity
of many positions was well illustrated in
"Copying Software— Crime in the Class-
room" (January/February issue of Elec-
tronic Learning). The article attempted
to present both sides of the debate, and
some of the key points are worth
repeating.
The educators' side emphasized that
"three out of four programs from mail
houses are pedagogically worthless. If
teachers can get their hands on a good
program, they are naturally going to
copy it." If microcomputer use supports
the development of logical thought, there
may be hope that we eventually won't be
subjected to such nonsense. Something
is sadly lacking in an assertion that the
justification for copying is to get even
with one vendor for injustices committed
by others. The entire argument on the
educators' side seems to be written by
someone on tiptoes who knows his posi-
tion is wrong, yet defend it he must.
And then there is the argument of the
software producer. " . . I have to decide
how much money I can afford to lose
each year, and then I produce that much
educational software," says an editor of
Creative Computing. I can only assume
this editor is hoping for a job with the
Chrysler Corp., for he certainly can't
imagine anyone might believe such a
statement.
Although the arguments on both sides
tend to be extreme, I urge you to uphold
the copyright laws. If you've purchased a
terrific program and need ten additional
copies, you've several legal alternatives.
Almost all vendors will offer substantial
discounts if you wish to purchase in
quantities of ten or more. Another possi-
bility is to offer the vendor a royalty of 30
percent or so for every copy you make.
Since this saves the vendor all expense,
you should get a fair number of agree-
ments. Because copies are so easily
made, most vendors are more than will-
ing to work with someone making a rea-
sonable effort to remain honest.
Will Teachers Learn to
Program?
All teachers must learn to program or
learn to job hunt! There is no need for
teachers to learn programming, and it's
unreasonable to expect them to learn
22 Microcomputing, April 1982
programming. Have you an opinion on
this issue? Have you changed your opin-
ion recently? This is another debate on
which positions change in pendulum-
like fashion.
Throughout the many years of instruc-
tional timesharing terminals, the general
consensus was that teachers need not
learn to program. There really weren't
enough terminals available to schools to
make the debate interesting. Arguments
that teachers need not learn to program
were based on analogies such as the
many drivers unaware of how their en-
gines work. After all, most teachers use
radios, TVs and telephones without any
idea of how they work.
By the end of 1980 the general avail-
ability of microcomputers has pushed
the pendulum to the other side. The ar-
gument sounded pretty good. Nearly
everyone agreed that computer literacy
was essential for all students and teach-
ers. Then one simply observed that read-
ing literacy meant the ability to read, and
writing literacy meant the ability to
write, hence computer literacy must
mean the ability to program.
Now we seem to be in the middle of a
third swing of the pendulum. This time
the impetus for change is laced with ac-
cusations of not understanding what
teachers really do. Teachers are too busy,
teachers are too talented in other areas,
teachers are entitled to a normal life. The
January issue of Learning magazine
contains the opinion of David Grady, the
articles editor, who states, "... teachers
who don't need to learn programming so
that they can teach it should instead
spend time becoming demanding, dis-
criminating consumers of commercial
programming efforts. Those who agree
otherwise should be questioned sharply
about how much experience they have
working with kids in classrooms."
Well, Mr. Grady, I've spent 20 years
with kids in classrooms, and I believe
you're only half right. Indeed, it's true
that all teachers should become discrim-
inating consumers of commercially
available programs just as they should
become intelligent users of computer
supported databases and electronic mail
networks.
However, I believe they should also
learn to program. That won't be easy nor
will it occur quickly, but it must happen.
Papert and others have demonstrated
that the computer is a powerful intellec-
tual tool. Good teachers really are too
busy, they are likely talented in several
areas, and certainly they're entitled to a
normal life. They are also dedicated to
the intellectual development of our chil-
dren, and such dedication will not permit
them to ignore such a tool.
The computer can and should be used
in a variety of ways with the support of
commercially prepared programs. The
computer can and should be used as a
tool for individual intellectual explora-
tion by each student, and that requires a
^See List of Advertisers on page 178
knowledge of programming. I can't imag-
ine a good teacher suggesting that he or
she will be content to take advantage of
the ready-made variety of computer sup-
port but elect to ignore using the comput-
er as a tool for intellectual development
in the same manner as their students. If
they do elect to ignore this possibility, I
suggest schools as we know them may be
in serious trouble.
The nice part
about this debate
is that most debaters
have the needs
of our children
foremost in their minds
The nice part about this debate is that
most debaters have the needs of our chil-
dren foremost in their minds. The micro-
computer has stimulated a great deal of
interest in the process of education. Time
will determine the winner of the who-
should-program debate. Until then, a
great many students will benefit from the
controversy.
The November/December 1981 issue
of Classroom Computer News contains a
one-page article called "The Time-Share
Pencil" regarding a school finance com-
mittee's response to a request for 30 stu-
dent pencils. The pencil memo is written
in about 1700 (my guess), 100 years after
their invention, but 100 years before
their common availability. The commit-
tee response to the request should be
hanging on your wall. Do make an effort
to obtain a copy.
Show a Friend
I've recently received several letters
from educators who've enjoyed the col-
umn and who suggest I write elsewhere,
since teachers don't read this magazine. I
appreciate the kind words. I also suspect
there's a lot of truth in the opinion that
the column doesn't reach as many teach-
ers as we'd like. However, if every one of
you reading this would show the maga-
zine to one educator, we may be able to
increase these numbers. I do feel Micro-
computing is appropriate and should be
available to students and staff in all
secondary schools and colleges. As with
many good things in the world, the lack
of knowledge of availability is the major
roadblock to widespread distribution . □
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Microcomputing, April 1982 25
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Shell Sort Sell
Thanks for "Sorting Techniques Ex-
plained" by H.S. Gentry [Microcomput-
ing, Nov. 1981, p. 156). In case there are
some readers who have not caught the
typo, line 1020 of the Bubble Sort should
read:
1020 FOR L = TO 100 - I
instead of 100-1.
Our Apple II was significantly faster
than the reported speed of the TRS-80.
For 100 random numbers it took 87
seconds for the Bubble Sort and 35
seconds for the Straight Insertion Sort
(versus 210 and 87 seconds respectively
for the TRS). For 200 numbers our Apple
took 344 for the Bubble and 135 seconds
for the Straight Insertion (versus 888 and
329 on the TRS). Note that for 100 ran-
dom numbers the Straight Insertion Sort
on the Apple is just as fast as Quick Sort
on the TRS-80.
Quick Sort looked like too much work
so I dusted off an old college book and
found a sort I used years ago. It is called
the Shell Sort (see Listing 1) and is
named after its inventor. The idea behind
the Shell Sort is to compare items in the
list that are a distance D apart (instead of
adjacent pairs as in the Bubble Sort)
where D starts off as being half the num-
ber of items. In this way items that are
way out of sort are moved more rapidly.
For example, if 100 items are being
sorted, items 1 and 51 are compared,
then items 2 and 52, and so on until
items 50 and 100 are compared. If any
exchanges are made then the process
starts over with items 1 and 5 1 using the
same value of D. Once the loop is made
with no exchanges, the value of D is cut
in half and the process starts over. The
process ends when D is equal to one and
no exchanges are made.
I ran a few tests and here are the re-
sults: On 200, 300 and 500 random num-
bers, the Straight Insertion Sort took 135,
310 and 828 seconds respectively. For
the same number sets the Shell Sort took
108, 161 and 444 seconds respectively. It
appears that the Shell Sort is faster than
the Straight Insertion Sort and less com-
plex than Quick Sort. But these results
are strictly empirical and based on rela-
tively few samples. Perhaps a reader
might have time to take a more analytical
approach and report on his findings.
Mike Smith
Seward, AK
Correction for
Turvill's Program
While in the process of converting Paul
Turvill's Rubik's Cube Basic program
[Microcomputing, Jan. 1982, p. 32) to
run on a SYM- 1 , I discovered an error in
line 3020 of the listing. The corrected line
should read:
3020 L$(1) = X$(3,3) : L$(4) = X$(2,2) :
L$(7) = X$(1,1)
10 REM *** SHELL SORT ***
20 dim *<5ee>
25 B* - CHR* <?>! REM BELL FOR TIMING
38 HOME : PRINT "SHELL SORT": PRINT
40 INPUT "HOW MANV NUMBERS •: 2-500 >? " S NN
50 IF NN < 2 OR NN > 500 THEN END
60 FOR I - 1 TO NN
70 A<I> - -RND <1> * NN
80 NEXT I
85 PRINT B$: REM BELL - START TIMING
98 D = NN: FLAG =
1 00 D = I NT < < 6 + 1 > 2 >
110 FOR N - 1 TO NN - D
120 IF A\N> < - A<N «■ D> THEN 150
130 T ■ h < N > I A< N > = H < N + D > : A < N ♦ D > - T
140 FLAG = 1
150 NEXT N
160 IF FLAG = 1 THEN FLHG - 0: GOTO 118
170 IF D > 1 THEN 188
180 PRINT B$: REM BELL - STOP TIMING
190 GOTO 40
The error, in which X$(3,3) was in place
of X$(l,l), would not be apparent if the
rotation subroutine was tested from the
cube's starting position. In that par-
ticular case, both corners of the upper
face would be of the same color.
Edward Wysocki
Baltimore, MD
Listing 1
Any Computers for Base 3?
1, 2, 10, 11, 12, 20. 21, 22, 100,
101 . . is the counting sequence for base
3 numeration: this sequence includes all
counting numbers.
Place values considered from right to
left are 3° (ones place), 3 1 (threes place),
3 2 (nines place), 3 3 (twenty-sevens place),
3 4 (eighty-ones place)— here using base
10 numerals because of their familiarity
to us.
The numeral 1,201 3 stands for the
number whose name in base 10 is 46:
lxl-i- 0x3 + 2x9 + 1x27.
In base 3 every counting number can
be represented by some combination of
the three digits 0, 1, and 2. The symbols
for those digits do not have to be 0, 1 and
2; they could be N. G and R, or any others
that one might choose.
The pronunciation of N is no, the pro-
nunciation of G is green, and the pronun-
ciation of R is red.
With that symbolism the numeral
1,201 3 can be denoted as GRNG 3 .
The pronunciation of its name is green-
red-no-green, and that stands lor the
same number 46 (base 10) stands for.
Suppose I label four 4 x 6- inch cards as
A, B, C and D and that I let the A card
stand for ones place (in base 3), B for
threes place, C for nines place and D for
twenty -sevens place. I could then denote
the number 46 by placing a green dot on
the A card (lxl), nothing at all on the B
card (0 x 3), a red dot on the C card (2 x 9)
and a green dot on the D card ( 1 x 27). Vo-
cally I could describe this numeral as
A-green, B-no, C-red and D-green.
Instead of using colored dots I could
use colored numerals: I could use a green
46 for ( 1 x 1), no 46 at all for (0 x 3), a red
46 for (2 x 9) and a green 46 for ( 1 x 27) on
the four cards. 46 = 1 +0+ 18 + 27.
On these four cards using only the
symbols green, red and no symbol at all 1
can represent any counting number from
zero to eighty. Each number from zero to
eighty would have its own distinct name
different from the name of each other
number. For example, A-red, B-red. C-no
26 Microcomputing, April 1982
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Microcomputing, April 1982 27
and D-green would be a name for 35 (base
10), only for 35, and no other number
would have that same name.
Thus, if you select a number not
known to me and you describe it to me by
means of the A, B, C, D, no, green, red
vocabulary I can translate that language
and tell you what the base 10 name for
that number is.
What would be the range of this seg-
ment of a numeration system, if we were
to use a fifth, E, card? What would be the
range if we were to use three colors on
four cards?
Computers function using base 2 nu-
meration: (circuit) on or off, (switch) open
or closed. The range of four (place) cards
in binary numeration is to 15, far short
of the to 80 of base 3.
Suppose that we were to use base 3 with
computers such that a + charge repre-
sents two times the place value, a -
charge represents one times the place val-
ue and no charge at all represents zero
times the place value. Or suppose that we
use North polarity. South polarity, and no
polarity at all for 2, 1 and respectively.
As technology has been in the past,
this would have been difficult because of
our inability to provide adequate insula-
tion or packaging of charges and poles, so
to speak. Now, however, awed by the tre-
mendous strides that have been made in
technology in the recent past, I'm in-
10 TEXT : HOME : HTAB 12: INVERSE : PRINT "WORD UNSCRAMBLER" : DIM A$(720
) : NORMAL
20 VTAB 6: INPUT "GIMME THE LETTERS 1 ";0$
30 C = 1:L = LEN (0$):Q - It FOR S » 1 TO L:Q » Q * Si NEXT S
40 FLASH : VTAB 12: HTAB 16: PRINT "THINKING": NORMAL
50 IF L = 4 THEN F0UR$ » 0$: GOSUB 330: GOTO 160
60 IF L = 5 THEN FIVE$ = 0$ : GOSUB 420: GOTO 160
70 SIX$ « 0$
80 FOR A - TO 5
90 Y$ = LEFT$ (SIX$,1) :FIVE$ = RIGHT$ (SIX$,5)
100 GOSUB 420
110 FOR P « 1 + 120 * A TO 120 + 120 * A
120 A$(P) = Y$ + A$(P)
130 NEXT P
140 SIX$ = RIGHTS (SIX$,1) + LEFT$ (SIX$,5)
150 NEXT A
160 HOME : FOR Y » 1 TO Q
170 PRINT A$(Y),: IF Y / 60 = INT (Y / 60) THEN GOSUB 300
180 NEXT Y
190 PRINT
200 INPUT "ANOTHER ONE? (Y/N) ";V$
210 IF V$ < > "Y" THEN END
220 RUN
230 E$ ■ THREES
240 FOR I ■ 1 TO 3
250 GOSUB 280:A$(C) = E$:C = C + 1: GOSUB 280: GOSUB 290:A$(C) = E$:C =
C + 1
260 NEXT I
270 RETURN
280 E$ = MID$ (E$,l,l) + MID$ (E$,3,l) + MID$ (E$,2,l): RETURN
290 E$ * MID$ (E$,3,l) + LEFT$ (E$,2): RETURN
300 PRINT : PRINT : INPUT "HIT RETURN TO SEE M0RE...";R$: PRINT
310 IF R$ * "" THEN RETURN
320 GOTO 310
330 FOR J = TO 3
340 X$ = LEFT$ (FOUR$,l):THREE$ = RIGHT? (F0UR$,3)
350 GOSUB 230
360 FOR K = 1 + 6*J + 24*M+ 120 * A TO 6 + 6 * J + 24 * M + 120 * A
370 A$(K) - X$ + A$(K)
380 NEXT K
390 FOUR$ * RIGHTS (FOURS, 1) + LEFTS (FOURS, 3)
400 NEXT J
410 RETURN
420 FOR M « TO 4
430 W$ ■ LEFTS (FIVES, 1 ) : FOURS = RIGHTS (FIVES, 4)
440 GOSUB 330
450 FOR N«1+24*M+ 120 * A TO 24 + 24 * M + 120 * A
460 AS(N) » W$ + A$(N)
470 NEXT N
480 FIVES « RIGHTS (FIVES, 1) + LEFTS (FIVES, 4)
490 NEXT M
500 RETURN
Listing 2.
10 TEXT : HOME : HTAB 12: INVERSE : PRINT "WORD UNSCRAMBLER": NORMAL
20 VTAB 6: INPUT "GIMME THE LETTERS 1 ";WS:L = LEN (W$ ) : DIM W$(L),I(L)
40 W$(L) - WS
50 GOSUB 70
60 END
70 IF L » THEN GOSUB 150: RETURN
80 I(L) = L
90 W$ * MID$ (W$,1,L - 1) + MID$ (W$ (L) , I (L) , 1 ) + MID$ (W$,L + 1)
100 W$(L - 1) = MID$ (W$(L),1,I(L) - 1) + MID$ (W$(L),I(L) + 1)
110 L - L - 1: GOSUB 70:L = L + 1
120 I(L) « I(L) - 1: IF I(L) =0 THEN RETURN
130 GOTO 90
150 PRINT W$,
160 RETURN
Listing 3.
clined to have faith that technology can
cope with the foregoing concept to pro-
duce a prototype computer at least as ef-
fective in its own field as the first radio or
the first television was in its field.
I would sincerely appreciate hearing
from anyone who is thinking or doing
along these lines.
W. Halbrook
St. Louis, MO
Recursion and
Programming Principles
I was intrigued by Kenneth Wasser-
man's article on recursion {Microcom-
puting, Dec. 1981, p. 50). I had just writ-
ten a word unscrambling program for the
Apple II using nested subroutines (see
Listing 2) similar to Edward Rager's PET
program (Microcomputing, Jan. 1981,
p. 78). After spending several hours
getting my 50-line program to run prop-
erly, imagine my chagrin (and awe)
upon seeing an elegant 7-line program
which does just the same thing, and
without the six letter limit on word size
my program has.
Of course, I quickly incorporated this
concept into my program (see Listing 3),
since it was obvious that the shorter code
would be much faster— especially since I
had done nothing in my original program
to reduce execution time.
To see just how much faster the recur-
sive algorithm was, I ran each program
with four, five and six letter inputs. To
my considerable amazement, the recur-
sive solution takes twice as long to run as
the nested GOSUB approach. In doing
the comparisons I deleted the routine in
Listing 2 at line 170 which stops output
after each group of 60 combinations is
printed, so that each routine output com-
binations as fast as it found them.
Since I wasn't sophisticated enough to
have thought of the recursive solution, I
can shed no light on this surprising result
(at least, it surprised me). My gut feeling
before running the comparison was that
the shorter, less convoluted code would
surely execute faster; I don't know why it
doesn't. Perhaps Mr. Wasserman can
help.
Steven Bernstein
Fort Myers, FL
Response:
I'd like to respond to Dr. Bernstein's let-
ter by making a few comments about
space-time programming trade-offs in
general.
Any program can be written in an in-
finite number of ways. This is provable
using some basic concepts from com-
putability theory. Determining which of
these ways is the best depends on what
criteria are being considered. Often the
two most important facets of a program's
performance are the speed of execution
and the memory space required by the
28 Microcomputing, April 1982
code. These factors are usually very
tightly bound to one another and the
term time-space trade-off is used to refer
to this duality.
If two well-written programs that per-
form exactly the same function and that
are both written in the same language
were to be compared, in all likelihood the
longer program would take less execu-
tion time. A well- written program is one
that uses all the appropriate features of
the language and does not execute any
extraneous or wasteful instructions.
There are basically two reasons why
the shorter program will take more time
to run.
In order to achieve a more compact
memory representation a program will
often embody a more complex flow of
control. For example, a program to sum
the first ten elements of an array can be
written out as a sequence of ten separate
addition statements. A much shorter and
more obvious (to the experienced pro-
grammer) program to accomplish the
same task would be to place a single addi-
tion statement in a loop which will be ex-
ecuted ten times. Both programs must
perform the same ten additions; how-
ever, the shorter program must do extra
work to keep track of the number of times
the addition statement has been execut-
ed. Thus this is a simple case of a time-
space trade-off; when a control structure
is incorporated into a program in order to
decrease its size, the extra work involved
in running the controls will lead to in-
creased execution time.
The second reason why time and space
are inversely related in most programs is
that often extra computations must be
carried out within the main body of the
program. In the example just described,
aside from the additional control time
needed, a computation of the index into
the array must be done so that the first
ten elements can be accessed. The
straight-line sequence of ten statements
need not perform this indexing because it
can be hard coded into the program.
Therefore, a more complicated flow of
control can necessitate extra computa-
tion in the main line code leading to a fur-
ther decrease in speed.
In relating the time-space trade-off
dilemma to both Mr. Rager*s permuta-
tion program and the recursive solution,
another programming principle comes to
light, the time-generality trade-off. It
states that the more general a problem a
program can solve, the longer it will take
for the program to execute. This duality
has its proof rooted in the same ground as
that of the time-space trade-off. However,
this principle is not nearly as universal
nor as obvious as that of time-space.
These concepts go a long way in ex-
plaining why the recursive solution to
the permutation problem takes twice as
long to run as the non-recursive one does.
It should be noted that the time-
generality principle is particularly ap-
plicable here in that the recursive pro-
gram will accept any length input string
while the other program is quite specific
in allowing only strings of three, four, five
or six letters as input.
Kenneth Wasserman
New York, NT
One other consideration, besides time
vs space and time vs generality, is that
of programming time. Often it is more ef-
ficient from the programmer's point of
view to write a program that solves a
general problem rather than a whole
group of individual problems. Ken
Wasserman's recursive program pro-
vides a general solution to the problem
of producing all permutations of strings
of over 20 letters— the only limitation is
due to the Basic interpreter being used
and not to the program. On the other
hand. Dr. Bernstein's program solves
three individual problems:
• The four-letter word permutation
problem
+ The five-letter word permutation
problem
+ The six-letter word permutation
problem
Granted the solution to the four-letter
problem can be used in the five-letter
problem and so on. But imagine what it
would take to write a program capable
of listing the permutations of a 20-letter
word using this approach. Obviously,
recursion can often greatly reduce the
programming effort.
In the end, the job being well done will
usually dictate whether a slower but
more powerful program is called for or a
faster running but more limited pro-
gram is in order. In any case, as a
programmer (if only of your own per-
sonal programs) recursion is a tech-
nique that you should have at your
disposal. —Editors
Science Fiction Schlock
Congratulations on the cover design of
the Feb. Microcomputing. At last, the sci-
ence-fiction schlock tradition in micro-
computer magazine covers has been bro-
ken! Give Diana Shonk a raise and put
her back to work.
William James Hag a
Monterey, CA
High Praise Indeed
A quick note in praise of the art of Alex
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tist's work clues to the artist's mind.
I see in his stuff a mind with a good deal
of knowledge; a definite personality; a
playful world-view; and the innocent,
childlike eagerness to show what he can
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Microcomputing, April 1982 29
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do. I hope I'm right. I even held the Jan.
1982 Microcomputing in front of a mir-
ror, hoping to see reverse-writing on the
anachronistic page from a Leonardo
notebook. I couldn't decide— but I bet it's
there.
Science-fiction art used to have some-
thing of the quality of Stevens' work, dur-
ing its golden era. In fact, to risk over-
stressing this aspect, Wayne Green's
publications have a character to them
reminiscent of the old analog science
fact/fiction, run by John W. Campbell. If
you've ever read science-fiction, you
know this to be high praise indeed.
Allan Stark
Detroit, MI
An IBM-PC Magazine, Please
What do you mean "if IBM. . develops
a user base"? Call up a few Computer-
land stores and the Sears Business Cen-
ters in the Chicago area. They will tell
you that they have sold more IBM Per-
sonal Computers than any others since it
has been available.
While some of this demand is from
computer nuts like myself, most of it is
from buyers who simply want an inex-
pensive computer system from IBM and
wouldn't buy from Xerox, Apple or Radio
Shack.
I think you should get cutting right
now on an IBM-oriented magazine. You
know how to do a single computer line
magazine better than anyone. Others are
a joke by comparison. I haven't seen the
first issue of PC yet, but I'll bet that it
would not stand a comparison to the first
issue you would put out. Please get at it!
William E. Simmonds
Addison, IL
Bill, the key to having a good maga-
zine is in getting good articles for it.
We're certainly interested in all of the
material we can get on the IBM sys-
tem . . . improvements, ways to inter-
face printers and other gadgets, pro-
grams, modifications of programs for
other systems, and so on. We'll first be
aiming these at Microcomputing until
the article volume builds up to where a
magazine can fly on its own.
Of course, there are three elements
needed if one is going to have a success-
ful magazine. First is the body of people
who care enough about the material to
subscribe to the publication. Then there
is the need for a continuous supply of in-
teresting articles. And, most important,
a fair number of firms interested in sell-
ing to this readership. I think we will
soon see a growing number of small
firms building their sales on support of
the IBM system and eventually there
will be enough to support a good publi-
cation. We'll be watching and building
toward that. Bill, and why not start the
ball rolling with an article? — Wayne
How Data Travels
I found the article "How Data Travels"
by Thomas W. Parsons [Microcomput-
ing, Oct. 1981, p. 46) quite interesting,
but was disturbed about one aspect of it.
The author's text and the related figures
pertaining to simplex, half duplex, and
full duplex circuits/operation do not con-
form to the ANSI C100 definitions. The
author seems to have confused simplex
circuits with simplex operation, two en-
tirely different things. For example. Fig.
6, which is labeled simplex telephone cir-
cuit, is apparently an attempt to portray
half-duplex, one-way telephone operation,
or simplex telephone operation. Better
the word simplex not be used in connec-
tion with methods of circuit operation.
Say half-duplex, one-way, or half-duplex,
one-way reversible, depending on what
you mean, instead.
Elmer Goetsch
Three Lakes, WI
Congratulations are in order for Mr.
Parsons' treatment of a very difficult and
confusing subject.
One glaring mistake does exist con-
cerning the voltage range on the RS-
232C interface. The C revision of the rec-
ommended standard specified the
voltage would not exceed plus or minus
15 V when properly terminated. The
proper termination had previously been
defined in the B revision to be between
3000 and 7000 Ohms. This would make
the voltage range 5 to 15 V (both plus and
minus) instead of the 15 to 25 V stated.
Mr. Parsons mentioned dial-up voice
grade line is full-duplex but failed to men-
tion that Ma Bell inserts echo suppres-
sors to prevent us from hearing our own
voice echoes. You may have experienced
a line which sounded like "talking down
a well" when a suppressor failed. This
condition is terrible for talking but it's
ideal for data. The echo suppressors are
designed to be sensitive to the answer
tone (2225 Hz) generated by an answer-
ing modem and will drop off the line. This
conditions the line for the full duplex
capability.
R.C. Rudin
Poughkeepsie, NY
Response:
The details cited by Messrs. Goetsch
and Rudin are only two of the many over-
simplifications that could be cited in my
article. When your space is limited, you
can be thorough or you can be readable.
This was an introductory piece, so I
chose to be readable and used a pretty
broad brush. For the full picture, I recom-
mend a close reading of all the applicable
standards in addition to the references
cited in the article.
Thomas W. Parsons
Brooklyn, NY
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Artificial Intelligence
After 25 Years
By Harold Nelson
Microcomputing Technical Editor
Many people are intrigued by the
prospect of finding intelligent
life in outer space. A few are still
looking for signs of it here on earth.
Others have been trying to get ma-
chines to behave intelligently since
the first computers appeared some 35
or 40 years ago. One of the first to
address the relationship of machines
and intelligence was Alan Turing in
the 1940s and early 50s (see Turing
Test II").
Last summer, however, marked
what can be considered the 25th birth-
day of artificial intelligence as a for-
mal cognitive science. Early in 1956 a
small group of researchers presented
a proposal to the Rockefeller Founda-
tion for funding of a conference on, as
one of the group termed it, artificial
intelligence. The result of this propo-
sal was the 1956 Dartmouth Summer
Research Project on Artificial Intelli-
gence. Among those taking part in the
conference were:
• Marvin Minsky, one of the drafters
of the proposal who was soon to go to
MIT and cofound its AI Group, which
later became the MIT AI Laboratory;
•John McCarthy, another of the pro-
posal drafters. He is credited with
originating the term artificial intelli-
gence, was Minsky' s cofounder of the
AI Group and invented the Lisp (list
processing) language, which is con-
sidered to be the language of AI;
•Allen Newell, a developer of IPL
(information-processing language), a
predecessor of Lisp, and a pioneer in
methods of computational search,
especially heuristics.
These founding fathers of the new
discipline, bringing together back-
grounds in mathematics, logic and
psychology, identified the first goals
and methodologies of AI research.
32 Microcomputing, April 1982
Some of those goals have proven to
be far more elusive after 25 years of re-
search than they first appeared in
1956. Accomplishments in AI have
been significant, its side benefits
many and its future promise still
bright.
The same three men have guided
the development of, and are today the
key representatives of, the three major
university AI research laboratories:
Minsky from MIT, McCarthy from
Stanford and Newell from Carnegie-
Mellon (formerly Carnegie Tech).
Last August Minsky, McCarthy,
Newell and a few others from the
Dartmouth conference held a retro-
spective panel discussion to celebrate
its 25th anniversary. The setting was
the seventh International Joint Confer-
ence on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI),
held at the University of British Co-
Turing Test II
Alan Turing, a British mathe-
matician who did much to advance
the theory of digital computation,
was one of the first to argue that
computers could be made to be-
have in an intelligent human man-
ner. In an article "Computing
Machinery and Intelligence" pub-
lished in 1950 (Mind, Vol. LIX, No.
236, also reprinted in The Mind's I
composed and arranged by
Hofstadter and Dennett, Basic
Books, New York, 1981, p. 53),
Turing raised the question, "Can
machines think?" He proposed a
test to help answer the question.
The test is based on a person's
ability to distinguish another per-
son from a computer from the
answers to questions put to each.
One or both respondents can either
try to help or hinder the questioner.
The following dialogue transcript
is presented to give you the oppor-
tunity to make a similar distinction.
It is an actual dialogue between
two parties as it appeared on a
microcomputer's printer. The only
editing consisted of removing the
parties' names and cutting out less
interesting passages. One party's
comments are in normal type, the
other's always in italics. Both par-
ties are identified in the paragraph
following the transcript.
Make yourself comfortable. What is your
name?
Why do you ask?
Why do you figure I should ask?
Does that question interest you?
Getting started is often difficult.
You seem inhibited.
Oh, I seem inhibited?
I want to know about your lifestyle.
What would it mean to you if you got to know
about my lifestyle?
Tell me more about your lifestyle.
Why are you concerned over my lifestyle?
Why do you wonder why are I concerned
over your lifestyle?
Are such questions much on your mind?
Go on about your lifestyle.
What about your own lifestyle?
This isn't really very exciting.
What does that suggest to you?
What do you tend to think that should sug-
lumbia in Vancouver. This would
have been an impressive reunion any-
where; held in the context of IJCAI it
was awesome.
Over 20 nations were represented at
IJCAI, including East and West Ger-
many, mainland China, the USSR,
Sweden, Switzerland, Israel and India
(as well as California and MIT). Dur-
ing the five days of IJCAI well over
200 papers and panel discussions
were presented. Topics addressed in-
cluded vision and motion, expert sys-
tems, computing environments, natu-
ral language, medical applications,
learning, knowledge representation,
methods of search and inference and
reasoning.
Some of these topics sound like
chapter headings from a text in empir-
ical psychology or epistemology. The
only difference is that the discus-
sions at ISCAI dealt with how these do
(or might) occur in machines while
those texts deal with their occurrence
in humans.
Some may think of AI as science fic-
tion, but we will leave that view of it
to future schlock publications and TV
shows. AI is an important, serious
discipline with profound goals and
beneficial results.
AI Objectives and Achievements
The goals of artificial intelligence
can be approached from various
levels. Each researcher will have spe-
cific objectives relating to the project
being worked on— "I'm trying to get
this procedure to behave in such-and-
such a way." Each research group
may have a slightly more general
goal— "We're trying to get the com-
puter to perform this task as you or I
might do it."
On a still higher level, the task of AI
is, according to Minsky, to have the
machine do things that would require
intelligence if done by humans. Im-
plicit in this is yet a higher-level goal:
If machines can be made to behave in-
telligently, then they can serve as a
mirror in which we can study human
intelligence.
In the past 25 years progress has
been made on all of these levels.
There are programs that can perform
a variety of intelligent tasks from
reading and summarizing news stories
to aiding in difficult medical diag-
gest to me?
Please don 't apologize.
Have you asked anyone else?
You certainly are curious!
(Sometime later.)
You're not really talking about me, are you?
Last time you were extremely inquisitive.
And you are obstinate!
Have you abandoned seeking simple
Does it please you to believe I am obstinate?
solutions?
I will give you the answers in good time.
Oh, I was extremely inquisitive?
Perhaps in your fantasies we will give each
Do you feel guilty that you were extremely
other.
inquisitive?
Do you want to know what I suspect?
You're not really talking about me, are you?
What are your feelings now?
■
Did you ever try to commit suicide with a
.
hammer?
.
We were discussing you, not me.
I am not surprised that you were extremely
Tell me, what is your worst fear?
inquisitive.
What is it you really want to know?
Is it because you are not surprised that I was
Tell me what is troubling you.
extremely inquisitive that you came to me?
Are such questions much on your mind?
.
We should return to discussing your
•
lifestyle.
.
Are you worried about someone else's lifestyle?
As I recall, our last talk was quite long.
Does it seem I am worried about someone
Can you elaborate on that?
else's lifestyle?
Yes .... Can you elaborate on that?
How long have you been worried about some-
We were discussing you, not me.
one else's lifestyle?
Is your interest in sex still not very strong?
•
Why are you concerned over my interest
•
in sex. . . ?
.
How do you feel about your interest in sex?
Well, time is almost up. Is there anything
Why do you ask?
else you want to discuss?
Why do you want to know why I should ask?
What are your feelings now?
Does that question interest you?
■
Go on about your interest in sex.
■
What about your own interest in sex?
•
What do you suspect?
Sorry, time is up. Excuse me for a moment.
(continued on page 34)
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Microcomputing, April 1982 33
noses. Many recent developments in
automation and machine quality
checking (e.g., "visually" inspecting
microelectronic components by ma-
chine) are the direct result of AI
research.
Aids to learning and learning about
learning, such as the Logo language
(see "Logo: Not Just for Kids" by
H. Nelson, Microcomputing, March
1982, p. 96), are the products of work
done in AI.
Artificial intelligence techniques
have found their way into a variety of
microcomputer products. Such tech-
niques were employed by the authors
of VisiCalc and new program-writing
programs.
In spite of the achievements, most
researchers agree that production of a
system capable of reproducing human
intelligence is still a long, long way off.
Minsky recently said that it might be
as many as 100 years before a word-
processing system capable of making
suggestions about syntax and style
could be produced.
Still, what has been learned in the
past 25 years has led to new theories
of cognition which are being explored
by specialists from a number of disci-
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plines— philosophy, psychology,
mathematics and linguistics, to name
just a few.
Problems
If reproducing intelligent behavior
in a machine does not seem that diffi-
cult, consider just one small problem
in understanding natural language.
We have no trouble dealing with a
phrase like "to take out." We all know
what it means, don't we? Then let's
think about the following sentences:
• I am taking out Sally.
• I am taking out the trash.
• I am taking out that defenseman.
• I am taking out a loan.
Well, even though the same verb
means something different in each
case (what I am doing with Sally is dif-
ferent, hopefully, from what I am
doing with the trash and the defense-
man, for example), we have no trou-
ble dealing with these statements. We
seem to make the necessary distinc-
tions without even thinking about it.
But if we stop to think about it, to ask
how we might teach a computer to
make such distinctions, we begin to
appreciate the depth of the problem.
We can use the first example to look
at a related problem. If we are having
lunch and I say, "I am taking out Sally
tonight," you would understand per-
fectly well that I have a date with Sally
for this evening. But there are some
contradictions and inconsistencies im-
plicit in this statement at which we do
not bat an eyelash.
Here we are sitting at lunch and I
am telling you, in the present tense,
that I am taking out Sally. Have I
mastered bilocation or are you having
lunch with an illusion? Also, my
present-tense statement implies that it
is night even though we are having
lunch in the early afternoon. We
readily overlook such considerations
and generally get at the intended
meaning. But how do you teach a
(continued from page 33}
What is it you really want to know?
Last time you were somewhat difficult to
understand. Were you trying to confuse me?
You're not really talking about me, are you?
Let's keep it simple this time.
You seem to have avoided speaking of your
parents altogether.
I hate to bring this up, but you still owe me
$53.00 from your last visit!
That's quite interesting.
Why don't you tell me about your first
romance?
Perhaps I will tell you about my first romance
in good time.
Go on about your first romance.
Are you worried about someone else's first
romance?
Honestly now, what is your biggest
concern?
What answer would please you most?
What do you tend to think?
What do you think?
Why do you want to know what I should
think?
What comes to your mind when you ask that?
What do you suspect?
Have you asked such questions before?
With strong drugs you can learn to control
your concern!
Oh, I can learn to control my concern?
Tell me about your concern.
Are you worried about someone else 's concern?
Are you fantasizing I am worried about
someone else's concern?
Would you prefer it if I weren't fantasizing you
are worried about someone else's concern?
My question is, do you wish to feel I am
worried about someone else's first
romance?
Why do you say your question is do I wish to
feel you are worried about someone else's first
romance?
Say, I am having trouble with your long
sentences. Keep it simple. I am only
human.
Do you believe it normal to be having trouble
with my long sentences?
You certainly are curious!
What are your feelings now?
I still wonder why I don't seem quite certain.
Why do you need to tell me you still wonder
why you don't seem quite certain?
This is, of course, a conversation
between two computer programs.
They are both microcomputer ver-
sions of an early AI program called
Eliza written by Joseph Weizen-
baum. Eliza— some versions of
which are called Doctor— was
designed to simulate a session with
a psychotherapist by eliciting re-
sponses from the person using it.
The two versions used here are
Analiza2, available from SuperSoft
(continued on page 36)
34 Microcomputing, April 1982
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Microcomputing, April 1982 35
computer to overlook certain contra-
dictions and inconsistencies and not
others without giving the poor thing a
nervous breakdown?
On the other hand, think about
what can be learned about how we
(having human intelligence) deal with
these matters by trying to get the com-
puter to behave as we do.
Further Reading
If you are interested in learning more
about work in AI, in terms that mere
mortals can understand, and about the
issues surrounding that work, the fol-
lowing are highly recommended:
OGodel, Escher, Bach by Douglas
Hofstadter, Basic Books, New York,
1979. This is one of the most amazing
books you're likely to ever read.
^Artificial Intelligence and Natural
Man by Margaret Borden, Basic
Books, New York, 1977. Borden's
work is a classic in-depth introduction
to artificial intelligence.
• Philosophical Perspectives in Artificial
(continued from page 34)
Associates, and Full Eliza, from the
Artificial Intelligence Research
Group. This transcript was pro-
vided by John Holland of SuperSof t
whose pet project has been the
development and almost continual
revision of Analiza2. John describes
the setup of the conversation as
follows:
The first computer was a homebrewed
S-100 CP/M computer with 48K bytes of
memory and Micropolis quad-density disk
drives. This computer ran the SuperSoft
Associates' Analiza2 program. The second
system was a 48K Imsai with a Z-80 and
dual eight-inch drives. This system ran the
Artificial Intelligence Research Group's
Full Eliza program. A third computer served
Intelligence edited by Martin Ringle,
Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands,
NJ, 1979. Ringle has put together an
interesting collection of articles on
work in AI and the philosophical im-
plications of that work— and it's not
too heavy.
A fascinating new anthology ex-
plores speculations about thought and
thinkers, human and otherwise:
• The Mind's I composed and arranged
by Douglas Hofstadter and Daniel
Dennet, Basic Books, New York, 1981.
There are two fine sets for those
wanting or needing more detailed and
technically specific accounts of work
done in AI research:
^Artificial Intelligence: An MIT Per-
spective (2 Vols) edited by Patrick
Winston and Richard Brown, The
MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1979.
These volumes contain sets of articles
on expert problem solving, natural
language understanding, knowledge
representation and learning, vision,
robotics and computer design and
as a "format arbitrator'' and buffered both
directions of the conversation in order to
convert illegal characters and multiple line
responses to acceptable inputs. The arbitra-
tor, a 6502 homebrewed system, allowed
the operator to assist in such cases as when
Analiza2 requested a patient name. It
should be noted that neither program
demonstrated its full range of features since
each spent so much time trying to be boss.
Perhaps there is a lesson in this for us.
Analiza2 is an excellent program
from many points of view. For one
thing, it is just plain amusing. It
keeps track of your sessions, as
well as sessions of your family and
friends. From time to time Analiza
will indiscreetly gossip about other
"patients." Since the program is
written in CBasic and since John
symbol manipulation.
• 77ie Handbook of Artificial Intelli-
gence (3 Vols) edited by Auron Barr
and Edward Feigenbaum, William
Kaufmann, Inc., Los Altos, CA, 1981.
As of this time I have seen only the
first volume of this set. This treats
the topics of search, knowledge rep-
resentation, understanding natural lan-
guage and understanding spoken lan-
guage. The second and third volumes
(scheduled to appear in the summer of
1982) will cover AI programming lan-
guages, applications (in science and
mathematics, medicine and educa-
tion) and automatic programming,
models of cognition, automatic deduc-
tion, vision, robotics, learning and in-
ductive inference and planning and
problem solving.
Should you prefer a textbook to pri-
mary sources, the following is a fine
undergraduate-level text:
^Artificial Intelligence by Patrick
Winston, Addison- Wesley, Reading,
MA, 1977. ■
provides the source code and some
very interesting documentation on
the program, it is easy to study the
structure of Analiza. A great deal
can be learned in this way about
programming techniques devel-
oped in AI research. Finally, when
friends want to see what your
computer can do, you'll have
something to show them that
almost everyone appreciates on
one level or another.
Of the several microcomputer
versions of Eliza that I have seen,
Analiza2 is the most complete and
the most interesting. It runs under
CP/M and CBasic (actually, all you
need is the CRUN package) and re-
quires 48K bytes of memory. ■
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36 Microcomputing, April 1982
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Microcomputing, April 1982 37
If you've a problem (and a CP/M-compatible system), you ought to have a session with the world's most
celebrated shrink.
Eliza — A Software Classic
For Your Micro
By Thomas W. Parsons
Eliza is a legend in the field of
artificial intelligence. Developed
by Joseph Weizenbaum of MIT in
1965, Eliza was named after Eliza
Doolittle in George Bernard Shaw's
play Pygmalion. Shaw's Eliza was a
flower girl who was taught to talk
"like a lady" by the phonologist Hen-
ry Higgins. Weizenbaum' s program
can carry on a conversation which
seems remarkably intelligent.
Until recently, Eliza was available
only on large computers, although a
few stripped-down versions had been
written for micros. Now, from Ar-
tificial Intelligence Research Group
of Los Angeles, CA, comes the full
Eliza, running under CP/M in 40K
bytes of memory.
The program comes on an eight-
inch, single-density disk and is avail-
able in two versions. (Eliza is also
available on 5Vi-inch disks to run
under CP/M on an Apple II with a
Z-80 Softcard or under Applesoft
DOS 3.3.) For an introductory price
of $25, you get an executable file,
ELIZA. COM, plus a simple custom-
ize^ INSTALL.COM, which adapts
the program to your system. There is
also a file containing a sample
Address correspondence to Thomas W. Parsons,
42 Willow Place, Brooklyn, NY 11201.
38 Microcomputing, April 1982
conversation and an auxiliary file,
STRINGS.FIL, which contains Eliza's
script. For $20 more, you can get the
source programs, ELIZA. BAS and IN-
STALL.BAS (written in Microsoft's
Basic-80), in case you want to mon-
key around with the program.
In principle, Eliza can play any de-
sired role; in practice, it is usually
made to act as a nondirective psy-
chological counsellor. The program
begins with HOW DO YOU DO. PLEASE
TELL ME YOUR PROBLEM and the fun
begins. You talk to Eliza and it
replies, scanning your comments and
composing its responses by means of
a surprisingly simple set of rules.
Response is instantaneous and the
conversation is saved in a buffer
which can be stored on disk. The con-
versations are frequently memorable
and always entertaining.
The History of Eliza
This program is more than just
another software toy. It was a major
scientific development in its day and
is still a classic.
The debate over whether comput-
ers can think, or can ever reach a
stage of development which will en-
able them to think, seems to be as old
as computers themselves. It is no
nearer to being resolved today than it
was when it was first raised. The
facts are still too scanty and the
human emotions involved still too
strong.
Computers that think have, of
course, been a staple of science fic-
tion; one thinks immediately of HAL
in Arthur Clarke' s2001 or of the mul-
titude of thinking, talking and occa-
sionally incarnate computers that run
through the work of Robert Heinlein.
In real life, computers have so far
fared much more poorly. They have
trouble speaking intelligibly and can
recognize speech only under very re-
stricted conditions. As for intelli-
gence the question remains: Is
thought (whatever that is) within the
capability of digital electronics?
Alan Turing proposed an experi-
ment, a test which, he said, any com-
puter able to think should be able to
pass. In Turing's test, a human in-
terviews two unknown respondents.
One respondent is another human
being; the other, a computer at-
tempting to answer like a human be-
ing. The interviewer probes the two
respondents with questions designed
to unmask the computer. A computer
clever enough to avoid being un-
masked, Turing said, can be said to
think.
In light of this, you can imagine the
stir Eliza made when it appeared.
The original Miss Doolittle' s presen-
tation at the Embassy was trivial
by comparison. In final form, Eliza
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USER COMMANDS. User has commands like FORWARD
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*CP/M a trademark of Digital Research. Inc. CBASIC2 a trademark
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UTILITIES INCLUDED. The SCREEN MAKER utility lets you
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TERMINAL CONFIGURATOR utility writes your terminal
characteristics to a file that is read in when your program runs.
Your terminal can be easily added to the list of available
terminals.
EASY TO USE. Even a novice programmer can use it. Issue a
simple GOSUB. When it returns your validated data is available
for your further use. No programming is necessary. But if you
need to do something special — like search a file— you can do it
yourself in the exits.
FLEXIBLE. If you're an experienced programmer you'll
appreciate the lengths we've gone to to enable you to interface
and modify SCREENMASTER. Initialization is a separate, well
documented module. All communication with your data and
screen formats is via functions in another separate, well
documented module.
Send your check for $195 to MARKETING ESSENTIALS,
INC., 206 Mosher Avenue, Woodmere, N.Y. 11598. Or call
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performed so realistically that it was
difficult to convince some users that
they were only talking to a machine.
To give you the flavor of the pro-
gram, I can do no better than to copy
a portion of a conversation from
Eliza's publicity release.
Men are all alike.
IN WHAT WAY?
They're always bugging us about something or
other.
CAN YOU THINK OF A SPECIFIC EXAM-
PLE?
Well, my boyfriend made me come here.
YOUR BOYFRIEND MADE YOU COME
HERE-THAT'S INTERESTING.
He says I'm depressed much of the time.
I AM SORRY TO HEAR YOU ARE DE-
PRESSED.
It's true. I am unhappy.
DO YOU THINK COMING HERE WILL
HELP YOU NOT TO BE UNHAPPY?
The program's comments are the
ones in all capitals, in case you
couldn't tell.
Notice how the program picks up
the user's words and uses them to
draw the user out. At times it seems
to detect meanings of which the user
is unaware. This particular example
ends with what seems an uncanny
perception on the part of the com-
puter:
WHY DO YOU THINK I DON'T ARGUE
WITH YOU?
You are afraid of me.
DOES IT PLEASE YOU TO BELIEVE I AM
AFRAID OF YOU?
My father is afraid of everybody.
REALLY, EVERYBODY?
My father is very fearful.
WHAT ELSE COMES TO MIND WHEN YOU
THINK OF YOUR FATHER?
Bullies.
DOES THAT HAVE ANYTHING TO DO
WITH THE FACT THAT YOUR BOYFRIEND
MADE YOU COME HERE?
Principles of Operation
This impressive performance is
achieved by the strategic use of a
very simple scheme. Every time you
type a sentence, Eliza scans it and
searches for keywords. These
keywords are stacked roughly in
order of significance. The program
then goes through the stack, starting
with the most significant entry, and
tries to build a reply based on the
keyword.
A keyword is usable only if it oc-
curs in a specified context, so for each
keyword the program checks your
sentence to see whether the context is
there. If it is, the program then
transforms the keyword and context
according to a certain transformation
40 Microcomputing, April 1982
rule to generate the reply; otherwise
the program tries the next keyword
on the stack. The rest of the program
mostly provides for cases where no
usable keywords are found and de-
vises ways of varying the trans-
formation rules chosen.
The programmer must also provide
a script. This is a table of keywords,
significance values, contexts and
transformation rules. The per-
formance of the program depends
critically on the way the script is writ-
ten, and the impressiveness of Eliza
results from the skill with which its
script has been designed.
Each keyword-context pair can
have a number of different trans-
formations associated with it. For ex-
ample, the keyword "yes" has four
possible transformations:
•You seem quite positive.
• You are sure?
• I see.
• I understand.
The transformations simply ignore
the message and deliver a canned
reply. The program cycles through
these transformations in order, and
in this way provides a degree of
variety.
The program maintains a special
list known as Memory. In response to
the keyword MY, the selected trans-
formation is stored in the Memory
list as well as being used for the reply.
Then later, under certain circum-
stances when Eliza can't find a key-
word, it can provide a reply from a
transformation selected at random
from the Memory list. (That's where
'Does this have anything to do with
the fact that your boyfriend made
you come here?" came from.)
The Role of Psychotherapist
It should be clear from this sum-
mary that Eliza's conversational
powers are actually feeble. It knows
nothing about your world and is in-
capable of initiating any conversa-
tion. This is why Eliza scripts are al-
most universally based on the psy-
chotherapy model.
In the mind of the layman, a shrink
is one of the few people in the world
who doesn't need to know anything
about the outside world. If you say,
"I like hamburgers" to an ordinary
person and the person replies, "Tell
me more about hamburgers,' you
will decide that that person is an
idiot. But if a shrink says, "Tell me
more about hamburgers," this is ob-
viously a probing question put to you
by a highly-trained professional who
has discerned some hidden (and pos-
sibly embarrassing) significance in
your casual remark.
Furthermore, there is a school of
psychiatric counselling which holds
that the counsellor should make no
comments, judgments or suggestions
to the patient, but should simply lead
him on and draw him out, keeping
him talking about his problems until
he finds solutions for himself.
This nondirective technique is a
natural for Eliza, since it provides a
procedural cloak behind which most
of its weaknesses can be hidden. The
user is primed in advance to expect
behavior typical of a shrink, and
Eliza's first words confirm this ex-
pectation: "PLEASE TELL ME
YOUR PROBLEM."
The answers in the script contain
lots of material also designed to keep
the conversation directed toward the
user's problems. The script abounds
in phrases like
"Do you dream often?"
"Perhaps in your fantasy.
"Has your treatment made you.
"Does it please you to believe. .
"Do you believe it normal to be.
. .?"
?"
Where does all this leave Turing's
test? If the user is cooperative (and
possibly a bit naive), and if the ran-
dom choices of the program fall just
right, the imitation can be convincing
indeed. But remember that in Tur-
ing's test you are not supposed to take
the respondent at face value. Your
job is to uncover a fraud. If you know
how Eliza works, you can have a lot
of fun doing this. In my initial run, I
was downright malicious; here is a
part of what happened:
HOW DO YOU DO. PLEASE TELL ME YOUR
PROBLEM.
I have to evaluate you.
PERHAPS IN YOUR FANTASY WE HAVE TO
EVALUATE EACH OTHER.
Yes.
YOU SEEM QUITE POSITIVE.
Yes.
YOU ARE SURE?
Yes.
I SEE.
Yes.
I UNDERSTAND.
Yes.
YOU SEEM QUITE POSITIVE.
Yes.
YOU ARE SURE?
Yes.
I SEE.
Good.
I AM NOT SURE I UNDERSTAND YOU FUL-
LY.
Well, I can't explain.
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HOW DO YOU KNOW YOU CAN'T EX-
PLAIN?
How does one know anything?
WHY DO YOU ASK?
Because I don't know.
IS THAT THE REAL REASON?
You're the analyst— you tell me.
WHAT MAKES YOU THINK I AM THE
ANALYST- YOU TELL YOU?
That's what the promotional material said.
DOES THAT QUESTION INTEREST YOU?
No, but it will interest my readers.
WHY NOT?
Why not indeed?
WHAT IS IT YOU REALLY WANT TO
KNOW?
Whether the money people spend on you is
well spent.
WE WERE DISCUSSING YOU-NOT ME.
That's funny— I thought we were discussing
you.
YOU ARE NOT REALLY TALKING ABOUT
ME, ARE YOU?
Yes I am.
I UNDERSTAND.
Yes.
YOU SEEM QUITE POSITIVE.
Yes.
YOU ARE SURE?
Sure I'm sure.
IS IT BECAUSE YOU ARE SURE THAT YOU
CAME TO ME?
No.
ARE YOU SAYING "NO" JUST TO BE
NEGATIVE?
No, I am saying "no" in answer to your ques-
tion.
YOU ARE BEING A BIT NEGATIVE.
Would you rather have me lie to you?
WHY DO YOU THINK I RATHER HAVE
YOU?
Would you please re-phrase your question?
YOU SEEM TO HAVE AVOIDED SPEAKING
OF YOUR PARENTS ALTOGETHER.
They don't read Microcomputing.
DO YOU FEEL STRONGLY ABOUT
DISCUSSING SUCH THINGS?
Well, a little more circulation would do no
harm.
HOW COME?
We were discussing you— not me.
YOU LIKE TO THINK I-NOT YOU-DONT
YOU?
This sample takes Eliza around the
'YES loop" a couple of times. It also
uncovers some of the weaknesses in
the transformation rules. In par-
ticular, / and me are changed to you,
and you is changed to /. Obviously,
sometimes you should be changed to
me instead, but this distinction is
beyond Eliza's analytical powers. In
addition it occasionally misses the
conversion altogether ("you tell
you"). Clearly you represents a pit-
fall, and this is probably the reason
for answers like 'We were discus-
sing you— not me, ' ' since this tends to
keep the interviewer talking about
himself.
Another pitfall arises out of the fact
that Eliza stops its scan when it en-
counters a comma. Hence in ana-
lyzing "No, but it will interest my
readers,' it misses the main point
and simply responds to the "No." In
general, compound sentences are lost
on Eliza.
Conclusion
These shortcomings are present in
Weizenbaum's original Eliza, and not
only the version from Artificial In-
telligence Research Group. As for
this particular version, it's a delight-
ful entertainment. To answer my
own question to Eliza, I would say
that the money people spend on her is
well spent. In fact, $25 is dirt-cheap
for so much fun.
It's also an ideal medium for show-
ing off your system. As the program's
publicity release aptly puts it, "You'll
never again wonder how to respond
when one of your friends says,
'Okay, let's see what this computer of
yours can actually do!' '■
4 «««
MICROWARG ( reator of OS-9/BASIC 09 (used by
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OS-9/BASK 09 are the result oi i * w ai it scan h project-designed with the 6809
in mind. This "( Operators dream mai hirn combines with THE MILL microprocessor
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42 Microcomputing, April 1982
»^179
EPROM
PROGRAMMER
Shown assembled EPROM not included.
For single supply 2516. 2716 & 2758 EPROMs. Connects through
a user supplied interface to any computer system. Inter-
facing requires two 8-bit ports plus hand-shake lines. One of the
ports must be software controllable for input or output. Timing is
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Microcomputing, April 1982 43
Some comments on the direction in which artificial intelligence should be moving.
Robots, Checkers
And Learning
By Ken Barbier
The industrial robot worked tire-
lessly, patiently assembling de-
pholgisticated automotive cranifarles
from the assortment of parts passing
slowly by on the conveyer belt. Sud-
denly the machine noticed that there
was no phisteriphus in sight on the
conveyer. Like a two-year-old frus-
trated by an older sibling's undeci-
pherable toys, the robot screamed in
anguish, crying for some human Ma-
ma to come help it out of its dilemma.
Anthropomorphism is a vice, espe-
cially when it leads us to believe that
a true measure of machine intelli-
gence is the ability to mimic human
thought. Perhaps this is a legacy from
poor Alan Turing, but it is a popular
belief that a thinking machine must
think exactly as a human does.
A strong argument could be made
that human thought does not offer an
ideal pattern on which to model ma-
chine intelligence. Human thought is
too often driven by emotion, in re-
sponse to body chemistry rather than
goal-directed logic. At least, some
goals that humans reach for are not
logical. That a machine cannot com-
pose a sonnet or a symphony should
not be taken as evidence that it is not
intelligent. On the contrary.
A logical machine has no interest in
beauty. Beauty is in the eye of an
emotion-driven human, full of hor-
mones and illogical thought pro-
cesses dominated by primitive in-
stincts.
Machines Can Learn
Some aspects of human thought, of
course, should be included in ma-
chine intelligence. If any machine is
to be more than a mimic, it must be
able to learn from experience. Dr. Ar-
thur Samuel proved conclusively that
a computer program can experiment,
44 Microcomputing, April 1982
analyze results, and adjust its own
evaluation of its situation in such
a manner that its future performance
is improved. And that was two de-
cades ago.
Perhaps because it was so long ago,
or perhaps because the task to be
learned was the "trivial" game of
checkers, we seem to have lost sight
of the significance of this program.
Samuel programmed the computer to
understand the rules of the game, and
to analyze situations and select
logical moves, just as all game play-
ing programs do. But he also went a
giant step beyond that, and allowed
the computer to re-adjust its decision
parameters based on its experiences.
While the computer had been pro-
grammed with the rules of the game,
it taught itself the strategy of the game
by playing against itself, and by keep-
ing track of who won, and why.
To do this, the computer had to
have enough "consciousness" to rec-
ognize when it had improved its posi-
tion, and it had to appreciate the dif-
ference between winning and losing.
It was taught the rules, but it had to
learn the game.
And it learned well enough to beat
a human expert.
This program did two things that
the most modern chess programs do
not. It learned from its experiences,
and it beat a national champion. Why
have we humans forgotten this
lesson?
It is conceivable that we could pro-
gram an industrial robot, for exam-
ple, to experiment with a pile of
parts, trying to see if it could assem-
ble them into something meaningful,
recording its failures along the way,
avoiding them in the future, learning
by doing. But such a machine would
not be an efficient worker. Its crea-
tion would not be a valid human goal
at this time.
Similarly, chess programs do not
analyze their results. That is left up to
their human programmers. Even if a
chess program could be written to
learn from its mistakes, it doesn't
have time to do so, given the con-
straints of today's hardware.
But the Samuel program shows us
that it is possible to build a robot or
program a chess player that could
Address correspondence to Ken Barbier, PO Box
1253, Borrego Springs, CA 92004.
learn by doing, and devise its own
strategies. All we need is more
computing power. And a ton of new
software.
There are pitfalls, and problems
that all that new software must solve.
Given the freedom to think and to
select its own standards for evaluat-
ing its situation, an early version of
the Samuel program developed wild-
ly erratic behavior, selecting ridicu-
lous values for its evaluation parame-
ters. Constraints had to be placed on
its freedom to decide what was
"right" and what was "wrong."
Does that suggest parallels with hu-
man behavior? Some problems are
inherent to the process of thinking,
regardless of the type of mind in
which the process is taking place.
A Pattern for a Thinking Machine
We have all the parts. We have
manipulators that can outperform
the human hand, working with su-
perhuman speed, strength and un-
canny accuracy. We have mechani-
cal eyeballs, and pattern recognition
"brains" to back them up. But not up
to human speed or accuracy. Not yet.
We have computational power
available that would have astounded
the pioneers in artificial intelligence
research. Those pioneers, Samuel
among them, have shown us the way
to combine these elements. We could
Its power would be
awesome, to say nothing
of its power comsumption
build a machine that would combine
an accurate manipulator with accu-
rate vision, hooked to human-brain-
like multiple processors with more
computing elements than even our
own overrated thinking equipment
contains.
With proper software that could
experiment and profit from its
mistakes, our machine could learn its
primitive tasks from human teachers,
and then go ahead devising its own
strategies, unencumbered by body
chemistry, the drive to reproduce,
the need for coffee breaks. Its power
would be awesome, to say nothing of
its power consumption. And we
would be well-advised to keep one
(human) hand always on the power
switch.
This concept is not economical.
The collection of hardware would
probably be within reach of a
wealthy society, but the collection of
programmers required might easily
exhaust the entire earth's resources
of this expensive commodity. But
such a machine is easily within
human conception, if our emotions
will allow us to accept the concept.
'It is interesting to me [the checker
champion is speaking] to note that
the computer had to make several
star moves in order to get the win."
Moves, remember, that the machine
taught itself.
Can a machine think? Most certain-
ly! Why does no machine today really
think? Because nobody has asked one
to. Yet.H
References
Arthur L. Samuel, "Some Studies in
Machine Learning Using the Game of
Checkers," in Computers and
Thought, McGraw-Hill, 1963.
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Microcomputing, April 1982 45
Here's a rundown of database systems available for microcomputers.
Database Scorecard
By Robert L. Akers
Perhaps the most common com-
puting application is the storage
and use of continually changing data
in files. Yet anyone who has done this
with only the standard tools of an op-
erating system has probably encoun-
tered numerous difficulties.
First of all, he must be a program-
mer. He must write and maintain
code in the programs that process the
files. Generally these programs will
be inflexible. Unless he uses great
foresight and good programming
style, he may have to modify these
programs extensively to accommo-
date minor changes in the data for-
mat or in his queries.
Moreover, the programs may run
quite slowly because of searches
through unsorted data. To alleviate
this problem, the enterprising pro-
grammer may decide to keep multi-
ple copies of his files in different-
ly sorted orders. This will inevitably
lead to problems of keeping all his
files consistent through a laborious
updating process. The very size of
these files may become a burden to
his computing system. At some point,
he is bound to throw up his hands and
say, "There must be a better way!"
Address correspondence to Robert L. Akers, 2108
Wright, Austin, TX 78704.
And there is.
A database management system
(DBMS), when properly used, pre-
sents solutions to these problems,
and has numerous other advantages
for its users. Data redundancy in stor-
age may be reduced, if not eliminat-
ed. Flexible querying procedures
enhance the user's access to data and
provide a means for deriving answers
to questions involving correlation of
diverse data elements.
Many database management sys-
tems offer facilities for insuring data
security and integrity and for so-
phisticated report generation. Some
will offer the option of different
views of the database for differ-
ent users. It is no surprise that the
DBMS field has become a popular
and intense area of development.
For years the large mainframe ma-
chine has been the resident domain
for these systems, but the widespread
adoption of minicomputers into the
business world, where database
management is a primary concern,
has created an interest in DBMSs for
those machines. A fairly large num-
ber of these systems, with widely
varying capabilities and price tags,
are now being marketed. Their per-
formance is generally acceptable,
and they are developing in many crit-
ical areas at a pace paralleling the
technology of larger systems.
It seems natural that similar devel-
opment would be proceeding with
microcomputing machinery, but un-
til very recently this has not been the
case. The advantages offered by a
DBMS can be provided only in an en-
vironment which possesses substan-
tial processing power, a fairly large
main memory address space and
good input/output capability. Until
recently the typical microprocessor
has been weak in these respects. Ad-
vances in memory and processor chip
technology and the development of
improved I/O interfaces for popular
processors are changing all this. As a
happy result, a first generation of
database management systems for
micros is now commercially available.
This article is a survey of exist-
ing DBMS software for micropro-
cessors. The features characterizing
these systems will first be outlined
in general, and then the various
systems will be examined with
respect to these features.
In addition to the commercially
available systems, I'll look at an
experimental system developed at
the University of Toronto which em-
bodies a major advance for this class
of systems.
I will make no attempt to evaluate
the reliability of the systems or their
robustness in the face of incorrect
use. Moreover, ease of use, a largely
46 Microcomputing, April 1982
subjective judgment based on the ex-
perience of the user, will not be a ma-
jor criterion of evaluation.
Since the focus of this article is on
software packages, I'll omit main-
frame-resident systems, the growing
set of "database machines" (systems
of dedicated hardware), and operat-
ing systems which include database
management capabilities.
Features
First, we need to understand what
a database management system is.
Briefly, it is a package which pro-
vides methods for creating and main-
taining a database, and for coherently
extracting information from that
database. Certain features character-
ize these systems, and the extent to
which they are implemented will de-
termine the quality of the system.
Here is a list of the main features, and
an explanation of each one.
Nonredundancy of data. A tradition-
al approach to making a single piece
of data available for use in a wide
range of correlations with other types
of data involves storing the data item
in more than one place. It could be
stored redundantly with all the dif-
ferent types of items with which it
will be associated. In even mildly
complex cases, this leads to an explo-
sion in the amount of storage neces-
sary to maintain all the informa-
tion. It also introduces the more
pervasive problem of keeping all
duplicate items consistent through
update. A primary goal of a DBMS,
then, is to eliminate data storage re-
dundancy. Ideally, a single data item
will be located in only one place in
mass storage.
Flexibility. As an enterprise evolves,
its manner of organizing and repre-
senting data is bound to change. In-
deed, whole new types of data may
be needed, and old ones may outlive
their usefulness. Moreover, the types
of operations most commonly per-
formed on a given database may
change with time. Altering data
structures may be one way of opti-
mizing the cost of performing these
operations. The data schema should
accurately reflect the nature of the
data being modeled, and must also be
organized to maximize the efficiency
of the system. To accommodate
changes, the system should provide
the ability to redefine the schema,
and to add, delete and redefine types
From Jefferson to Spock
The indexed sequential access
method (ISAM) permits efficient
access to files maintained in
several sorted orders without the
burden of massive data duplica-
tion in storage. This duplication
would be caused by keeping
separate copies of the data file,
each sorted on a different field or
key. With ISAM, all that is needed
to maintain a file in sorted order is
a list of pointers to the records in
the file, with the pointers ordered
according to the desired sort. Most
of the systems surveyed here use
the ISAM technique as a funda-
mental data structuring tool.
In this example (see Fig. 1) the
file of famous persons is stored in
an arbitrary order (perhaps the re-
sult of the order of entry). Three
sorted orders are maintained: an
alphabetical-by-name ordering in
file NAMES, an ascending-age or-
dering in file ASCAGE, and a de-
scending-income ordering in file
DESINCOME. The items in each
ISAM file include some file main-
tenance information, here simpli-
fied to the name of the file being
sorted, and then a list of pointers
to the record numbers of the data
file.
The alphabetic sorting yields
the ordering Bunker, Churchill,
Cousy, Jefferson, Spock and Toyn-
bee. The age sort gives Spock,
Cousy, Bunker, Toynbee, Chur-
chill, Jefferson, and the income
order is Jefferson, Churchill,
Toynbee, Cousy, Bunker, Spock.
Note that in the age sort, Cousy
was listed before Bunker, even
though their ages are the same.
This could perhaps result from the
fact that Cousy' s record precedes
Bunker's in the data file. A more
precise ordering could be obtained
by maintaining a secondary index
on another field. If a secondary in-
dex in the age file kept an
alphabetical ordering on name,
then the pointer to Bunker would
precede the one to Cousy, since
the 'tie-breaker" index would
determine that B's should come
before C's. A secondary index can
NAMES
PERSONS
be a valuable tool, and several of
these systems have this capability.
Notice also that it is not
necessary to maintain an index on
all fields in the records structure.
In this case, there is no ordering on
occupation. It is not hard to im-
agine that an ordering could be
senseless, as in the case of a com-
ment field.
The index numbers need not be
based on the numerical ordering
of the records in the data file,
though this is commonly the case.
They might instead be pointers to
a disk address, core memory ad-
dress, or any other mapping com-
prehensible to the storage
system. ■
Name
Age
Income
Occupation
Jefferson
237
100000
Politician
Cousy
52
30000
Basketball
Bunker
52
15000
Bartender
Churchill
106
50000
Statesman
Spock
40
Logician
Toynbee
91
40000
Historian
ASCAGE
DESINCOME
Persons
Persons
5
1
2
4
3
6
6
2
4
3
1
5
Fig. 1.
Microcomputing, April 1982 47
SINGLE BOARD
COMPUTER
$49.95
The MASTER CONTROLLER
BOARD contains:
Z-80 Microprocessor: will run
8080/8085 and Z-80 programs.
72 - Parallel I/O lines; three 8255s
Keyboard controller: 8279
(also can control a 16 digit
seven segment display)
1 2K - EPROM: three sockets for
2708,2716,2732,
2K-RAM: 2114s
8 - Sixteen bit counter timer
channels: one 8253 and one
AMD 9513
2 - Serial I/O ports; one Z-80 SIO
chip. One port has an RS-232
interface and connector.
1 - High speed arithmetic
processor: AMD 951 1 or
AMD 9512
All the I/O chips are memory
mapped AND I/O mapped. A
bus expansion connector is
provided. Can be operated on
5 volts only.
All this on one board less than
nine inches on a side
Only three LSI chips (Z-80, 8255,
and EPROM) plus support gates
and buffers are required for a
working controller.
BARE BOARD $49.95
With documentation.
MINIMUM KIT $99.95 Includes bare
board with documentation, one each
Z-80, 8255, 2708, two 21 14s, and
support gates and buffers, all socketed.
MONITOR $39.95 This program allows
a TTY or CRT to control the MASTER
CONTROLLER. This program requires
the minimum kit and monitor parts kit.
A programmed 2708 is supplied with
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MONITOR PARTS $54.95
Includes 8253, Z-80 SIO, 1488. 1489,
and connector.
POWER SUPPLY $39.95 +5V 1A, -5V
'/.A, +12V '4 A, -12V 4A
POWER SUPPLY $44.95 +5V 2A, other-
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VISA and MASTER CARD accepted.
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3165 North Clybourn
Chicago, IL 60618
(312)248-2480
of data, hopefully with a minimum of
pain and expense.
Data security. An enterprise often
wants the data it stores to be kept
confidential. Different individuals
within an organization may need ac-
cess to different subsets of the same
database, while being prevented
from seeing other parts. Moreover,
the data needs to be protected from
malicious tampering and from acci-
dental damage done by an unquali-
fied person. A DBMS should provide
some sort of protection for the data it
houses. The desire for complexity in
this protection often grows with the
complexity of the enterprise.
The system should
provide for creating,
modifying and deleting
data, and for
extracting useful
information from the
database
Data integrity. Data often needs to
conform with semantic rules to pre-
vent irrational situations from aris-
ing. This is really a twofold problem.
First, the data must correspond to
real-world realities. For example, one
would expect the total number of or-
ders received to equal the sum of the
number of orders already processed
and the number of orders being pro-
cessed. Simple type checking should
prevent an arbitrary character string
from being stored in a numeric field.
One might also expect protection
from computational overflow. Addi-
tionally, where multiple copies of
data items do exist, they must be kept
consistent through update. This re-
lates to the nonredundancy problem
stated earlier. A good DBMS will pro-
vide facilities for performing auto-
matic semantic checks with regard to
these situations. As a minimum cri-
terion, the user should be made
aware of inconsistencies in his data.
Second, inconsistencies may arise
from hardware, software or user fail-
ure. Some kind of system restart-and-
recovery mechanism should be pro-
vided so that the database may be
backed up to a consistent state, from
which, with a minimum of effort,
subsequent successful operations
may be repeated up to or near the
point of failure.
Data dictionary. A centralized
repository for a system-wide direc-
tory enables a database to describe
itself. Here the schema and all the
data types and restrictions can be
represented, and knowledge about
the user community and various
user's access capabilities can be
stored. The dictionary can become a
database administrator's compendi-
um of information. If the dictionary
format is stylistically consistent from
database to database, a set of generic
qualities can be presented for inter-
faces with external software. For ex-
ample, host language interface pro-
grams, applications programs and
query processors will cleanly attach
to the system through a well-defined
dictionary interface.
Host language interface. By provid-
ing a way for programmers to con-
nect their software to a DBMS, a sys-
tem is making available the full
power of a standard programming
language for interaction with effi-
cient and well-developed DBMS
functions for accessing the data. A
programmer may then write applica-
tions programs utilizing the DBMS,
or he may create a modified DBMS
with enhanced or tailored facilities.
Query processing. This is the most
user-visible aspect of a DBMS. The
system should provide a flexible,
thorough and easily understood facil-
ity for creating, modifying and delet-
ing types and instances of data, and
for extracting useful information
from the database. This may also in-
clude access to a general-purpose re-
port generator. The querying facility
should be clear enough to a user with
little or no background with comput-
ers, but strong enough for complex
questions to be posed. Providing a
comprehensible querying facility
which can be mapped to the full pow-
er of the system is one of the more
difficult problems of DBMS design.
Other Points of Classification
The above items are general fea-
tures which set database manage-
ment systems apart from standard
file storage and maintenance proce-
dures. A number of other points exist
by which we can characterize a
DBMS, points of implementation
rather than general quality:
File structure. Among the structures
commonly used are the hierarchical
48 Microcomputing, April 1982
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74S38
74S40
74S51
74S64
74S65
74S74
74S85
74S86
74S112
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74S114
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.30 74LS138
.25 74LS139
.25 74LS145
.30 74LS147
.30 74LS148
.40 74LS151
75 74LS153
.X 74LS156
.25 74LS156
X 74LS157
.25 74LS158
X 74LS1X
X 74LS161
X 74LS162
25 74LS163
X 74LS164
X 74LS1X
X 74LS1X
X 74LS168
25 74LS169
50 74LS170
.75 74LS173
.75 74LS174
.75 74LS175
25 74LS181
X 74LS189
X 74LS190
120 74LS191
X 74LS192
.40 74LS193
.50 74LS194
.40 74LS1X
X 74LS1X
.75 74LS197
1.10 74LS221
.40 74LS240
.90 74LS241
.00 74LS242
.65 74LS243
60 74LS244
.80 74LS245
SO 74LS247
.40 74LS248
.40 74LS249
.40 74LS251
.40 74LS253
X 74LS257
45 74LS258
90 74LS259
2.X 74LS260
X 74LS261
X 74LS2X
.75 74LS273
50 74LS275
.75 74LS279
75 74LS280
1.10 74LS283
2.25 74LS290
125 74LS293
.75 74LS2X
.75 74LS298
X 74LS299
X 74LS323
.75 74LS324
.75 74LS347
X 74LS348
X 74LS352
X 74LSX3
X 74LS363
90 74LS365
X 74LS366
2.X 74LSX7
1.70 74LS368
1.70 74LS373
1.70 74LS374
.75 74LS375
X 74LS377
X 74LS3X
210 74LS386
9.95 74LS3X
X 74LS393
.96 74LS3X
X 74LS399
X 74LS424
X 74LS447
X 74LS4X
X 74LS6X
X 74LS640
1.15 74LS641
1.15 74LS642
1.15 74LS645
1X 74LS668
1.X 74LSX9
1.X 74LS670
1.96 74LS674
.75 74LS682
1.X 74LS683
X 74LS684
125 74LS6X
X 74LS688
X 74LS689
X 74LS152
74S00
.40
.45
.45
.75
75
45
.75
65
X
65
65
.75
45
X
1.X
1«
.40
.75
.75
120
65
2.X
1.40
1.X
1.96
1.45
2.75
74S132
74S133
74S134
74S1X
74S1X
74S1X
74S140
74S151
74S153
74S157
74S1M
74S161
74S162
74S163
74S1X
74S189
74S174
74S175
74S181
74S182
74S1X
74S1X
74S194
74S1X
74S1X
74S197
120
X
65
1.45
1.X
1.X
1.40
1.15
1.15
1 15
1.40
2.X
3.70
3.70
4.X
5.40
1.X
1.X
4.45
2 90
3.X
14.X
2.X
1.86
4.86
4.X
74S201
74S225
74S240
74S241
74S251
74S253
74S257
74S258
74S2X
74S274
74S275
74S2X
74S287
74S2X
74S2X
74SX1
74S373
74S374
74SX1
74SX7
74S412
74S471
74S472
74S474
74S482
74S570
74S572
4000CMOS
2.X
4X0
X
4040
X
4X1
.X
60
4X1
X
4041
X
4502
X
2.45
4002
X
4042
.75
4503
X
X
4X6
95
4043
X
45X
8.X
1.X
4X7
.35
4044
X
45X
125
3.X
4X8
95
4046
95
4X7
X
.X
4X9
.45
4047
X
4X8
1.X
1.95
4010
.45
4048
.75
4510
X
X
4011
X
4049
X
4511
X
120
4012
X
4X0
55
4512
X
1.X
4013
.45
4X1
X
4514
225
1.X
4014
96
4062
X
4515
225
95
4015
95
4053
X
4516
1.50
2.X
4016
.45
4055
2.75
4518
125
3.X
4017
95
4056
2.75
4519
125
1.75
4018
96
4059
996
4520
1.X
1.X
1.X
1.X
1.X
1.X
90
90
65
65
1.15
1.75
X
1.40
1.X
X
1.X
1.X
1.X
1X
2.X
X
1.X
75.X
3.X
3.X
3.X
3.X
1.X
1.X
215
9.X
3.15
2.25
2.X
2.X
2.X
2.X
1.25
14.X
890
3.X
3.70
1.X
7.40
1.36
1.45
1.X
19.X
19.X
2.X
4.70
4.40
6.X
6.X
3.40
340
7.X
5.70
2.X
9.X
16.X
17.X
15.X
7.75
7.75
4019
4020
4021
4022
4023
4024
4025
4026
4027
4028
4029
40X
4031
4032
4033
4034
40X
4037
7805CT
7812CT
7815CT
7805KT
781 2KT
781 5KT
78LX
78L12
7906CT
7912CT
7915CT
7906K
7912K
79LX
79L12
79L15
740X
74C02
74C04
74C06
74C10
74C14
74C20
74CX
74C32
74C42
74C48
74C73
74C74
74C76
74CX
74CX
74CX
74CX
74C93
74CX
74C107
74C1X
74C151
74C154
74C157
74C1X
45 4X0
X 40X
X 4X8
X 4089
X 4070
.75 4071
.X 4072
1.X 4073
X 4075
X 4076
.95 4078
45 4X1
1.X 4082
275 40X
2.75 40X
2.75 4093
85 4094
2.50 40X
1.X 4522
.75 4526
.40 4527
40 4528
40 4531
X 4532
X 4539
.X 4543
.X 4553
X 4555
X 45X
.40 4558
.40 4X8
X 4581
X 4582
X 4584
3.X 45X
1.75 4702
LINEAR
X
LMX1V
.75
LMX7V
125
LM308V
.75
LM723
X
X
LM309K
1.X
LM7X
X
X
LM311V
X
LM741V
X
LM317T
190
LM747
.75
1.40
LM317K
3.75
LM748V
X
1.40
LM318N
1.X
LM1414
1.50
1.40
LM323K
3.75
LM14MV
65
X
LM324N
.X
DS14XN
1.X
X
LMX7K
3.X
DS14890
1.X
X
LM339
.75
LM1889
2.45
96
LM377
2.25
LM39X
X
1.15
LM3X
1.X
LM3909
X
LM3XV
1.X
LM3914
3.75
1.X
LM3915
3.75
1.X
LMX5V
40
LM3916
3.75
.75
LM5X
.70
DS75451
.40
.75
LM5X
X
DS75452
40
.75
LM5XV
1.50
DS75453
.40
74C00 CMOS
X
74C161
195
74C9X
2.X
X
74C162
195
74C9X
2.70
X
74C163
1.X
74C910
9.90
X
74C164
1.96
74C911
9 90
X
74C1X
1.X
74C912
9.X
1.45
74C173
1.X
74C914
1.90
X
74C174
2 20
74C915
1.X
X
74C175
2.X
74C917
2.70
X
74C192
2 20
74C918
1.90
1.70
74C1X
2.20
74C9X
16.X
2.X
80C97
X
74C922
5.X
X
82C19
4.X
74C923
5.X
X
74C1X
2.20
74C925
6.70
1.X
74C221
2 20
74C9X
7.X
1.X
74C240
2.20
74C927
7.X
90
74C244
2.X
74C928
7.X
4.X
74C373
2.70
74C929
7.X
1.70
74C374
2.70
74C9X
7.X
1.70
74CX1
X
74CX2
1.X
1.70
74C902
X
74C941
2.75
95
74C9X
80
74C989
9 90
5.70
74C904
X
80CX
X
2.X
74C9X
10.X
80CX
X
320
74CX6
X
88CX
3.X
1.75
74CX7
X
88C29
3.96
1.X
We reserve the right to substitute manufacturers.
Prices subject to change without notice.
Our inventory is completely managed by computer.
4 K STATIC RAM
8/$20.00
16 K Memory
8/ $16.00
8200
XXA
3.X
80XA
8.X
80XA-2
11.X
8X6
99.95
8X8
39.95
81X
1125
81X
29.X
8202
45.X
82X
3.X
8212
1.X
8214
3.X
8216
1.X
8224
2.X
8226
1.X
8228
4.X
82X
4.X
8243
4.X
8251A
5.45
8253
9.X
8255A-5
5.X
8257 5
8.X
8259A
6.X
8271
XX
8272
39.95
8275
29.X
8279-5
10.X
8282
6.X
8283
6 60
8284A
5.75
82X
6.X
8287
6.X
82X
25.00
8289
49.X
8756A
45.X
8748
XX
HITACHI
2K x 8 CMOS RAM 150NS
Pin Compatible with 2716
HM6116P-3
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8 For $88.00
4118
STATIC RAM
1Kx8
$15.00
AUGAT LOW PROFILE SOCKETS
These Are High
Reliability Industry
Standard Sockets
EPIN
14PIN
16PIN
18PIN
20PIN
22PIN
24PIN
28PIN
40PIN
208-AG29D
214-AG29D
216-AG29D
218-AG29D
220-AG29D
222-AG29D
224-AG29D
228 AG29D
240-AG29D
.10
.16
.18
20
22
24
26
28
42
6800
4164
64K Dynamic Ram
200 NS 16 pin
$15.00
3242
34X
6X0
6802
6809
68609
6809E
X10
6821
6840
6843
6845
6847
68X
6852
68X
6X8
68X
684X
8.X
9.X
5.75
11.X
XX
45.X
XX
3.X
3.X
9.X
41.X
22.X
1225
3.X
3.X
7.X
1.80
4.70
1.X
1.X
1.X
12.X
Z80
Z8
Z6132
220
Z80A
Z80B
220
220A
ZB0B
220
ZB0A
2206
220
220A
220
220A
220
220A
220
220A
PtO
PtO
PHD
CTC
CTC
CTC
DMA
DMA
SIO/0
SKD/0
StO/1
SIO/1
SIO/2
SIO/2
X.X
40.X
6.70
725
19.X
6.X
7.10
15.X
6.X
7.10
15.X
18.50
22.50
18.X
22.X
18.M
22 50
18.50
22 50
6502
6502
6502A
6504
6504A
X12
X12A
6520
6521
6521A
6522
X22A
6532
6532A
6545-1
6545A-1
6X1
6561A
7.X
10.X
8.45
9.X
9.X
10.X
4.40
6.15
6.70
8.75
11.70
1125
12.40
22.X
28.X
11.X
12.X
Microprocessor Crystals
$3.00 Each
EPROMS
3.579545MHZ
4.0MHZ
4.0MHZ
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15.0MHZ
18.0MHZ
18.431 MHZ
48.0MHZ
Parallel
Parallel
Series
Parallel
Parallel
Parallel
Series
Series
Series
Series
Series
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2708
2716
2716
2716
2716-1
2716
2716
2732
2732
2732
2732A
2732A-2
2732A 2
2532
AMD
Hitachi
National
Intel
Intel
T.I.
Motorola
NEC
Mitsubish
Intel
Intel
Intel
Intel
Hitachi
3 Supply
+ 5
+ 5
+ 5
+ 5
3 Supply
3 Supply
+ 5
+ 5
+ 5
+ 5
+ 5
+ 5
+ 5
I
450NS
3.X
450NS
7.00
450NS
7.X
450NS
7.X
350NS
9.M
450NS
7.50
450NS
7.X
450NS
16.X
450NS
16.X
450NS
17.X
250NS
17.X
30ONS
16.X
20ONS
X.X
450NS
1800
HANLEY ENGINEERING CORP.
13400 Northup Way #20
Bellevue, WA 98005
800-426-2668
206-643-0792
Minimum Order 15.00
Include 4.00 for UPS Blue
Include 3.00 for UPS Ground
Include 4.00 for 1st Class Mail
Include 12.00 for Foreign Country Orders
Washington State add 5.4% Sales Tax
M
tree-structure model; the network
model, in which records are linked in
a more freely structured pairwise
manner; and the relational model, a
less traditional but very powerful ar-
rangement. In the relational model,
independent sets of items, or rela-
tions, may be linked in query by re-
strictions and comparisons on similar
attributes. Well-developed methods
exist for evaluating the design of rela-
tional databases. More primitive sys-
tems may have files which are simple
lists of records, sorted on declared
keys, and possibly indexed by lists of
pointers which may also be ordered.
This is known as the indexed sequen-
tial access method (ISAM) for data re-
trieval from files (see sidebar).
Data definition. The method of ini-
tializing the structure of the database
and describing the data items and
their groupings into records is known
as data definition. The data definition
language (DDL) may be self-con-
tained in the system and/or may be
an interface to an outside module. Its
complexity corresponds to the com-
plexity of data structuring possible in
the system.
Data manipulation. This is the term
which refers to putting the data items
themselves into the database. The
data manipulation language (DML)
provides a mechanism for creating,
deleting and modifying items stored
in the database. Again, the DML may
be internal to the system and/or may
use a higher-level language interface.
Data retrieval. Usually closely re-
lated to the data manipulation meth-
ods are the methods for extracting
desired information from the system.
General-purpose report generators
may aid in this task. Note that data
definition, manipulation and re-
trieval are specific areas of query pro-
cessing. Several general querying
models exist to go with the hierarch-
ical (DL/I), network (NQUEL, EOS
Calculus, DBTG-CODASYL) and re-
lational (relational calculus— QUEL,
relational algebra-SEQUEL2) data
representations. Sequential record
systems generally use system-specif-
ic querying languages.
Concurrency. Systems subject to
simultaneous use by users from dif-
ferent ports must be able to prevent
simultaneous sequences of updates
on common objects from becoming
interleaved in such a way that the
data is left in an incorrect or inconsis-
tent state.
Record size and format. The maxi-
mum length of a record, maximum
50 Microcomputing, April 1982
number of fields per record and max-
imum length of a field are often sys-
tem parameters. A system may be-
come too restrictive by placing low
limits on these parameters.
Main memory requirement. The
amount of main memory which must
be available for the system to func-
tion normally is, of course, a major
consideration.
Compatible computers. Most
DBMSs are designed to run on par-
ticular machines or families of
machines, or on top of a particular
operating system. Most will require
the presence of software for process-
ing the host language. A purchaser
naturally needs to be aware of what
software is compatible with his
machinery.
Evaluation
With these criteria in mind, we
cai± now turn to the database
management systems surveyed here.
The following comments serve as a
comparative overview of the range of
treatments found in these systems.
Complete profiles of each system
may be found in the table accompa-
nying the text.
Nonredundancy of data. Since this is
a primary concern, all systems mak-
ing the claim of database manage-
ment need to address it to some ex-
tent. Of the systems examined here,
only Data Factory and Analyst jtail to
provide any remedy for redundancy
in files sorted on more than onakey.
If multiple sorts must be maintained,
then a new file containing all the
physically sorted records must be
maintained for every sort desired.
Most of the systems here— MAGS AM,
CCA, FMS-80, TIM, MIS and Micro-
files— achieve a certain amount of
nonredundancy by virtue of indexing
into files of sequential records. A
number of index files may be main-
tained for any data file.
The index files are lists of pointers,
sorted by the values of any given field
within the record structure of the
data file. This use of the ISAM is one
way of maintaining "inverted" files.
The indexes eliminate the need for
storing separate copies of all the rec-
ords in the file.
They do not, however, mean that
duplicate data will not be stored
in files of different record types.
This problem is addressed by net-
work systems such as MDBS. It
is possible in such a system for the
database designers to eliminate
redundancy through careful use of
the network pointers and the decom-
position of records.
Flexibility. The sequential record
systems almost all allow for changes
such as field deletion, insertion and
reformatting to occur dynamically
without the necessity of creating a
new file and transferring all the ap-
plicable data into the new format.
TIM does not allow this to be done.
(This is one of the chief shortcomings
of an otherwise very nice system.)
Microfiles, whose fields are untyped,
allows insertion of fields into a rec-
ord, but not deletion. Record formats
may not be redefined in Analyst, but
views of existing files may be re-
stricted, or masked, by new formats,
provided that all formats applying to
a file are compatible. As an add-on to
its Information Master system, High
Technology offers Data Master,
which includes a complete database
restructuring package.
The nature of the CODASYL de-
sign strategy implemented in MDBS
provides a broader degree of flexibil-
ity. Not only may the format of
records be changed, but the organiza-
tion of the schema may be altered by
rearranging the links between rec-
ords. A data restructuring package is
available as an extra to the system for
aiding in this process.
This is not to say that systems em-
ploying the simpler file structures are
helplessly weak compared to the net-
work system. Since the data files
have simple, clean structure, they
may be operated on by programs ex-
ternal to the DBMS. These programs
may be written in any appropriate
language, and in some systems are
callable through DBMS-level com-
mands. Among other things, these
programs could serve to do reformat-
ting. FMS-80, in fact, includes the fa-
cility to collect data from existing
files and combine it into new files.
Reformatting would be a special case
of this capability.
Query processing. All the ISAM sys-
tems perform the same fundamental
operations, and all use self-con-
tained, special-purpose, interactive,
menu-driven languages. Read, write,
delete and insert commands are
available. Retrieval and deletion may
be performed based on sequential
scanning of records or, for most sys-
tems, based on a range of values spec-
ified for indexed and sometimes arbi-
trary fields.
There is, however, quite a variation
in the logical functions available for
record retrieval. Some of the systems,
N
&
E
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BUSINESS PAC 1 00
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Software
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Inventory Control Payroll Bookkeeping System Stock Calculations.
Checkbook Maintenance — Accounts Receivable Accounts Payable
BUSINESS 100 PROGRAM LIST
NAME
1 RULE78
2 ANNU1
3 DATE
4 DAYYEAR
5 LEASEJNT
6 BREAKEVN
7 DEPRSL
8 DEPRSY
9 DEPRDB
10 DEPRDDB
11 TAXDEP
12 CHECK2
13 CHECKBK1
14 MORTGAGE/A
15 MULTMON
16 SALVAGE
17 RRVAR1N
18 RRCONST
19 EFFECT
20 FVAL
21 PVAL
22 LOANPAY
23 REGWTTH
24 SIMPDISK
25 DATEVAL
26 ANNUDEF
27 MARKUP
28 SINKFUND
29 BONDVAL
30 DEPLETE
31 BLACKSH
32 STOCVAL1
33 WARVAL
34 BONDVAL2
35 EPSEST
36 BETAALPH
37 SHARPE1
38 OPTWRITE
39 RTVAL
40 EXPVAL
41 BAYES
42 VALPRIMF
43 VALADINF
44 CmUTY
45 SIMPLEX
46 TRANS
47 EOQ
48 QUEUE 1
49 CVP
50 COMDPROF
51 OPTLOSS
52 FQUOQ
53 FQEOWSH
54 FQEOQPB
55 QUEUECB
56 NCFANAL
57 PROFIND
58 CAP1
DESCRIPTION
Interest Apportionment by Rule of the 78s
Annuity computation program
Time between dates
Day of year a particular date falls on
Interest rate on lease
Breakeven analysis
StraightJine depreciation
Sum of the digits depreciation
Declining balance depreciation
Double declining balance depreciation
Cash flow vs. depreciation tables
Prints NEBS checks along with daily register
Checkbook maintenance program
Mortgage amortization table
Computes time needed for money to double, triple
Determines salvage value of an investment
Rate of return on investment with variable inflows
Rate of return on investment with constant inflows
Effective interest rate of a loan
Future value of an investment (compound interest)
Present value of a future amount
Amount of payment on a loan
Equal withdrawals from investment to leave over
Simple discount analysis
Equivalent & nonequivalent dated values for oblig.
Present value of deferred annuities
% Markup analysis for items
Sinking fund amortization program
Value of a bond
Depletion analysis
Black Scholes options analysis
Expected return on stock via discounts dividends
Value of a warrant
Value of a bond
Estimate of future earnings per share for company
Computes alpha and beta variables for stock
Portfolio selection model i.e. what stocks to hold
Option writing computations
Value of a right
Expected value analysis
Bayesian decisions
Value of perfect information
Value of additional information
Derives utility function
Linear programming solution by simplex method
Transportation method for linear programming
Economic order quantity inventory model
Single server queueing (waiting line) model
Cost volume-profit analysis
Conditional profit tables
Opportunity loss tables
Fixed quantity economic order quantity model
As above but with shortages permitted
As above but with quantity price breaks
Cost-benefit waiting line analysis
Net cashflow analysis for simple investment
Profitability index of a project
Cap. Asset Pr. Model analysis of project
etc
59 WACC
60 COMPBAL
61 DISCBAL
62 MERGANAL
63 FINRAT
64 NPV
65 PR1NDLAS
66 PR1NDPA
67 SEASIND
68 TIMETR
69 TIMEMOV
70 FUPRINF
71 MAILPAC
72 LETWRT
73 SORT3
74 LABEL 1
75 LABEL2
76 BUSBUD
77 TTMECLCK
78 ACCTPAY
79 INVOICE
80 INVENT2
81 TELDIR
82 TIMUSAN
83 ASSIGN
84 ACCTREC
85 TERMSPAY
86 PAYNET
87 SELLPR
88 ARBCOMP
89 DEPRSF
90 UPSZONE
91 ENVELOPE
92 AUTOEXP
93 INSF1LE
94 PAYROLL2
95 DILANAL
96 LOANAFFD
97 RENTPRCH
98 SALELEAS
99 RRCONVBD
100 PORTVAL9
Weighted average cost of capital
True rate on loan with compensating bal. required
True rate on discounted loan
Merger analysis computations
Financial ratios for a firm
Net present value of project
Laspeyres price index
Paasche price index
Constructs seasonal quantity indices for company
Time series analysis linear trend
Time series analysis moving average trend
Future price estimation with inflation
Mailing list system
Letter writing system links with MAILPAC
Sorts list of names
Shipping label maker
Name label maker
DOME business bookkeeping system
Computes weeks total hours from timeclock info.
In memory accounts payable system storage permitted
Generate invoice on screen and print on printer
In memory inventory control system
Computerized telephone directory
Time use analysis
Use of assignment algorithm for optimal job assign.
In memory accounts receivable system-storage ok
Compares 3 methods of repayment of loans
Computes gross pay required for given net
Computes selling price for given after tax amount
Arbitrage computations
Sinking fund depreciation
Finds UPS zones from zip code
Types envelope including return address
Automobile expense analysis
Insurance policy file
In memory payroll system
Dilution analysis
Loan amount a borrower can afford
Purchase price for rental property
Sale leaseback analysis
Investor's rate of return on convertable bond
Stock market portfolio storage-valuation program
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Microcomputing, April 1982 51
including FMS-80, Analyst, TIM and
MDBS, include all the relational op-
erators (equal, not equal, greater
than, less than, greater than or equal
to, less than or equal to) and the
logical operators AND and OR for
composing complex queries, and al-
low value based queries on a range
of values or on elaborate character
pattern matching capabilities. Oth-
er systems include subsets of these
operations. Microfiles has no knowl-
edge of arithmetic on which to base
value comparisons.
A desirable capability exhibited by
FMS-80 is the ability to make re-
trieval queries from multiple files.
For most of these systems, the meth-
ods for examining, updating, and de-
leting records are identical. This uni-
formity is desirable from the user's
viewpoint. Data Factory, however,
does not allow the same capabilities
for specifying records for examina-
tion and report generation as it does
for modification and deletion.
The ease of operation becomes a
primary distinction among these sys-
tems. This is perhaps TIM's strongest
point. The system makes the user
aware of where he is in the file and
whether or not he is proceeding in a
proper manner. Navigation is easy
and naturally intuitive. More training
and caution, however, would be re-
quired to make efficient use of the
CCA system. One of the strengths of
Analyst is its extensive validity
checking on user input. It is fairly dif-
ficult for the user to accidentally
bomb the system.
Most of these systems offer a clean
interface for adding new software to
the existing code. This means that, if
a user were unhappy with some as-
pect of the query processor, he would
be free to substitute his own code. Al-
though this is certainly not what a
buyer hopes will be necessary when
he purchases a new DBMS, it is still
somewhat desirable for these simpler
systems to be modifiable.
Once again, query processing in
the network-oriented MDBS is a
whole new game. Here the power of
CODASYL querying is in the user's
hands. But with the power comes the
complexity of these queries. The user
will need to understand the structure
of the network, or the portion of it he
is using, as well as the theory of COD-
ASYL queries. Once this is accom-
plished, however (and it is really not
such a forbidding task), much more
general and powerful capabilities
will be his.
Security. Security is a weak point
for most of these systems. No doubt
this is because they were designed for
use by a small group of cooperating
users in an environment where confi-
dentiality is not necessary. The fact
that a user is logged into the system
and has in his possession the data-
base and DBMS diskettes is supposed
How a Network Structure Works (I)
A look at a simple network
schema diagram (Figs. 2 and 3)
will help illustrate some basic con-
cepts of the CODASYL network
structure common to many data-
base systems and embodied in
MDBS.
The first diagram (Fig. 2) repre-
sents the conceptual overview of
the network structure. Each of the
principal components (e.g., Sup-
plier or Part) is a record type.
Each record node names the item
fields which make up the record.
Arrows from one record type to
another indicate an owner/
member relationship. Records not
owned by other records, as is the
case for Supplier and Project, are
system owned. These relation-
ships are physically embodied in
storage by pointers and indicate
the paths available to the user for
navigation through the database.
While this schema diagram illus-
trates the general structure of our
simple database, the second dia-
gram (Fig. 3) shows how particular
data items of the Supplier and Part
records (circled in the schema
diagram) would be stored. We
have two Supplier records, each of
which is connected to the records
for the parts it supplies by the Setl
relationship. The pointer from the
owner points to the first item in
the chain of parts, and the lateral
pointers chain the list of parts
together in sorted order. Notice
the dashed pointer between sup-
pliers, which indicates that they,
too, are members of a set owned
by the system.
The MDBS data declaration for
this schema, shown in the next in-
set, may provide further insight in-
to this structure. ■
Supplier
Sname
Address
City |
N
\
\
/
\
| Setl
I \
I Part \
j | Pnumber ' Address Cost Onhand | | /
\
Set2
Project
Jobnum Jobname City |
Fig. 2.
AJ Plumbing Supply
77 Sunset Blvd.
Hollywood, California
Setl
Betty's Bulldozers
59 Wall Street
New York, New York
Setl
10
L-joint
$2.35
340
30
faucet washer
$0.25
5940
30
road graders
$65000.00
3
100
bulldozers
$45000.00
2
Fig. 3.
52 Microcomputing, April 1982
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to be sufficient validity for his op-
erations. Naturally, this is very of-
ten not the case. In almost any or-
ganization arguments exist for the
confidentiality of some data. More-
over, the assumption that a database
is totally free from the prospect of
malicious or accidental tampering is
a merry fantasy.
The TIM system, at least, main-
tains the minimum desirable security
feature, a password option at the file
level. PRISM provides password pro-
tection for both functions and data
files. Analyst, with its file format
Manufacturer
System
Name
File
Structure
Data Data
Definition Manipulation
Data
Retrieval
Data
Dictionary
Security
High
Technology, Inc.
Information Master
collection of records
access by ISAM,
may maintain up to
five sorted indexes
with up to six prior-
itized keys
self-contained query
language
user defines charac-
ter, numeric, dollar
fields
record structure may
be modified
record duplication fea-
ture is a time saver
self-contained lan-
guage includes rec-
ord insertion, dele-
tion, modification,
nonautomatic com-
puted fields
navigation by using
selection criteria
indexes automatically
updated with key
value changes
selection by record
scanning, data range
comparison, partial
pattern matching, or
wild card string
matching
multiple selection cri-
teria available
binary search em-
ployed
report generator
data filenames, report
format filenames
none
Innovative Software
Total Information
Management (TIM)
standard CP/M file
structure
sequences of records
with ISAM
self-contained menu-
driven interactive
querying
fields of numeric, al-
phanumeric, dollar,
and date type
user specifies length
and type
automatically comput-
ed numeric fields
navigation to desired
records
interactive querying
for replacement of
values
automatic update of
computed values
automatic merging of
records
navigation by sequen-
tial scan, or by spec-
ifying record num-
bers or item-value
based search masks
value selection on val-
ue ranges, character
string matching
report generator
file and record for-
mats
user-specified control
characters
optional password at
file level
Micro Applications
Group
MAGSAM
standard CP/M— CBa- self-contained interac- user navigates to de- navigation to view de- primary and secondary
none
sic, Microsoft, or
Micropolis format
indexing via binary
tree
dynamic allocation and
expansion with in-
dex, data, and over-
flow files
optional multiple sec-
ondary index struc-
tures
tive querying
user specifies fields
and index keys
sired records by se-
quential scan or by
specifying record
numbers or values of
primary (and second-
ary) key values
interactive query to
add or delete records
sired records same as
in data manipulation
keys of files
Micro Applications
Group
PRISM
MAGSAM-based mul- interactive file defini- menu driven interac- user browses records file, field, and key def- password control of
ti-key file structure tion program
unique and duplicate CBasic interface to
key types
keys may be any field
or combination of
fields
existing
tions
file defini-
tive file maintenance interactively by any
program defined key value
CBasic data manage- access by sequential
ment language inter- records, or by match-
face provides read- ing or comparing
ing randomly, gener- against any defined
ically, or sequential- key value
ly by key, write, interactive report gen-
write batch, update, erator
delete
initions
functions and data
file access
Micro Data Base
Systems, Inc.
Micro Data Base
System (MDBS)
CODASYL network of DDL analyzer/editor navigation by network add-on query language file structure specifica-
files, sets,
and items
files may extend over
multiple floppy or
hard disks
records, provided traversal on ordered
explicit representation sets (FIFO, LIFO)
of 1:1, 1:N, N:l, M:N host language interfac-
relationships
records may be main-
es for Basic, Pascal,
Cobol, PL/1
and report generator tions and data set in-
full relative value and terrelationships
Boolean logic for se- user access capabilities
lection
password and multi-
access level read/
write protection at
the file, set, record,
and item level
tained in several sort- modifications embed-
ed orders
ded in CODASYL
oriented queries
54 Microcomputing, April 1982
masking capabilities, takes an inter-
esting approach to security. Assum-
ing a certain amount of human coop-
eration, the masking formats allow
some users to have more restricted
views of the data in a file than other
users. None of the other systems,
save MDBS, proposes any security
at all.
Among this company, MDBS' s se-
curity features are in a class by them-
selves. When a user defines data to
the system, he may assign each piece
of information separate read and
write access level numbers. Users are
Restart/
Integrity Concurrency Recovery
Record
Size
Compatible
Computers
Source
Language
Main Memory
Requirement Price
Additional
Comments
simple type (numeric
or alphanumeric)
checking
damaged data rec-
ords marked as
* BAD* for user no-
tification
error routines allow
files to be closed
none
command to write maximum 20 fields Apple II with Apple-
modified files to per record soft or language
disk maximum 99 charac- card
recovery of deleted ters for string fields Apple II Plus
records and dam- maximum 19 charac-
aged files possible ters for numeric
system backup of fields
dictionary or data
files available
Basic
48K
$150 compaction routine
available
modified records are
copied and marked
deleted— empha-
sizes limited work-
space
files adaptable by
outside programs
report generator can
do automatic com-
putation including
summation and ex-
ponentiation
Data Master accesso-
ry package pro-
vides complete da-
ta restructuring ca-
pability, automatic
field calculation,
and batch process-
ing of data
type and overflow
checking of all but
computed values
none
backup at operating maximum 256 char- machines using CP/M
system level acters per record
maximum 24 fields
per record, 40 char-
acters per field
Microsoft Basic
48K
$795
personal user train-
ing available
form letter generation
records may not be
reformatted
none
none
file dump utility, oth-
erwise operating
system level
unlimited CP/M with CBasic, CBasic, Microsoft
CBasic2, Micro- or Micropolis Ba-
soft Basic, or Mi- sic, or 8080 as-
cropolis Basic on sembler
8080, 8085, Z-80
32K required, 48K
recommended
$145, $295
interactive tutorial
provided
file dump utility
none
none
index re-build utility, maximum 256 char- CP/M with CBasic
CBasic2
48K
otherwise operat-
ing system level
acters per record
maximum 127 fields
per record
maximum 35 charac-
ters per field
maximum 99 keys
per file, up to 10
fields per key
$495 and $795 includes MAGSAM
provides screen man-
agement functions
and other program-
ming aids
none
under development
add-on transaction up to 255 fields with Z-80 6502 8080 8086
logging facility to maximum 9999 Under development
provide checkpoint chars per field for Z8000 and Mo-
and recovery torola 68000
assembly language
18K (Z-80),
26K (6502),
22K (8080)
$900-$5000
add-on data restruc-
turing package
add-on report gener-
ator
host interface capa-
bilities for Basic,
Fortran, Cobol,
Pascal, PL/1
add-on file relocator
for file re-organiza-
tion
Table continues.
Microcomputing, April 1982 55
known to the system, and each may
possess his own read and write access
numbers and an access password.
MDBS will prevent a user from read-
ing or writing data unless his access
level permits it. For example, a secre-
tary could be allowed to read em-
ployees' salaries, while only the man-
ager could write or change them. The
other employees could be denied all
access to salary information. This
protection is available at the file, rec-
ord and item level.
MDBS also includes safeguards
which make it difficult for a user to
infer information about data in the
system. While all these measures
may seem somewhat extravagant to
microprocessor DBMS developers,
who are concerned with keeping their
packages compact, they should never-
theless serve as a model for the type of
security possible in this environment.
Data integrity. As previously stated,
we will consider the integrity prob-
lem in two parts: maintenance of
semantic correctness, and protection
in case of failure. While semantic in-
tegrity is a sore spot for most of these
systems, backup and recovery are
more adequately addressed.
As for semantic correctness, most
of these systems do ttUle more than
Manufacturer
System
Name
File
Structure
Data
Definition
Data
Manipulation
Data
Retrieval
Data
Dictionary
Security
Microlab
Data Factory
sequence of records
self-contained interac-
tive language
user specifies file-
names, field names,
and field lengths
field types not defined
values may be calcu-
lated with four func-
tions
record formats may be
redefined
user navigates to de-
sired records to make
changes in specified
fields
matching for naviga-
tion by exact value
only, not as general
as retrieval for re-
ports
search by record num- filenames, formats,
ber (susceptible to re- and up to 10 report
none
ordering) or by char-
acter string match
(equal, not equal)
report generator allows
nested retrievals for
complex queries,
multi-value or value-
range criteria, output
through specified
formats
formats
Muse Software
Micro Information
System
sequence of records self-contained interac- user navigates to de- navigation by sequen- file formats and search
none
VlsiCorp
CCA Data
Management
System
Radio Shack
Microfiles
Structured Systems Analyst
Group
with ISAM access
tive querying
user or system default
formatting of records
ascending or descend-
ing value sorts spec-
ified on numeric or
alphanumeric keys
sired records and
performs substitu-
tions interactively
tial scan on any sort
ordering, by specify-
ing record number,
or by search masks
using equal, not
equal, greater than,
or less than operators
with respect to field
values
keys
sequence of records
ISAM indexing on one
key
field types include nu-
meric and alpha val-
ues
option to permanently
set values
self-contained interac- navigation by sequen- examination by naviga- filenames and record
tive query language tial scan or match on tion or character formats
user declares names exact key value string matching
and lengths of files self-contained query report generator
and fields, formulas language
for automatically
computed fields, de-
clares permanently
set value fields
record formats are not
modifiable
none
database stored as a interactive file and field
single disk file, par-
titioned into user
files
files are extendable se-
quences of records
specification and en-
try
fields may be added to
record definition
user must specify at
definition time that a
field may be empty
no data types
interactive self-con- by browsing records file, record, and field
tained query Ian- records may be sorted names
guage on request sort indexes
sort indexes modified screen and printer for- screen formats
with data changes matting available for
in order to maintain output
sorts on numeric da-
ta, user must type
fill to the left and
keep all numbers the
same character
length
none
collection of records self-contained interac-
with ISAM access tive query language
items of type, alpha, file format not modifi-
numeric, dollar, date able
files may have fixed or masks may be used to
variable length rec- restrict views
ords
self-contained query access by value on the unspecified
language
user navigates to de-
sired record and
modifies
sort field (file must
be physically sorted
on the key) or by se-
quential scan
report generator logic
includes count func-
tion, selection on val-
ue range or string
matching, AND/OR
logic for compound
conditions
record items may be
masked out through
use of tailored file
definition files
56 Microcomputing, April 1982
simple type-checking when data is
keyed in. TIM and Analyst take the
extra step of checking the length of
character strings and the format of
special numeric fields, such as date
fields. Analyst will perform value
checking on date fields. When the
user enters incorrectly formatted
data, the system signals an error and
allows him to try again.
TIM also offers a nifty feature
whereby a field can be automatically
computed from current values in
other fields. If one of these values
changes, the computed field is auto-
matically updated to reflect the
change. This spares the user the pain
of remembering to perform updates
on the computed field every time he
updates one of the operands, and nat-
urally helps to keep data consistent.
Unfortunately, the computed value
quietly remains in a wrecked state if
the computation results in an over-
flow of its prescribed format.
Concurrent use from multiple
ports is not currently available for
any commercial systems, but is un-
der development for MDBS. Main-
taining semantic integrity under con-
currency is a somewhat difficult
problem. We should hope that it will
be sufficiently addressed when the
Restart/
Integrity Concurrency Recovery
Record
Size
Compatible
Computers
Source Main Memory
Language Requirement
Price
Additional
Comments
check on data field
overflow
none
operating system lev- any number of fields Apple with Applesoft Apple machine lan-
el backup per record in ROM guage
maximum 239 char-
acters per field
48K
$100
New version coming
none
none
backup to disk from maximum 256 char- Apple or Apple II
Basic
48K
within system
acters per record
maximum 6 fields per
record
maximum 36 charac-
ters per field
$29.95 easily modifiable-
extensive docu-
mentation on inter-
facing modules
simple type checking
none
user may set check- maximum 249 char- Apple II, Apple II Plus
points for periodic acters per record with Applesoft Ba-
maximum 24 fields sic
per record TRS-80
maximum 9999 rec-
ords per file
Applesoft Basic
32K
updates to be writ-
ten to diskette
$ 75- $ 1 00 handles data compac-
tion on disk
sorts maintained on
up to ten keys
files may be operated
on by other pro-
grams
none
none
command to back up
to disk
unspecified TRS-80 Level II
Z-80 assembler
16K
$99.95 command abbrevia-
tion by synonym
requires a command
to write to disk-
easy to forget and
lose entered data
thorough type
check-
none
save command
for
maximum
255 char-
ing
write to disk
acters per record,
backup command to
75 items
per record
copy database
maximum
12 digit
•
numeric
values
8080 Z-80 with CP/M
CBasic2
48KRAM
$250 thorough error check-
ing on input makes
it hard to break the
system
garbage collector for
storage compaction
accumulators avail-
able for specified
items
Table continues.
Microcomputing, April 1982 57
concurrency package is released.
Protection from failure is left for
the user to cope with at the operating
system level in some of these
systems. This will usually involve
creating a backup copy of the
database on another diskette when
the data is in a consistent state. Micro
Information System and Analyst of-
fer a backup-to-disk option which
may be requested as a command
from within the system. CCA Data
Management System allows the user
to set checkpoints during a system
session. The system then keeps up-
Manufatturer
System
Name
System Plus
FMS-80
University of
Toronto
Micro Relational
System (MRS)
File
Structure
Data
Definition
Data
Manipulation
Data
Retrieval
Data
Dictionary
Security
sequence of records
ISAM indexing on sort-
ed key files
numeric or alphanu-
meric items
self-contained interac- may be interactive or report generator
tive query language through transaction record selection of any
user may specify pri- command files field or multiple
mary keys and for- navigation as in data fields
mats for numeric retrieval to desired multiple section crite
fields records ria using specific val-
four functions avail- ues or value ranges
able for computing relative values
field values among fields, count
function
data from more than
one file may be used
in retrievals
help program contain-
ing user-de fined
comments
none
relational tables of rec- DML subset of SE- SEQUEL2-delete, up- SEQUEL2 select, tables of relational
none
ords of fields or attri-
butes with numeric
or alphanumeric val-
ues
search-aiding index for
QUEL2— create a re
lation by defining at-
tributes or by doing a
relational join to
form a new relation
"inverted" relations modifying relation for-
mat involves a dump
to disk but is straight-
forward
date tuples speci-
fied by selection
insert a tuple into a
relation
joins to establish
new relations
where clause in- names and their attri-
cludes AND/OR log butes
ic, six relative value searc h-aiding indexes
functions, flexible
character string
matching, count op-
eration, max/min
While some available systems may have been inadvertently overlooked here, this survey represents a significant portion of the market and should serve as a good way to evaluate other systems
Printer Stand
End the paper mess from your desk-top printer. Paper is fed from under the
printer for easy stacking Extra shelf (SHOWN ABOVE) is available for
easy forms storage _
Regular (300010) $29.95
Regular w/shelf (30001 1 ) $44.95
Large (300020) $34.95
Large w/shelf (300021 ) $49.95
EPSON RIBBON RELOADS
Reload your MX-70/80/100 with new Black, Red or Blue ribbon. These
Silver Dollar loops are loaded into your old cartridge saving you money.
Ribbons tit in both MX-70/80 and MX-100 Carts.
Black (500000). . . . $3.95 ea Black (500001 ). . . $39.50 dz.
Red ...(500010). ...$4 95 ea Red (500011). . .$49.95 dz.
Blue .... (500020). . . . $4.95 ea. Blue (500021 ). . . $49.95 dz.
MX-70/80 Ribbon Cartridge .... New .... (500050) $10.95 ea.
MX-70/80 Ribbon Cartridge .... New .... (500051 ) . 3 pk. . . $29.95 pk.
D.T. Enterprises
171 Hawkins Rood
Centereoch, New York
(516) 981-8568 (Voice)
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• LAMP LIFE, 7700 HOURS
• INDUSTRIAL MODEL $68.50.
• INDUSTRIAL MODEL WITH TIMER & SAFETY INTERLOCK SWITCH $97.50.
(Rugged steel enclosure with bottom drawer)
THE BEST 6809 SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER AVAILABLE
PRICE: $389.00
• Floppy Controller • SWTPC compatible
• Printer Port • Runs TSC Flex
• RS-232Port • Full Documentation
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2716 EPROMS 250 ns $4.95
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SS-50 6809 CPU CARD: 1MHZ $149.00 2MHZ $189.(X?
RS232 INTELLIGENT EPROM PROGRAMMER .... $489.00
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LOGICAL DEVICES INC.
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ADD: $3 00 SHIPPING $2 00 COD CHARGES
-373
58 Microcomputing, April 1982
dates in temporary storage until the
user requests the modifications to be
written out to diskette.
MAGSAM provides a file dump
utility, and PRISM includes an index-
rebuilding utility, both of which may
aid in backup and recovery. MDBS
offers as an add-on facility a transac-
tion recording utility which allows
data to be restored in case of failure.
The utility generates on file a log of
all transactions. In case of failure, a
stand-alone recovery processor will
use a backed up copy of the database
and the transaction log from the point
Restart/
Integrity Concurrency Recovery
Record
Size
Compatible
Computers
Source Main Memory
Language Requirement
Price
Additional
Comments
data entry validation
none
automatic backup
up to 999 fields with any 8080, 8085, or
255 alphanumeric Z-80 running CP/M,
characters each MP/M, or CDOS
maximum record
length 40K
CP/M assembly
type checking
possible, but no lock- relation tables may max 70 attributes per LSI- 1 1, LSI- 11/2
ing provided for da-
ta integrity
be dumped to disk
for backup
relation PDP-11 family
max character string
1000 chars
numeric values in
range -32767 to
32767
32K
$750 can supply direct
menu calls to FMS-
80 command se-
quence files or oth-
er CP/M programs
data collected from
several files can be
combined in new
files
25K
$200 includes interactive
subsystem for more
specific prompting
COOSOL DISCOUNTS
PRINTERS
EPSON MX70
EPSON MX80
EPSON MX80 F/T
EPSON MX 100
NEC PC-8023A-C
ANACOM ANC150P OR S
ANACOM ANC160P OR S
TALLY MT-1602 OR 5
TALLY MT-1802 OR 5
NEC 3510-1, 3515-1, 3530-1 ....
NEC 7710-1, 7715-1, 7730-1 ....
NEC 7720-1, 7725-1
C.ITOH FP 1500 25PU,
H, OR Q
C.ITOH FP 1500 25RU
C.ITOH FP 1500 45PU OR Q . . .
C.ITOH FP 1500 45RU
HP-PRINTERS $
. CALL
. CALL
. CALL
. CALL
. $555
$1195
$1465
$1495
$1795
$1795
$2495
$2995
$1350
$1450
$1795
$1995
CALL
HEWLETT PACKARD
HP-125 Microcomputer $2995
HP-85A Microcomputer $2195
HP-83A Microcomputer $1595
HP 85/83 16K Memory Module . . $169
HP7225B Graphics Plotter $1959
HP-5 V*" Dual Disk Drive $1995
HP-5 Va Single Disk Drive $1249
HP 8" Dual Disk Drive $5395
HP-Other Mass Storage Units . . CALL
HP-9111A Graphics Tablet $1595
HP Firmware CALL
HP Software Packages CALL
HP Interfaces CALL
OTHER COMPUTERS
ALTOS MTU/Floppy/Harddisk . CALL
ADDS Computer Systems CALL
ATARI Computer and
Accessories CALL
NEC COMPUTER
NEC Computer PC-8001 A $795
NEC I/O Unit PC-8012A $539
NEC I/O Port PC-8033A $152
NEC Disk Drive PC-8031A $795
NEC Disk Drive PC-8032A $695
NEC Dot Printer PC-8023A-C . . . $550
NEC GR Monitor JB-1201 $199
NEC COL Monitor JC-1202 $769
NEC Accessories & Software . . . CALL
TELEVIDEO TERMINALS
910C $595
920C $750
912C $705
950C $959
• ADDS Viewpoint WB2101
or WB2102
$595
Calif. (7I4) 545-22I6 (800) 854-8498
COOSOL, INC. P.O. BOX 743, ANAHEIM, CALIFORNIA 92805-0743
^292
^See List of Advertisers on page 178
Microcomputing, April 1982 59
of the backup to bring the database
up to date.
Data dictionary. A fairly uniform
approach is taken here. The various
file descriptions are maintained.
FMS-80 and Microfiles keep the defi-
nitions of report or screen formats
here. (Most of the other systems keep
them in separate files.) MDBS must
necessarily maintain the data set in-
terrelationships which form the net-
work. TIM maintains a mapping of
user-specified control characters
matched with system commands. Se-
curity information such as user pass-
words and access levels is main-
tained in the data dictionary.
Host language interfaces. With the
List of Manufacturers
Information Master
High Technology, Inc.
P.O. Box 14664
8001 N. Classen Blvd.
Oklahoma City, OK 73113
Total Information Management
Innovative Software
9805 Holly
Kansas City, MO 641 14
MAGSAM/PRISM
Micro Applications Group
7300 Caldus Ave.
Van Nuys, CA 91406
MDBS
Micro Data Base Systems, Inc.
Box 248
Lafayette, IN 47902
Data Factory
Microlab
811 Stonegate
Highland Park, IL 60035
Micro Information System
The Muse Company
330 N. Charles St.
Baltimore, MD 21201
CCA Data Management System
VisiCorp
2895 Zanker Road
San Jose, CA 95134
Microfiles
Radio Shack
1 Tandy Center
Fort Worth, TX 76102
Analyst
Structured Systems Group
5208 Claremont Ave.
Oakland, C A 94618
FMS-80
System Plus
1921 Rock, Suite 2
Mountain View, CA 94043
MRS
Computer Systems Research Group
University of Toronto
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
exception of MDBS, which is avail-
able in a variety of machine lan-
guages; FMS-80, written in CP/M as-
sembly code; Microfiles, written in
Z-80 microcode; and MAGSAM,
available in Basic or 8080 assembler,
these systems are all written in some
flavor of the Basic language. In the
absence of any other mechanisms,
the software of these Basic systems
could be modified to interface with
any application code written in the
source language.
Micro Info System's documenta-
tion of interfacing modules is quite
extensive and explicit, encouraging
the user to modify the original sys-
tem. FMS-80 offers command menus
which are capable of calling any de-
sired command sequence programs
or any other software which can run
on CP/M. MAGSAM can accommo-
date several versions of Basic, and its
big brother PRISM/ADS provides ap-
plications development functions to
aid the user in developing powerful
interfaced code.
The people who bring you MDBS
are outdoing themselves in providing
host language interface modules.
Currently interfaces are available for
several flavors of Basic, Fortran,
Cobol, Pascal and even PL/1. The
power gained by uniting these
languages with MDBS data access is
well worth the cost of obtaining these
add-on modules.
MRS— Micro Relational System
All the systems we have examined
so far have used a data model based
strictly on file structure or, in the case
of MDBS, on the network model. An-
other somewhat different data mod-
elling technique has made a tremen-
dous impact in the research commu-
nity and is now emerging in the com-
mercial market. That technique is the
relational data model.
Although an explanation of the the-
ory of the model is beyond the scope
of this article, it is well worth noting
that organizing, using and maintain-
ing a database through this new mod-
el can be a great deal easier than with
the network model. (Both the network
and relational models are inherently
more powerful than the file system
approach, at a cost in ease of use.)
IBM's new Query By Example sys-
tem employs the relational model on
large machines, and initial reaction to
the system has been quite good.
In a thesis submitted at the Univer-
sity of Toronto, Ivor Ladd defined a
distributed relational DBMS based
on 16-bit microcomputers. MRS
(Micro Relational System) imple-
ments a small subset of the SEQUEL2
querying language. The stand-alone
version of MRS is fully documented,
verified and available for a nominal
fee from the Computer Systems Re-
search Group at the university. It has
been run on the Unix, Mini-Unix and
LSX operating systems and tested on
the LSI-11, LSI- 11/2 and numerous
machines from the PDP-11 family.
By bringing the bulk of the power of
the relational model and SEQUEL2
into use on microprocessors, MRS
takes DBMS technology to a new
level, far more sophisticated than the
various simple ISAM systems which
now dominate the market.
MRS, while being fairly mature
functionally, offers little of the sup-
port that a larger system might give.
There are no security provisions
above the operating system level.
Data integrity maintenance is limited
to simple type checking on entry.
While concurrent usage of the system
from separate ports is possible, no
locking mechanisms are provided to
keep the database from getting
scrambled. There is no restart/recov-
ery mechanism beyond the ability to
dump data to disk. While these short-
comings are somewhat acceptable in
a research system, they should be ad-
dressed in any future version which
might become commercially
available.
Conclusion
From this survey you can see that
the objectives and the quality of exist-
ing microprocessor database manage-
ment systems vary widely. Some sys-
tems are deliberately limited in func-
tion and simple in design, while oth-
ers offer much more advanced and
general capabilities. Some have an
extremely easy to use command lan-
guage, while others rely on the train-
ing and theoretical expertise of the
user. Cost of the systems is a function
of these and other factors, and can
also vary widely. Since many factors,
some of them psychological, combine
to determine the suitability of a sys-
tem for a particular person or enter-
prise, anyone making a selection of
DBMS for purchase should get
hands-on experience with each of the
products he is considering. Hopefully
a salesperson can provide this oppor-
tunity as well as a deeper under-
standing of the capabilities of the
systems.
We see here a promising future for
60 Microcomputing, April 1982
You've Cot
TOTAL ACCESS
©
( specializing In TRS80 *>
TO YOUR COMPUTER HARDWARE & SOFTWARE
NEEDS. CALL ROSE TODAY!
ive got
• DISK DRIVES
TA400 (40-T) $289
TA800 (80-T) $419
TA400 Flippy $319
TA800 Flippy $439
TA400-2 Dual Head $439
TA800-2 Dual Head $549
Complete with silver enclosure & power supply.
All TA Drives are MPl.
• CABLES
2-Drive $23.95
4-Drive $33.95
Extender Cable $14.95
• BARE DRIVES
TA400B $259
TA800B $389
TA400B Flippy $289
TA800B Flippy $409
• EPSON PRINTERS
MX80 $469.00
MX80F/T $579.00
MX100 $799.00
Parallel Cables $29.95
MX 70-80 Ribbons $12.95
• OPERATING SYSTEMS
TRSDOS 2.3 Disk & Manual. . . . $19.95
LDOS $119.95
NEWDOS/80 $129.95
DOSPLUS 3. 3,3- 3D $89.95
• IRON
Disk Drive Power Supply,
Single $37
Disk Drive Case (silver)and Base $19
Memorex Diskettes (bx of 10) . $25
90 day warranty on DRIVES. Add 55.00 freight per
drive in Cont. U.S. UPS COD charge S1 .50. There is also
a 15 day free trial on TA drives, if not completely
satisfied HI refund your money (less shipping), ill
take exception to improper use or mishandling.
• RADIO SHACK COMPUTERS
26-1061 Mill, LI, 4K $595
26-1062 Mill, Lll, 16K $835
26-1065 Mill, 48K, 1 Drive $1695
26-1066 Mill, 48K-2 Dr-RS232. . $2099
26-3001 4K color computer. . . $315
26-3002 16K w/ext. Basic $485
26-3003 32K w/ext. Basic $566
26-3501 Pocket computer $185
26-4002 Mil, 64K, 1-dr $3288
• PERIPHERALS - Model I, II, III
26-1140 OK Exp. interface $249
26-1140 With 16K Mem. Tstd/Cuar
$299
26-1140* With' 32K Mem. tstd'/ Guar
$349
26-1145 Ml RS232 W/cable $85
26-1148 Mill RS232 W/cable $89
26-1172 D.C. Modem I $135
26-1173 D.C. Modem II $169
26-1206 CTR-80 Recorder $51
26-3008 CC Joysticks, pr $21
26-3010 13" Color Video $353
26-4150 Mil 8.4MB Disk $3820
26-4151 Mil Hard Disk N0.2. . . $2970
16K 200nsec Memory Guar lyr. $29
* OTHER PRINTERS & ACCESSORIES
26-1158 Daisy Wheel li $1694
26-1455 Acoustic cover $339
26-1447 Tractor Assy $208
26-1448 Sheet Feeder 51111
26-1165 Line Printer v $1581
26-1166 Line Printer VI $986
26-1167 Line Printer Vll $339
26-1168 Line Printer Vlll $679
26-1191 Flat Bed Plotter $1695
26-1195 Digitizer $379
ANADEX DP-9500, 9501 $1295
NEC 7730 Spinwriter, 55cps. . $2484
Daisy Wheel Printer, 45cps. . . $1779
Tractor for above $237
Sheet Feeder for above $1250
26-1308 Printer Stand $88
26-4302 Printer Stand $129
26-1401 or 4401 Printer Cable. . $32
• NEC COMPUTERS
PC-8001A Keyboard & Processor. . .
$1099
PC80i i A Expansion Unit. '. '. '. '. . $699
PC-8031A 2-drive Expansion
unit $1099
PC-8041A Green Phos. Video. . $225
PC-8043A HighRes Color Mon. . $925
ROSES
SPECIAL
OF THE
MONTH
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DOUBLE DENSITY
CONTROLLER
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$189.95 complete
with Dosplus 3.3D.
How many do you
want? 1 2?
The complete line of Radio Shack products is
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cause you don t see it don t mean we ain't got it.
ROSE
ZENITH MONITORS
12" Screen * Green Phospher
This is the one you have been waiting
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model I. Also has 40/80 column switch so
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have a "real'green screen.
12" Zenith Green Phos. Mon $135
Cable for Model I $7
• RADIO SHACK SOFTWARE
I have most all R/S software instock
and it can be yours at 15% off the
R/S retail price. Call me for the
latest availibility.
DOUBLE DENSITY
DATA SEPARATOR
FROM AEROCOMP
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if you own a percom doubler A"\ doubler
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write or call rose toll free at
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214-234-1770. Please use the toll
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vice use the Texas line. Prices are
mail order only, you pay by VISA or
MASTERCARD, you can send check or
money order (allow a couple of
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or order COD (we ship CODS cash,
certified check or money order on-
ly). 25% deposit required on all COD
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TOTAL ACCESS
P.O. BOX 3002
RICHARDSON, TX 75080
214-234-1770
^221
Trademark of PERCOM DATA CO., * 'Trademark of UMW * TRS80 & Radio snack are trademarks of Tandy Corp. copyright 1981 TOTAL ACCESS
ySee List of Advertisers on page 178
Microcomputing, April 1982 61
microprocessor DBMSs. Already
systems exhibit much of the power
and sophistication we normally
ascribe to full-scale systems for larger
machines. Naturally the systems we
have examined are not on par with
state-of-the-art megasystems in full
complexity, but the normal user of a
microcomputer would not expect this
to be the case. The existence of this
first generation of systems for micro-
processors will surely spawn more
extensive development, and contin-
uing progress in quality and power is
foreseeable. Within a few years we
may even see database management
systems packaged as custom chips to
be executed by a micro-CPU. ■
How a Network Structure Works (II)
This picture of an MDBS data
declaration (see Fig. 4) can give us
a glimpse at the organizational
power offered in a network en-
vironment. A close look at the ac-
cess level structure here will
reveal the excellent data security
measures offered by MDBS, and
inspection of the set declarations
will offer further insight into the
CODASYL network structure.
Keep in mind that this is a fairly
simple example which embodies
only a portion of the system's full
data structuring capability.
This MDBS data declaration,
which corresponds to the schema
diagrammed earlier, is divided in-
to three parts:
l)The passwords section iden-
tifies the users of the database,
their read and write access levels,
and their passwords.
2)The records section defines
the records which will compose
the database. Each record has a
read and write access level, and a
group of items. Each item is
characterized by a name, a type (in
this case, one of BIN, CHAR or
REAL), length, and read and write
access levels. A user may operate
on a record if his access level is at
least as high as that for the record
or item. Notice the flexibility this
access scheme offers the database
administrator. The stockroom is
capable only of reading the sup-
plier, part and supply records.
Order processing may read
anything and may write into the
supply records. New accounts has
all the access of order processing,
but may also write into project
records. Purchasing has complete
access to everything.
3)The sets section defines the
relations existing among record
types. The sets are characterized
by name, sorting method (manual
or automatic), order (1:N, N:l,
N:M), read and write access levels,
sorting key (either a member item
name or immaterial), owner name
(either a record name or SYSTEM)
and member name. The
owner/member relationship
follows the network structure
where the owner is a record. The
owner is SYSTEM when no record
is above the member records in
the network structure, or where a
set is defined for the sake of main-
taining a sort not relevant to the
owner records. ■
PASSWORDS
STOCKROOM
10
10
634-5789
SHIPPING
20
20
TRUCKERS
ORDER PROCESSING
30
30
DESKJOCKEY
NEW ACCOUNTS
20
40
MOREPAPER
PURCHASING
30
50
SECRET
RECORD
SUPPLIER
10
50
ITEM
SNAME
CHAR
20
10
50
ITEM
ADDRESS
CHAR
30
10
50
ITEM
CITY
CHAR
25
10
50
RECORD
PART
10
10
ITEM
PNUMBER
BIN
8
10
50
ITEM
PNAME
CHAR
20
10
50
ITEM
COST
REAL
7
30
50
ITEM
ONHAND
BIN
5
10
10
RECORD
PROJECT
20
40
ITEM
JOBNUM
BIN
6
20
40
ITEM
JOBNAME
CHAR
20
20
40
ITEM
CITY
CHAR
25
20
40
RECORD
SUPPLY
10
30
ITEM
QUANTITY
BIN
5
10
30
SET
SET1
MAN
SORTED
1:N
PNUMBEF
10
50
OWNER
SUPPLIER
MEMBER
PART
SET
SET2
MAN
IMMAT
1:N
30
30
OWNER
PART
MEMBER
SUPPLY
SET
SET3
MAN
IMMAT
1:N
20
40
OWNER
PROJECT
MEMBER
SUPPLY
SET
SUPNAME
AUTO
SORTED
1:N
SNAME
10
50
OWNER
SYSTEM
MEMBER
SUPPLIER
SET
PARTS
AUTO
SORTED
1:N
PNAME
30
50
OWNER
SYSTEM
MEMBER
PART
SET
PROJECTS
AUTO
SORTED
1:N
JOBNAME
20
40
OWNER
SYSTEM
MEMBER
PROJECT
Fig. 4.
62 Microcomputing, April1982
A NEWSLETTER FOR POCKET COMPUTER USERS
This timely, compact publication provides up to the minute
information on pocket computers, including models such as
the Radio Shack TRS-80 PC, Sharp Electronic 's PC-1211, the
Casio r X-702P, Panasonic's RL-H1000, and others as they are
announced. We only cover pocket computers that are capable
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D Up to the Minute News U Product & Equipment Reviews
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ADVENTURES!!! about 20 keywords including FOR, NEXT,
16 K COLOR 80 or 8KOS1. These Ad- IF THEN, GOSUB, GOTO, RETURN. END,
ventures are written in BASIC, are full tea- STOP, USR(X), PEEK, POKE, -, =, *, /, ,
tured, fast action, full plotted adventures <,> , Variable names A-Z, and Integer
that take 30-50 hours to play. (Adventures Numbers from 0-64K.
are interactive fantasies. It's like reading a TINY COMPILER is written in Basic. It
book except that you are the main char- can be modified and augmented by the user.
acter as you give the computer commands
like "Look in the Coffin" and "Light the
torch.") $14.95 each.
ESCAPE FROM MARS (by Rodger Olsen)
This ADVENTURE takes place on the
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PYRAMID (by Rodger Olsen)
This is our most challenging ADVEN-
It comes with a 20 page manual
TINY COMPILER-$19.95 on tape or disk.
OS1.
QUEST
QUEST - A NEW IDEA IN ADVEN-
TURE GAMES! Different from all the
others. Quest is played on a computer
generated map of Alesia. Your job is to
TURE. It is a treasure hunt in a pyramid gather men and supplies by combat, bargain-
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OS1 only TINY COMPILER OS1 only outright banditry. When your force is strong
The easy way to speed in your programs, enough, you attack the Citadel of Moorlock
The tiny compiler lets you write and debug jn a | jfe or deatn batt | e to tne f m j sn . p| ay .
your program in Basic and then automatically aD | e in 2 to 5 hours, this one is different
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ARCADE AND THINKING GAMES
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32K Disk Basic for Color 80 ONLY!
BATTLEFLEET — This grown-up ver-
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$9.95.
SLASHBALL — A two player game of
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LABYRINTH - 8K OS1 or 16K EX-
TENDED COLOR BASIC - With amazing
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&
This is only a partial listing of what we have to offer. We have arcade and
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• 91
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• See List of Advertisers on page 178
Microcomputing, April 1982 63
If you've got an oscilloscope, you're practically in business.
A "Pennypinching"
Video Display
As an introduction to microcom-
puting, the Heathkit ET-3400 mi-
croprocessor course would be tough
to beat. When you've completed the
course you've gotten enough of a
taste of a good thing to crave more, or
at least that's what happened to me.
In addition to teaching micropro-
cessor basics, the course also gets you
Address correspondence to Richard McLaurin,
Route 2, PO Box 1047, Odessa, FL 33556.
By Richard McLaurin
into interfacing techniques. It reveals
such things as the secrets of working
with seven segment LED displays,
and how to generate the "Theme
from Dr. Zhivago" over an audio
interface.
Upon completion of the course I
wanted to exercise my new knowl-
edge by attempting a video display.
However, my resources required that
this display meet two important
specifications— it had to be simple,
and inexpensive.
.AJ k night
C OSCILLOSCOPE
Photo 1. A close-up of the simple oscilloscope video display in operation. Characters can be made larger or
smaller as desired. The smaller characters require fewer memory addresses per character. The use of
eight-bit D-to-A converters allows characters to be formed by increments as small as 11256th of the width
of the screen area used.
64 Microcomputing, April 1982
Looking for ideas, I happened
across an article by Steve Ciarcia in
the February 1978 issue of Byte. He
had put together a circuit that let him
display on an oscilloscope the action
taking place in the address bus of his
Scelbi 8H. If Ciarcia could display his
address bus, I could display data
loaded into the PIA peripheral inter-
face adapter (PIA) provided by
Heathkit with the course. All I had to
do was work out the software.
Operation
A short program in the microcom-
puter reads two addresses in mem-
ory. The first address contains a num-
ber for the horizontal input and the
next contains a number for the ver-
tical input of the oscilloscope. These
numbers are then moved to the B and
A sides, respectively, of the PIA.
The PIA output is the input of two
digital to analog converters. Each
converter converts these binary in-
puts to a single analog output. The
output of the first converter drives
the scope's horizontal input, and the
second drives the vertical input. The
scope trace is thereby moved to a lo-
cation on the screen that corresponds
to the numbers read from memory.
The program then steps to the next
pair of memory addresses and feeds a
new set of horizontal and vertical co-
ordinates to the scope. This process is
continued over and over until the end
of the data stored in memory is
reached. The program then goes back
to the first address and starts again.
The scope trace, therefore, moves
from point to point on the screen, in
accordance with the data stored in
memory. To keep the display on the
screen, the trace is repeated over
and over.
Construction
The circuit is, as Ciarcia described,
"penny pinching." The components
can be purchased for under $20. The
entire circuit can be constructed in a
few minutes on the breadboard sup-
plied with the ET-3400. The 6820 PIA
pins not shown in Fig. 1 should be
connected as shown in the "Interfac-
ing Experiments" section of the
ET-3400 course. Keep in mind that
the unbanded end of the 1N751 is
connected to ground.
I chose to mount the circuit on a PC
board which plugs into a card file.
The ET-3400 provides for a 40-pin
connector for system expansion. By
installing this connector and a ribbon
cable, I have extended the bus to the
card file for ease of expansion of
the memory and for future interface
circuits.
Software
The software consists of two seg-
ments. The first is a program which
reads data from the second segment
and then transfers the data to the
PIA. I usually load the program in at
memory address 0000, using the
' 'auto' ' feature of the ET-3400. As can
be seen, the program expects to find
the first data to be read at memory
address 0100. If you choose to locate
the data elsewhere, line 04 will need
to be changed. Also, the program ex-
pects the PIA addresses to be 8002
and 8000 as used in the ET-3400
course. If not, lines 02, 03, 09 and
10 should be changed.
The second segment of the soft-
ware is the data that is transferred to
the PIA, then converted from digital
to analog form and displayed by the
scope. The data from a pair of ad-
dresses forms a single dot on the
scope screen. The location of the
dot on the screen is determined by
the hex numbers in that pair of
addresses.
For example, if the pair contains 01
in the first address and FF in the sec-
ond, the dot will appear in the upper
left corner of the screen. Changing
the content of the first address to FF
moves the dot to the lower left corner
of the screen. Changing the content
of the second address will cause the
dot to shift toward the right side of
the screen. Change in location is
proportional to the change in the
data value.
To form a letter, a series of dots is
placed on the screen. I have included
the data needed to display the word
HELLO. Lines 24 to 26 contain the
LINE
01
ADDRESS
0000
HEX CODE
INSTRUCTION
COHhENTS
Load PIA set in X
CE FF
04
LDX
FF04
02
0003
FF 80
02
I
3TX
8002
Put in PIA (B side)
03
0006
FF 80
00
1
3TX
8000
Put in PIA (A side)
04
0009
CE 00
FF
RPT 1
_DX
OOFF
Put RAM location -1 in X
05
oooc
08
NXT
INX
Point to next RAM location
06
000D
A6 00
1
_DAA,X
Get data fron RAM (V)
07
000F
27 F8
1
BEQ
RPT
If zero, start over
08
0011
08
[NX
Point to next address
09
0012
E6
1
_D AB,X
Get data fron RAM (H)
10
0014
B7 80
02
<
3TAA 8002
Put V in PIA
11
0017
F7 80
00
STAB 8000
Put H in PIA
12
001A
20 F0
1
MM
NXT
Return for nore data
LINE
ADDRESS
HEX CODE
13
0100
34 FF
2D
FF
26
FF
IE
FF
14
0108
16 FF
OF
FF
08
FF
01
FF
15
0110
1A FD
1A
FB
1A
F9
1A
F7
16
0118
16 F5
OF
F5
08
F5
01
F5
17
0120
IE F5
26
F5
2D
F5
34
F5
18
0128
34 EF
2D
EF
26
EF
IE
EF
19
0130
16 EF
OF
EF
08
EF
01
EF
20
0138
01 ED
01
EB
01
E9
01
E7
21
0140
1A ED
1A
EB
1A
E9
1A
E7
22
0148
34 ED
34
EB
34
E9
34
E7
23
0150
01 DF
08
DF
OF
DF
16
DF
24
0158
34 DF
2D
DF
26
DF
IE
DF
25
0160
34 DD
34
DB
34
D9
34
D7
26
0168
34 CF
2D
CF
26
CF
IE
CF
27
0170
16 CF
OF
CF
08
CF
01
CF
28
0178
34 C7
34
C9
34
CB
34
CD
29
0180
34 BF
2D
BF
26
BF
IE
BF
30
0188
16 BF
OF
BF
08
BF
01
BF
31
0190
01 BD
01
BB
01
B9
01
B7
•
32
0198
01 B5
08
B5
OF
B5
16
B5
33
01A0
IE B5
26
B5
2D
B5
34
B5
34
01A8
34 BD
34
BB
34
B9
34
B7
35
01B0
00
Program listing. Lines 01 to 12 are
loaded into memory beginning at address 0000. The first three lines
prepare the PIA for use.
The rest o
ft h
? program repeatedly
loads data into the PIA. Lines 13 to 34 are
loaded into
memory beg\
nning at address 0100. These lines
are the data which describe the trace to be
displayed on the oscilloscope screen.
Photo 2. The author's computer system, showing the video display, the Heathkit ET-3400 and the card file. The card file has memory, PIA and I/O cards in place.
Ribbon cable connects the ET-3400 to the card file. A 16-pin DIP jumper cable connects the PIA to the MC 1408s.
Microcomputing, April 1982 65
data needed to form the letter L.
Lines 24 and 25 form the vertical
line in the letter, and line 26 forms
the horizontal.
The Motorola MC-1408L8 is an
eight-bit converter, so it can produce
256 different voltage steps. With the
two converters, one for controlling
the vertical location and one for the
horizontal, 256 by 256 different dot
locations are possible. The data val-
ues can be anything from 00 to FF.
However, the program needs a way
to recognize the end of the data, so it
looks for 00 in a horizontal data loca-
tion. It is therefore important to re-
member not to use 00 as a data value,
except to mark the end of your data.
Also, don't forget that the data should
begin at address 0100.
What's Left
All that's left is to push the DO key
followed by 0000. Be sure to use 00 as
your last bit of data, and don't use 00
anywhere else in your data. Make
sure your scope controls are properly
set for external control of the horizon-
tal deflection voltage. The input
voltage control should be set to a suit-
able range. The horizontal and verti-
cal gain controls will need to be ad-
justed to a point where the dots come
together and form your letters or
whatever you choose to display.
If you fill your available memory
(B)
MOTOROLA
6820
PIA
17
16
15
14
_§
13
12
10
I I
I I
10
12
with display data, you will find that
the screen will flicker at a slow rate.
This is due to the comparatively slow
rate of the ET-3400 clock. I found that
the clock rate is easily improved. ■
♦ 5V
MOTOROLA
MC-I408L8
A TO D
CONVERTER
2.7K
-wv—
15
2 7K
16
2.7 K
SCOPE INPUT-
VERTICAL
33pF
(A)
10
I I
12
♦5V
MOTOROLA
MC-I408L8
A TO D
CONVERTER
14
1
12V
27K
-wv —
15
16
2.7K
>2.7K
^7
X
33 pF
1
-I2V
♦ 12V
t
330fl
I/2W
-wv—
SCOPE INPUT-
HORIZONTAL
ALL RESISTORS ARE I/4W 5% UNLESS
OTHERWISE SPECIFIED.
ALL CAPACITORS ARE 100V CERAMIC
I
IN75I
• ImF
Fig. 1. The circuitry that makes the oscilloscope video display possible. Two Motorola MC 1408s provide
the interface between the ET-3400's peripheral interface adapter and a scope. The circuit can be bread-
boarded in a few minutes and costs under $20.
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DISK DRIVES FOR TRS-80 AND HEATH
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Terms Check or Money Order Calif residents add 6'/.% COD add S3 50 Shipping &
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66 Microcomputing, April1982
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Microcomputing, April 1982 67
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When you consider the price and performance of this portable microcomputer,
and add to it an attractive software package, you end up with a winner.
On the Go
With the Osborne 1
The Osborne offers everything I
need in a micro— two disks, 64K
bytes of memory and a good key-
board. It uses the Z-80A microproces-
sor and has the CP/M operating
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modem ports for peripherals and
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cludes the WordStar word processing
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The most obvious feature of the
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looks somewhat like a sewing ma-
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should make it attractive to the com-
puterist or businessman on the go.
But what sacrifices has Osborne
made in the name of portability? Can
a machine this small— and at this
price— compete in quality with other
microcomputers?
I think so. Even without the soft-
ware, it would be an excellent buy.
But with the software, nothing else
can top it— not even the new IBM
Personal Computer.
The Machine
The small, five-inch screen invites
a lot of comments. The first, of
course, is, That sure is a small
screen.' But it is surprisingly clear.
The letters are well formed and the
lowercase letters have true descend-
ers. Once you get used to it, it isn't
bad at all, at least for data entry.
But you'll have more trouble re-
viewing text. A 12-inch monitor is op-
tional, and Osborne has announced
an 80-column version. I don't think
Address correspondence to William L. Roberts,
1433 Coddington Road, Brooktondale, NY 14817.
70 Microcomputing, April 1982
By William L. Roberts
the Osborne will see much use as a
word processing system until the
80-column terminal is available.
The Osborne 1 has a 57-key alpha-
numeric keyboard and a 12-key
numeric keypad. Several of the
I have made a patch to my
WordStar system to get the four
characters left off the keyboard
(see Listing 1).
The first step is to assemble the
patch, with the CP/M assembler.
Note that in the patch the Z-80 in-
struction CPIR is included as a DB.
This is because the CP/M assem-
bler does not recognize Z-80 mne-
monics.
Next, load WordStar into memo-
ry using DDT. Then the patch is
read in. This involves a little bit of
disk swapping. The WordStar disk
only has 4K of space left on it if
you've placed the STAT program
there. The patch hex file will re-
quire all of that if you put it on the
same disk.
The last step is to save the COM
file with the CP/M command
SAVE. You must save 56 pages.
A list of the commands that must
be given are shown below. Only
the commands that you type in are
listed. I'm assuming that drive A
contains a disk with the following
features:
•The SYSGEN utility to place
CP/M on the disk.
• The WordStar system. This is, in
effect, a copy of the WordStar disk
as supplied from Osborne.
•The STAT program.
•The patch hex file with the name
WSPATCH. HEX.
The disk in drive B should con-
tain DDT.COM. The commands
are:
• B:DDT WS.COM (CP/M loads
DDT and reads WordStar into it.)
• IWSPATCH.HEX (prepares
DDT to bring in the patch.)
• R(DDT will read the patch off of
drive A.)
• A C(CP/M warm-boot.)
• SAVE 56 WS.COM (Patched
version of WordStar is saved.)
To enter the missing characters,
press escape, then the character in
the table below:
} )— Right bracket
{ [-Left bracket
~ a —Caret
* @— At sign
ESC ESC
Yes, the escape key must be
pressed twice to enter an escape
character. If any other character
follows an escape key, the escape
key will be discarded. ■
I
;
Listing 1.
This is a patch for WordStar to allow
entry of brackets for Pascal Source
The front panel of the Osborne 1. Note that all controls are right up front where you can get at them. The
two spaces under the disks hold about 20 disks.
ASCII characters are missing from
the alpha set— the left and right
braces ({ and }), the reverse quote
r>u
sign ( x , hexadecimal 60), the tilda (
7E) and the DEL character (7F).
These characters supposedly can be
Listing 1 continued
ESC
EQU
1BH ; ESCAPE CHARACTER
BS
EQU
08 H ;BACK SPACE CHARACTER
CNTL
•
i
EQU
OBFH ;MASK FOR CONTROL KEYS
•
PATCH
EQU
032CH ; PATCH AREA
BIOS
•
9
EQU
0EA09H ;CALL TO BIOS IS HERE
•
#
ORG
CPI
CZ
CPI
RNZ
MVI
RET
PATCH
ESC ;DID WE GET ESCAPE
GOTESC ;CALL SUBROUTINE IF YES
BS ;IS IT A BACKSPACE
; RETURN IF NOT
A f 7FH /PUT IN DELETE CHARACTER
;AND EXIT
GOTESC
CALL
MOV
LXI
LXI
BIOS ;GET NEXT CHARACTER
A r C
H,LIST
B, LENLST ;LENGTH OF LIST
1
CPIR
;Z-80 INSTRUCTION TO BLOCK
•
; COMPARE -
•
;IF Z SET A MATCH WAS FOUND
DB
/AND BC GIVES HOW MANY LEFT IN
;THE STRING
OEDH, 0B1H
I 1
RNZ
;IF NO MATCH, THEN WE ARE
J NOT INTERESTED IN THE
/CHARACTER
;SO SEND IT BACK
ORI
20H /CHANGE TO WHAT IS WANTED
•
RET
/AND BACK IT GOES
•
LIST
DB
DB
DB
DB
|0|
• * •
LENLST
EQU
END
$-LIST
typed using control character se-
quences. The problem is that Word-
Star does not recognize the se-
quences. I included the characters by
making a patch in WordStar.
I did find an annoying bug in the
keyboard. When you press the alpha
lock key, you can't type some of the
characters: the colon (:), greater-than
sign (>), dollar sign ($) and question
mark (?). Also, many of the control
keys can't be used. This is a problem
when creating source text if you want
to use only uppercase; it breaks your
rhythm, and makes touch-typing dif-
ficult.
The dealer told me that not all
machines have this problem. A fix is
forthcoming for those that do.
Even though there are three stan-
dard ports, the port for the monitor is
not standard, which seems to violate
Adam Osborne's philosophy. He has
stated that software should not be
supplied only by the manufacturer.
Why not the same thing with external
peripherals? I may want to hook my
Osborne up to my own monitor. But
with this connector, I don't know
what the pins are for. The first
newsletter stated that schematics will
be available soon.
The display is a 52 column by 24
line window into a 128 column by 32
line display space. WordStar will
begin shifting the screen to the left
when the cursor reaches column 44.
When you press the control-back ar-
row, the screen will rotate left. I was
skeptical at first, but it looks pretty
good. The screen does not scroll one
character at a time in jumps, but
moves smoothly, one dot at a time.
The effect is more disturbing when
you're trying to review text than
when you're entering text.
The disk drives take soft-sectored,
SVi-inch, single-sided, single-density
disks. The disks are formatted with
ten 256-byte sectors on 40 tracks. The
CP/M BIOS will unpack a single sec-
tor to two 128-byte sectors for you, so
you can use standard CP/M programs
and not worry about this problem.
The disks are for all practical pur-
poses 40 tracks each with 20 sectors
of 128 bytes. This gives a total of
102,400 bytes formatted. However,
when you run the STAT program for
an empty disk, it only reports 90K of
disk. This means that disk space is
limited if you wish to run some pro-
grams, such as PL/ 1-80 or Pascal
MT+. Osborne has announced
single-sided, double-density disks as
Microcomputing, April 1982 71
Osborne 1 's keyboard is full upper /lowercase. Four of the ASCII characters have been omitted. A 12-key
numeric pad is included.
an option. Also, Corvus hard disks
should be available soon.
The Z-80A's clock speed is set to 4
MHz. Programs definitely run faster
than with the 2 MHz processors I'm
used to.
The system comes with 64K bytes
of programmable memory included.
Of this, 4K is used for screen
memory. This leaves 60K for user
programs and CP/M.
Software
The major selling point of the
Osborne 1 is the software that comes
with it. Sure, most machines come
with a Basic of some kind. And, when
you spring $550 for a disk drive, you
get a disk operating system. But the
Osborne 1 includes all this plus more.
First, you get the Cadillac of word
processors, WordStar. A similar
word processor will cost at least
$300. Second is MailMerge, and that
would cost around $150. SuperCalc,
an electronic worksheet program like
VisiCalc, is included. Finally you get
CBasic, a compiled version of Basic
as well as MBasic. This is another
$125. So there you have almost $600
worth of software. Even shopping
around, I don't think you could do
better than $900 for the total software
package.
The software has, so far, func-
tioned as advertised. I've used the
WordStar the most. I did find one
problem. When I'm editing a file, I'll
often keep my finger on the control
key while I select functions. Occa-
sionally when I hit a wrong key, the
system crashes. Otherwise, Word-
72 Microcomputing, April 1982
Star is great. In fact, I don't want to go
back to the editors we use at work, on
a CDC Cyber system— WordStar is
better.
Documentation
Three manuals come with the
Osborne 1: a user's reference guide,
which includes introductory chapters
on WordStar and MailMerge, CP/M
utility programs, a SuperCalc tuto-
rial, CBasic and an assembly-lan-
guage programming guide; an
MBasic manual, a reference manual
on Microsoft's Basic-80; and a Word-
Star/MailMerge manual by Micro-
Pro. Both the WordStar and MBasic
manuals are books, not photocopies
of typewritten pages. The WordStar
manual is especially excellent.
Graphics
One of the major shortcomings of
the Osborne is its limited graphics
which consist of 32 special graphics
characters generated by the read-
only memory (ROM). This is similar
to the graphics of the Exidy Sorcerer
or the Commodore PET, but the set is
not as complete. An inexpensive unit
that generates graphics attached to
the 488 port would make this a total
system.
It is worth noting that, while not
documented, the graphics characters
(ASCII codes 127 through 159) and
the regular character set with each
character underscored (ASCII codes
161 through 255) are accessible from
Basic as well as machine language.
I've noticed a problem with radio
frequency interference. The machine
messes up television reception
something terrible, and I've learned
not to use my computer when the
kids are watching "Tom and Jerry."
Service and Support
Osborne Computer Corp. refers al-
most all service requests through the
dealers. This is good if you're close to
the dealer, but may be a problem if
you're in isolated areas.
Conclusions
So far, I've had no problems that
were not my fault. And you must
remember that my Osborne was one
of the first production models. With
most systems, this is a time for
nightmares. ■
The system set up to run with the optional 12-inch monitor.
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Microcomputing, April 1982 75
Osborne hooks up with the Selectric to give you a low-cost, letter-quality word processing system.
Total cost— under $3900.
Why Pay More
For Word Processing?
By Richard McGrath
Many writers and small-business
people would like to have let-
ter-quality word processing, but are
put off by the high price of a single-
purpose printer. The solution may be
interfacing a microcomputer to the
office typewriter.
I've assembled this word process-
ing system for just under $3900. Four
elements make up the package: an
Osborne 1 computer, Escon inter-
face, IBM correcting Selectric III
typewriter and MicroPro WordStar
software. (See Photo 1.) Without
modification this configuration pro-
duces copy ready for reproduction.
It would be naive to think that a
computer interfaced to a typewriter
is a new idea— this was probably the
starting place for modern word pro-
cessing. But a correcting Selectric is
not the same thing as a Selectric. The
correction key, by controlling the
mask-out or lift-off ribbon, makes all
the difference. With manual typing, a
correcting typewriter may be twice
as fast as a noncorrecting one; for in-
experienced typists, the correcting
machine is up to four times faster.
Even when the computer is down or
tied up with other work, this
"printer" can still produce docu-
ments and correspondence.
The May 1981 cover of Microcom-
puting showed a typewriter in a
wastebasket. In the same issue ("In
Search of the Processed Word," p.
34), Craig Anderton says of word pro-
Osborne-Escon-IBM word processing system in operation. Clockwise from large monitor: miscellaneous
supplies, ribbons, disks and paper; Osborne 1 computer. Four disks are shown in storage compartment
under left disk drive. Documentation and operating manuals are stacked at front, right of computer.
Keyboard/cover is supported in desk drawer. Pencil (between monitor and keyboard) points to Escon
EP-104 electronics package. IBM correcting Selectric III is shown under lamp. Components have a foot-
print of 7. 1 square feet, excluding cabling, supplies and operating manuals.
76 Microcomputing, April 1982
cessing systems, 'Remember that
you can't skimp on anything. Figure
on about $3000 for the printer, $1400
for the terminal, $2000 for the disk
drive, $2600 for the computer and
another $1000 for software, disks,
paper and supplies.' These figures
total $10,000 and presumably ex-
clude software for purposes other
than word processing. Many of us
don't want to spend $10,000. Where
dollars are involved, businessmen
ask questions like these:
1. Is the system reliable? Is the ser-
vice policy adequate? If the equip-
ment breaks down, how long does it
take to get it fixed? Am I expected to
fix it myself?
2. Can it be expanded? Will the sys-
tem grow with developing technol-
ogy? How well do other components
and software from different manu-
facturers fit in? Are the interfaces
standardized?
3. How transparent is the word
processing software? Is it friendly
and easy to use, or difficult? Will I
have to retrain my secretary and go to
night school to learn about this?
4. What will the system be worth in
five years? Is this really a good invest-
ment, other than for depreciation
value? How much can I expect on a
trade-in? Suppose someone develops
a whole new approch— will the
equipment become obsolete, like a
slide rule?
All these questions have something
in common. Whether the issue is an
Richard McGrath (Studio 7 Technical Documen-
tation, 2640 Melendy Drive, San Carlos, CA
94070) is a technical writing/graphics consultant.
Reader Service for facing page v 750—
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original equipment purchase, a re-
pair bill, an employee's time or an ac-
counting problem, the bottom line is
the amount you write on the check.
For $10,000, expect a good word pro-
cessing system; for $3900 expect a
good system, but printout time will
be slower— that's the trade-off.
Ground Rules
The system I'm describing assumes
these requirements:
1. Production of letter-quality and
camera-ready copy is absolutely
essential.
2. Each component must have an
adequate service/repair policy.
3. Ready-to-operate cost must be
under $3900. Resale value of the
equipment should be high.
4. Equipment/software must be
easy to use and competitive with so-
phisticated stand-alone word pro-
cessing systems.
5. The computer will have stan-
dardized interfaces, be expandable
and accept most hardware, software
and peripherals from other manu-
facturers.
6. The "printer" will include a fail-
safe feature, so that even if the com-
puter system breaks down you can
produce letter-quality and camera-
ready copy from the key-
board/printer.
System Components
This word processing system, with
brand new components, satisifies the
ground rules. The Osborne 1 comput-
er comes with double 5V4-inch disk
drives, software, a built-in monitor,
RS-232C, modem and battery inter-
facing. An IEEE-488 signal connector
is on the front panel. Software com-
plement includes CP/M, CBasic,
MBasic (meets ANSI code
BSRX3.60-1978 for Basic-80), Super-
calc, WordStar and Mailmerge at no
extra cost. As a package, this is a hard
deal to beat. Cost breakdown for the
complete word processing system is
shown in Table 1 .
The Osborne 1 is not a toy comput-
er, nor is it a single board or card cage
to which extras must be added; it is a
Z-80A-based microcomputer system.
Keyboard, disk drives, software,
monitor and interfacing are included
in a package the size of a large brief-
case. (A battery pack is an option.) It
qualifies as airplane carry-on lug-
gage. The complete unit weighs 24
pounds, and is 100 percent ready to
operate. The Osborne will do printer-
less functions at an experimental field
station, in your automobile or in other
portable situations. It costs $ 1795 and
includes full documentation.
The second component is an addi-
tional Osborne 12-inch monitor. For
code and portable use, the built-in
5-inch monitor is adequate. But for
word processing, where you must
scan and move about through the text
frequently, the 12-inch display is a
great help. If you need to do serious
fixed-station word processing, spend
the extra $250 for a large display. The
Osborne monitor plugs in and works
instantly. A number of sources offer
inexpensive plug-in options for stan-
dard monitors or TV sets. Osborne
dealers can supply more information.
For four years Escon Products has
been building interfaces that adapt
the IBM Selectric typewriter to mi-
crocomputers. They have sold about
4500 of these to industry, individual
users and schools. This is one of the
few interfaces that is not offensive to
IBM; neither the IBM service policy
nor its warranty is affected by adding
the Escon interface to Selectric I, II or
III. That alone is an excellent recom-
mendation. Escon interfaces are now
available for other good quality office
typewriters, including Olivetti, Rem-
ington and IBM models 50, 60 and 75.
The printing module I've chosen is
Item
Osborne 1 computer
12-inch second monitor
Escon interface
Interface installation
IBM correcting Selectric III
Subtotal
Disks (10 at $4.25)
Paper, ribbons and miscellaneous
Total price
(includes software)
Price
$1795.00
250.00
600.00
125.00
1035.00
$3805.00
42.50
50.00
$3897.50
J
Table 1. Cost breakdown for $3900 word processing system.
78 Microcomputing, April 1982
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an IBM correcting Selectric III.
Regardless of how fast a printer exe-
cutes commands and produces copy,
any serious malfunction upstream
from the printer results in typewrit-
er-only status. Unless the typewrit-
er/printer has a self-correcting
feature, the operator must revert to
drippy bottles of whiteout, krinkled
little pieces of mask-out paper that al-
ways seem to get lost, or to sticky-
back.
Another reason for choosing Selec-
tric is that the resale value of an IBM
typewriter is high; a used Selectric I
sells for $700 to $900 depending on
condition. Used correcting Selectric
lis are hard to find and secondhand
Selectric Ill's are rarely available at
all. The final reason is the inter-
changeable printball— type fonts can
be changed easily. This is also true of
daisywheel printers, but the cost is
much higher.
When you buy a Selectric, you get
to choose two printballs. I suggest
that one of these be Letter Gothic if
you plan on a lot of technical writing.
The second printball can be anything
you like. OCR-A provides standard
ANSI characters and is compatible
with most optical character recogni-
tion equipment.
MicroPro WordStar is the control-
ling software. All the common format
and printing parameters can be ad-
justed. Many less common ones can
also be addressed. Few commands
are required to make the system
work; learning the subtleties takes
time. A page format example is in-
cluded at the end of this article to
start you off.
Theory of Operation
When one key on the IBM Selectric
is pressed, an actuator selects a com-
bination of linkage bails, which act as
mechanical latch encoders. Position
and tilt of the printball are deter-
mined by the coded information.
After a character is transferred to
paper, the ball carriage moves ahead
one space and the process is
repeated.
Under computer control, you don't
need to press typewriter keys. Input
from the Osborne keyboard is pro-
cessed by software and stored in
memory. (The Osborne has 64K
bytes of random-access memory
RAM) and floppy disks with 100K
Dytes each of storage. One soft-sec-
tored disk holds about 30 pages of
single-spaced text, although you
should leave space on disk for editing
changes.) On the print command, ser-
ial data is transferred to the Escon
electronics package, then to an elec-
tromechanical interface at the type-
writer. Solenoids select linkage bails
that position the print ball. Addition-
al solenoids provide space, line
feed/return, print and shift.
Solenoids mount inside the Selec-
tric case. Existing screw holes in the
die-cast typewriter frame are used for
mounting. There is no change in out-
ward appearance or operating touch
at the keyboard. Ribbon cable links
the electromechanical unit and elec-
tronics package.
The Escon EP-104 electronics pack-
age measures 5x3x10 inches. It con-
sists of a single printed circuit board
housed in a dual-U aluminum en-
closure along with fuse, transformer,
110 V power connector, voltage
regulator and three-way toggle
switch. An on-board microprocessor
controls the EP-104. The 6802
microprocessor provides clock, logic
control and 128 bytes of internal
RAM. A 2708 erasable program-
mable read-only memory (EPROM)
chip is used for program storage. In-
tegrated circuit 6522 supplies system
communication, with lines to
solenoid drivers, input switches and
the RS-232 universal asynchronous
receiver transmitter (UART) clock.
In operation, a received character
from the computer serial port initi-
ates an interrupt routine. (Escon
makes both serial and parallel inter-
faces, but they recommend serial in-
terfacing for the Osborne-Escon-IBM
package.) Data is read and placed in a
96-character buffer. The main pro-
gram loop reads data from this buffer
and either prints a character or per-
forms the appropriate command
function.
Hardware Setup
It's not hard to get the pieces to-
gether and working. After your
equipment arrives, follow these
instructions:
1. Unpack and inventory all the
parts, connecting cables, bits and
pieces.
2. Read the instruction manuals for
the Osborne, Escon and IBM hard-
ware. Study the WordStar section in
the Osborne user's guide.
3. Plug in the Selectric and make
certain the machine works to your
satisfaction as a stand-alone unit.
4. Connect EP-104 to the Selectric.
Two connections are required: rib-
bon cable from the electromechani-
80 Microcomputing, April 1982
cal interface plugs into one end of
EP-104 and a special power cord
from the typewriter plugs in nearby.
5. Turn the Selectric on. Insert a
sheet of paper sideways to ensure a
long typing space. Toggle the switch
on EP-104 to down position. A line of
typewritten characters will be pro-
duced. This is a built-in self test.
6. Return switch to up, then back to
middle, to stop self test.
7. Set up the Osborne. Make sure
the built-in monitor works. Turn
power off. Remove shorting plug on
front panel, then plug in the 12-inch
monitor. Turn power on. Display will
appear on large monitor.
8. The system is ready to operate
when an RS-232 cable is connected
between electronics package and
computer.
Before making the final connec-
tion, format your blank disks, make
copies of original software and set up
the correct data rate (1200). Follow
instructions in chapters one and two
of the Osborne user's guide. These
preliminary steps are not only good
operating practice, but give you ini-
tial hands-on experience with the
computer. Remove disks from both
Not many things
can go wrong,
provided everything worked
when it arrived.
drives and turn computer off.
Using WordStar
Turn the computer on. It will beep
and display the following:
Osborne System ONE.
MONITOR 1.2
Insert disk in Drive A and press RETURN.
Insert the WordStar/Mailmerge
disk in drive A (left) and latch in
place. Put a formatted disk in drive B
(right) and latch in place. Press
return. The Osborne logo will ap-
pear, followed by:
Loading WORDSTAR . . .
Wait a few moments. Copyright in-
formation, and then a menu, will ap-
pear. For the time being, ignore ev-
erything on the display and press D
(wait). When prompted, type B:XXX
(return) (wait). A menu will appear
that occupies the top quarter of the
display. The first line will read:
B:XXX PAGE 1 LINE 1 COL 01
That's all there is to starting Word-
Star—it's ready to work when you
are. Type a couple of sentences from
the computer keyboard. Letters will
appear on the display as you type.
Type for a while and the display
window will move across space that
didn't appear before. Don't be
alarmed; this is normal. The Osborne
displays a window of 24 lines of 52
characters. The monitor has lines of
128 characters, and characters in the
line are revealed as the window
moves.
Saving Text. After you've entered
your copy, hold down the control key
(marked CTRL) and press K. Wait a
few moments and press D. A prompt
will tell you that file B:XXX is being
saved. When the menu reappears,
press D. When prompted, type
B:XXX (return) and your saved ma-
terial should reappear on the display.
This, at least, lets you know that the
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Microcomputing, April 1982 81
software is working. Save text at least
once per page, as you enter copy, to
prevent loss.
Printing. To make the final connec-
tion between computer and printer,
press Reset; take both disks out of the
drives; connect one end of the serial
(RS-232) connector cable to EP-104
and the other connector end to the
RS-232C plug on the Osborne front
panel. Install WordStar/Mailmerge in
drive A and your working disk in
drive B. Press return (wait); press P
(wait). The prompt will ask what file
to print, respond by typing B:XXX (re-
turn) (wait). A series of prompts will
ask a number of print-related ques-
tions; ignore them and press return
six times, when the following prompt
will appear:
Ready the printer and type RETURN
Turn the Selectric on and insert
paper lengthwise. Set the left margin
at 24 and spacing to single line. Press
return. If everything went together
perfectly the first time, the typewrit-
er would print out the contents of file
B:XXX. This is an unusual expecta-
tion—more often than not, something
STOCK
FORECASTING
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For the Apple II
Stock cycles, price momentum and moving
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The STOCK FORECASTING SYSTEM
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selling short is warranted and when to cover
short sales. The relative strength of each stock
and valid price gaps are shown to further aid
evaluation Best of all. the user selects his own
risk and stop-loss limits.
Stock files are easy to create and easier to
maintain. Two methods are provided for
creating stock data bases and three methods
to update them (including telephonic)
STOCK FORECASTING SYSTEM ... $1 75 00
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System requires 48K APPLE II + computer
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Exchange Commission.
goes awry.
Troubleshooting
Not many things can go wrong,
provided everything worked when it
arrived. This is to help you through
the most common interconnection
errors among the basic system
components:
^Symptom: No Printout.
1. Be sure the typewriter is
turned on.
2. Check that all power cords, rib-
bon cable and RS-232 connectors are
securely socketed.
3. On the back of the Escon elec-
tronics package, locate self-test toggle
switch. The normal operating posi-
tion is middle. Press switch down
with typewriter on. Selectric should
output a line of characters. Toggle
switch to up position. Printout should
cease. Return switch to middle.
4. Press reset. Press return. Call up
file B:XXX. Use control-K (wait) P
command. Respond to the prompts.
Selectric should output file B:XXX.
• Symptom: Nonsense Printout.
1. Turn typewriter off. Press reset.
Remove both disks from drives. In-
stall CP/M in drive A. Press return.
Press escape (ESC). When prompted,
type setup (return) (wait). Data rate
should be 1200 and printer "standard
serial.' If not, follow prompts and
user's guide to correct.
2. Exit CP/M. Install Word-
Star/Mailmerge in drive A, and work-
ing disk in drive B. Press return and
try again.
^Symptom: Printout OK but in Strange
Location.
1. Refer to WordStar section of
user's guide under "Margins" and
'Dot Commands.' Make insertions
as directed.
2. Press control-K (wait) P, and try
again.
• Symptom: Partial Printout.
1. Turn Selectric off. Press reset.
Remove disks from both drives. Turn
Osborne off. Reverse RS-232 con-
nector cable end for end. Turn Os-
borne on.
2. Install WordStar/Mailmerge in
drive A and working disk in drive B.
Press return and try again.
• Symptom: Nothing Helps, It Won't
Work.
1. Call Escon. Describe the prob-
lem and ask for help.
2. Call your Osborne dealer. De-
scribe the problem and ask for help.
The corporate headquarters in Hay-
ward, CA, has an Osborne-Escon-
IBM word processing system in
everyday use and has verified that
the combination performs correctly.
Page Format Example
The following settings for Word-
Star software and IBM Selectrics will
produce 8V2X 11-inch pages of text
with lV^-inch margins and IV2 line
spacing. Text starts 1-1/8 inches from
page top. Printing stops 1-1/8 inches
from page bottom for new paper in-
sertion. Heading appears 3/8 inch
from paper top with 5/8 inch be-
tween heading and start of text. Page
numbers are not printed but can be
inserted after final editing. No head-
ing is printed on the first page. Refer
to WordStar section of user's guide
for more details.
Selectric Settings. Linespace = 1 Vz ;
L Margin = 24; R Margin = Extreme R
position. Align paper one space above
first red line on guide. Pitch = 12. Ad-
just paper guide L or R to center text
on page.
Software Settings. Right Margin
(CTRL (wait) R)= 72. Page 1, Line
1: Paper Length (.PL) = 40; Top Mar-
gin (.MT) = 3; Bottom Margin (.MB) =
0; start text on Line 1. Stop text after
Line 35. Text stop (CTRL C) = Line
36. Page End (.PA) = Line 37. Page 2,
Line 1: Text Heading (.HE)= Insert
heading on this page only. All pages:
start text on Line 1; stop text after
Line 35; Text Stop (CRTL C) = Line
36; Page End (.PA)= Line 37. Other
settings = DEFAULT.
Changes in format can easily be
made after you've had some experi-
ence with the system. This format
satisfies most text requirements for
double spacing and wide margins in
submitted manuscripts. It is also ac-
ceptable for the usual college or uni-
versity writing requirements. With
12-pitch Letter Gothic printball, each
page has 35 lines of typing, exclusive
of heading and footing. Each line con-
sists of 72 characters/spaces. Printing
time is three to four minutes per
page depending on paragraph length
and layout. ■
Equipment Manufacturers
Escon Products, Inc., 12919 Alcosta
Blvd., San Ramon, CA 94583. Phone
415-820-1256.
International Business Machines
Corp. Contact your nearest IBM
branch office or call 800-352-5582.
Osborne Computer Corp., 26500
Corporate Ave., Hayward, CA 94545.
Phone 415-887-8080.
82 Microcomputing, April 1982
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ATARI 800
16K . . . $679
32K . . . $749
48K . . . $819
410 Recorder $76 00
810 Disc Drive $449 00
822 Printer $269 00
825 Printer $629 00
830 Modem $159 00
820 Printer $269 00
850 Interface $169 00
New DOS 2 System $29 00
CX30 Paddle $18 00
CX4C Joy Stick $18 00
CX853 16K RAM $89 00
Microtek 16K RAM $75 00
Microtek 32K RAM $159 00
Ramdisk (128K) $539 00
One year extended warranty . . $50.00
481 Entertainer $83 00
482 Educator $130.00
483 Programmer $57.00
484 Cummunicato r $344 00
ATARI 400
16K.
32K.
4J&,
$329
$478
$555
Visicalc $169.00
Letterperfect $109.00
Ricochet $14.50
Crush Crumble & Chomp $24.00
Star Warrior $29.00
Rescue at Rigel $24.00
Datestones $16.00
Invasion Orion $18.50
Mission Asteriod $22.00
MouskATTACK $31.00
The Next Step $34.00
Softporn $27.00
Wizzard & Princess $29.00
K-BYTE Krazy Shoot Out (ROM) . $39.00
Protector (Disk 32K) $32.00
Jaw Breaker (on line disk) $27.00
Ghost Hunter (cassette) $24 00
Ghost Hunte' (disk) $30.00
WE CARRY SOFTWARE BY:
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Instruments
TI-99/4A $ 359
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RS 232 Accessories interface
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Disk Drive Controller
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Disk Memory Drive
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Memory Expansion (32K RAM)
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R F Modulator
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Wired Remote Controiiers(Paio
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32K Expansion
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PHP Printer Solid State
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Home Financial Decisions
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CPM 5'4
Word Processing
Super Calc
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Monitors
Amdex 12" B&W $579.00
12" Green $699.00
13" Color $749.00
Sanyo 12 " B&W $939.00
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Tl 10" Color $549.00
Terminals
Televideo
910 $139.00
912C $149.00
920C $349.00
950 $259.00
Call for computers $269.00
Zenith Z19 $449.00
Adds $349.00
Modems
Novation Auto $239.00
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HP»83 $1699 00
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Graphics Plotter (7225B) $2079.00
NEW" HP-87 $1999.00
Hard Disk w/Floppy $4349 00
Hard Disk $3440 00
Sweet Lips" Plotter $1 149 00
HP41CV Calculator
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11 c
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HP»41 Printer
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Card Reader
Optical Wand
$164 00
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PRINTERS
Centronics 739 3
Centronics 739 1
Diablo 630 Special
Epson
MX70
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MX100
NEC
8023
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Okidata
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Citoh Starwriter
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IL Modual $104 00
Digital Cassette $449 00
Printer/Plotter $419 00
8032 $1069
4032 $969.00
4016 $769.00
8096 Upgrade Kit $399.00
Super Pet $1599.00
2031 $529.00
8050 $1299.00
4040 $969.00
8300 (Letter Quality) $1799.00
8023 $769.00
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IEEE to IEEE Cable $46.00
Tractor Feed for 8300 $240.00
8010 Modem $229.00
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VIC 20
Commodore Datassette $69.00
Disk Drive $499.00
VIC Graphic Printer $339.00
3K Memory Expander $32.00
8K Memory Expander $53 00
RS232C Terminal Interface $43 00
VIC IEEE 488 Interface $86.00
VIC 20 Super Expander $53.00
Programmers Reference Guide $15 00
Introduction to Computing $19 00
Introduction to BASIC Programming $19 00
Household Finance $27 00
VIC Games $19 00
VIC Home Inventory $13 00
VICRec/Ed// $13.00
Terminal $1300
Un Word $13.00
Grafix Menagerie $1 1 00
VIC PICS $1500
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RS 232 $39.00
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Microcomputing, April 1982 83
Here's a good example of computer problem-solving using structured programming techniques.
Pascal Meets Instant Insanity
By Michael K. Kan
Instant Insanity is a game involving
the arrangement of four color
cubes. Assume that the six surfaces of
a cube are labeled top, bottom, north,
east, south and west, and that the
given colors of the four cubes are rep-
resented as in Fig. 1 . The problem is
to find a systematic way to arrange
the cubes with no color duplication in
any of the four directions (north, east,
south and west).
Manual Approach
The Instant Insanity game can be
solved manually (with a great deal of
patience) by the following steps:
1. Start with cube 1 in the given
position.
2. Put cube 2 on top of cube 1.
3. Check for any duplication of col-
or between cube 1 and cube 2 in
the four directions (north, east,
south, west).
4. If there is duplication of color in
step 3, move cube 2 to a new
position and repeat step 3.
5. If there is no duplication of color
in step 3, put cube 3 on top of cube 2.
^Qub^ number
1
2
3
4
Direction .
Top
yellow
yellow
yellow
yellow
Bottom
white
green
white
white
North
red
white
green
yellow
East
red
white
green
red
South
green
green
green
green
West
white
red
red
red
Fig. 1. Colors of the four cubes for the Instant Insanity problem.
' — -— -^Qube number
1
2
3
4
Direction ""■ -^
Top
yellow
white
green
red
Bottom
white
green
green
red
North
red
white
yellow
green
East
red
yellow
green
white
South
green
red
white
yellow
West
white
green
red
yellow
6. Check for any duplication of col-
or between cube 1 , cube 2 and cube 3
along the four directions.
7. If there is any duplication of col-
or in step 6, move cube 3 to a new
position and repeat step 6.
8. If there is no duplication of color
in step 6, put cube 4 on top of cube 3.
9. Check for any duplication of col-
or between cube 1, cube 2, cube 3,
and cube 4 along the four directions.
10. If there is duplication of color
in step 9, move cube 4 to a new posi-
tion and repeat step 9.
1 1. If there is no duplication of col-
or in step 9, you have solved the In-
stant Insanity problem.
12. If you haven't found a solution
after cube 1 has been moved through
all 24 possible positions, you can con-
clude that there is no solution to the
Instant Insanity problem for the
given set of color cubes.
Assume that a new position is avail-
able in the above steps. Since there
are six surfaces on a cube and a cube
can rotate four times while lying on
each surface, there are 24 nondupli-
cating positions for each cube. In step
4, if all 24 positions of cube 2 have
been tested earlier, move cube 1 to
Address correspondence to Michael K. Kan,
Scripps Memorial Hospital, 9888 Genessee Ave.,
Lajolla, CA 92037.
Fig. 2.
84 Microcomputing, April 1982
the next position and go back to step 1
instead of repeating step 3.
Similarly, in step 7, if all 24 non-
duplicating positions of cube 3 have
been tested, move cube 2 to a new po-
sition and go to step 3 instead of re-
peating step 6. In step 10, if all 24 po-
sitions of cube 4 have been tried
move cube 3 to a new position and go
to step 6 instead of repeating step 9.
Since you don't know which com-
bination of cube positions will finally
solve the Instant Insanity problem,
you don't know the number of neces-
sary moves. It depends on the initial
cube position and the particular set of
color cubes provided. In the worst
situation, the maximum number of
moves is 331,776 (all possible com-
binations of cube positions). This is
laborious and time-consuming to do
manually, and it is hard to avoid
duplicating moves.
Computer Method
A computer, following the steps
just outlined, can find a simple solu-
tion to Instant Insanity. It can test for
color matches and keep track of cube
moves much better than we can.
I've subdivided the program into
several procedures— initialize, move
(cube), evaluate (for color match) and
printcolor (of all cubes). The move
procedure is a cube-turning genera-
tor to create the 24 nonduplicating
positions of a given cube. The evalu-
ate procedure will simulate the visual
inspection of the cube stack for any
color matches along its four direc-
tions (north, east, south and west). It
will return a Boolean result (color-
match), whose value is true if there is
any color duplication along any of the
four directions; otherwise the value
false is returned.
The Colorcubes program in Listing
1 was written in UCSD Pascal run-
ning on a Cromemco Z2 computer
with 64K bytes of memory. It will
also run on the Apple Pascal system
or comparable Pascal compiler.
The data representation of Color-
cubes in Pascal is straightforward.
For example, the colors on the sur-
faces of the four cubes can be repre-
sented by a two-dimensional array,
Color. This is declared in Pascal as
Var Color: array [cubenumber,direc-
tion] of colortype. Cubenumber,
direction, and colortype are declared
earlier as:
Type
cubenumber = 1..4;
direction = (top.bottom, north, east, south.west);
colortype = (yellow, green, white, red).
Move is an important procedure in
the program. It lets you make three
movements— Rotate, Flipsouth (flip
along the south border) and Flipeast
(flip along the east border). From the
initial given position, the 24 nondu-
plicating cube positions can be ob-
tained as below:
STARTING CONDITIONS:
THE 4 CUBES ARE ARRANGED WITH THE COLORS SHOWN BELOW:
CUBE
TOP
BOTTOM
NORTH
EAST
SOUTH
WEST
1
YELLOW
WHITE
RED
RED
GREEN
WHITE
2
YELLOW
GREEN
WHITE
WHITE
GREEN
RED
3
YELLOW
WHITE
GREEN
GREEN
GREEN
RED
4
YELLOW
WHITE
YELLOW
RED
GREEN
RED
TOTAL NUMBER OF CUBE MOVES = 108
A SOLUTION IS FOUND AS BELOW:
THE 4 CUBES ARE ARRANGED WITH THE COLORS SHOWN BELOW:
CUBE
TOP
BOTTOM
NORTH
EAST
SOUTH
WEST
1
YELLOW
WHITE
RED
RED
GREEN
WHITE
2
WHITE
GREEN
WHITE
YELLOW
RED
GREEN
3
GREEN
GREEN
YELLOW
GREEN
WHITE
RED
4
RED
RED
GREEN
WHITE
YELLOW
YELLOW
Fig. 3. Console display.
Listing 1.
PROGRAM COLORCUBES < I NPUT , OUTPUT ) ;
CONST
MAX CUBE =
CUBE1 ■ 1;
4; MAXMOVES = 24;
CUBE2 = 2;
CUBE3 = 3;
CUBE4 = 4;
TYPE
CUBENUMBER = 1..MAXCUBE;
COLORTYPE = (YELLOW, GREEN, WHITE, RED) ;
DIRECTION = (TOP, BOTTOM, NORTH, EAST, SOUTH, WEST ) ;
COLOROFCUBE = ARRAY [CUBENUMBER, DIRECTIONS OF COLORTYPE;
CUBEMOVES = ARRAY E CUBENUMBER 1 OF O. . MAX MOVES;
VAR
TOTALMOVES: INTEGER;
CUBE INDEX: CUBENUMBER; S IDE I NDEX : DIRECT ION;
COLOR : COLOROFCUBES;
MOVES : CUBEMOVES;
FINDANS, MATCH2, MATCH3, MATCH4: BOOLEAN;
PROCEDURE INITIALIZE;
VAR CUBE I NDE X : CUBE NUMBER ;
BEGIN
(•SET UP COLOR OF ALL SIDES
COLOR E CUBE 1 , TOP ] : = YELLOW ;
COLORE CUBE 1 , NORTH] ; =RED;
COLOR E CUBE 1 , SOUTH ] : =GREEN ;
COLORCCUBE2, TOPD : =YELLOW;
COLOR E CUBE2 , NORTH 1 : =WH I TE ;
COL OR C CUBE 2 , SOUTH ] : =GREEN ;
COLORE CUBE3, TOP] :=YELLOW;
COL OR ECUBE3, NORTH] : =GREEN;
COLOR E CUBE3 , SOUTH 1 : =GREEN ;
COLORECUBE4, TOP] : =YELLOW;
COLOR! CUBE4, NORTH] : =YELLOW;
COL OR CCUBE 4, SOUTH] : =GREEN;
(•INITIALIZE FINDANS BOOLEAN
FINDANS:=FALSE;
(♦RESET THE NO. OF MOVES IN EACH CUBE TO BE
FOR CUBEINDEX:=1 TO MAX CUBE DO
MOVES t CUBE I NDE X J : =0 ;
ENDOINITIALIZE*) ;
PROCEDURE PRINTCOLOR; (tPRINT COLORS ON ALL SIDES OF EACH CUBE*)
VAR
CUBE I NDE X : CUBENUMBER ; S I DE I NDE X : D I RECT I ON ;
CURRENTCUBErO. .4;
BEGIN
OF CUBE 1-4*)
COLORECUBE1 , BOTTOM] : =WH I TE;
COLORE CUBE 1 , EAST ] : =RED;
COLORECUBEl,WEST]:=WHITE;
COLOR! CUBE2, BOTTOM]; =GREEN;
COLOR ECUBE2, EAST ] : =WHITE;
COLORE CUBE2, WEST] : =RED;
COLOR ECUBE3, BOTTOM] : =WHITE;
COLORE CUBE3, EAST ] : =GREEN;
C0L0RECUBE3,WEST];=RED;
COL ORE CUBE 4, BOTTOM] : =WHI TE;
COLORE CUBE4, EAST] : =RED;
COL ORE CUBE4, WEST] :=RED;
VALUE TO REPRESENT ANSWER IF FOUND*)
ZERO*)
THE 4 CUBES ARE ARRANGED WITH THE COLORS SHOWN BELOW:');
WRITELN;
WRITELN(
WRITELN;
WRITELN (' CUBE TOP BOTTOM NORTH
CURRENT CUBE: =0;
FOR CUBE INDEX :=1 TO MAXCUBE DO
BEGIN
CURRENTCUBE: =CURRENTCUBE+1 ;
WRITELN;
WRITE (' ', CURRENTCUBE: 4, ' ');
FOR SIDEINDEX:=TOP TO WEST DO
BEGIN
CASE COLORE CUBE I NDEX, SI DEI NDEX] OF
YELLOW : WR I TE ( ' YELLOW * ) ;
GREEN: WRITE ('GREEN ');
WHITE: WRITE ('WHITE ');
RED: WRITE ('RED ');
END (*CASE«);
EAST
SOUTH
WEST ' ) ;
Microcomputing, April 1982 85
Listing continued.
END(*FOR SIDEINDEX*);
END(*FOR CUBEINDEX*);
WRITELN;
END(*PRINTCOL0R*> ;
PROCEDURE MOVE ( CUBE : CUBENUMBER ) ;
(♦PROCEDURE TO MOVE CUBE TO POSITION 1 THROUGH POSITION 24 IN A GIVEN*)
(♦SEQUENCE. THE CUBEPOSITION IS KEPT IN A CUBEPOSITION ARRAY*)
PROCEDURE ROTATE (CUBE: CUBENUMBER) ; (*RO!ATE CUBE IN ANTICLOCKWISE DIREC-
TION*)
VAR OLDNORTH,OLDEAST,OLDSOUTH.OLDWEST:COLORTYPE:
BEGIN
OLDNORTH: =COLOR C CUBE, NORTH] ;
OLDE AST : =COLOR C CUBE , EAST ] ;
OLDSOUTH: =COLORCCUBE, SOUTH] ;
OLDWEST : =COL ORE CUBE , WEST ] ;
COLORE CUBE , NORTH] : =OLDWEST ;
COLOR C CUBE , EAST I : =OLDNORTH;
COLOR t CUBE , SOUTH ] : =OLDEAST ;
COL OR C CUBE, WEST] : =OLDSOUTH;
END(*ROTATE») ;
PROCEDURE FLIPEAST (CUBE: CUBENUMBER) ;( *FL IP CUBE ALONG EAST BORDER*)
VAR OLDTOP, OLDEAST , OLDWEST , OLDBOTTOM: COLORTYPE;
BEGIN
OLDTOP: =COL OR [CUBE, TOP];
OLDE AS T : =COLOR C CUBE , EAST 1 ;
OLDWEST: =COLORt CUBE, WEST 3;
OLDBOTTOM: =COL ORC CUBE, BOTTOM] ;
COLORC CUBE , TOP 1 : =OLDWEST ;
COL ORC CUBE , EAST ] : =OLDTOP;
COL ORC CUBE, WEST ]:=OLDBOTTOM;
COLOR [CUBE, BOTTOM 3 :=OLDEAST;
ENDOFLIPEAST*) ;
PROCEDURE FL I PSOUTH ( CUBE: CUBENUMBER ) ; (*PLIP CUBE ALONG SOUTH BORDER*)
VAR OLDTOP, OLDNORTH, OLDSOUTH, OLDBOTTOM: COLORTYPE;
BEGIN
OLDTOP : =COLOR C CUBE , TOP I ;
OLDNORTH: =COLORCCUBE, NORTH];
OLDSOUTH: =COLORC CUBE, SOUTH] ;
OLDBOTTOM: =COLOR C CUBE, BOTTOM] ;
COLOR t CUBE , TOP ] : =OL DNORTH ;
COL ORC CUBE, SOUTH] : =OLDTOP;
COLORC CUBE « NORTH ] : =OLDBOTTOM ;
COL ORC CUBE, BOTTOM] :=OLDSOUTH;
END (*FL I PSOUTH*) ;
BEGIN (*MOVE*>
TOTALMOVES: =TOTALMOVES* 1 ;
MUVES C CUBE ] : =MOVES C CUBE ] ♦ 1 ;
CASE MOVE SC CUBE] OF
ROTATE (CUBE) ;
BEGIN ROTATE (CUBE) ;
ROTATE (CUBE) ;
BEGIN ROTATE ( CUBE ) ; FL IPEAST (CUBE)
9, 10,11: ROTATE (CUBE ) ;
12 : BEGIN ROTATE (CUBE) ; FL I PSOUTH (CUBE) END;
13,14,15: ROTATE (CUBE) ;
16 : BEGIN RrOT ATE (CUBE ) ; FL I PSOUTH (CUBE )
17,18,19: ROTATE (CUBE) ;
BEGIN ROTATE (CUBE); FLIPEAST (CUBE)
ROTATE (CUBE) ;
BEGIN ROTATE (CUBE ) ;
END(*CASE CUBEPOSITION*);
END<*MOVE*> ;
1,2,3:
4
5,6,7:
8 :
FL I PSOUTH (CUBE) END;
END;
20 :
21,22,23:
24 :
FL I PSOUTH ( CUBE >
END;
END;
END;
SIDES OF CUBE1 TO THE SET
WEST DIRECTIONS*)
OF COLOR BELONGING*)
SIDEINDEX AT BOTTOM SO
SIDE WILL BE EVALUATED
COLORMATCH) DO
ON ALL 4 DIRECTIONS*)
THAT SUCC( BOTTOM)*)
FIRST*)
PROCEDURE EVALUATE (CUBE: CUBENUMBER: VAR COLORMATCH: BOOLEAN) ;
(•PROCEDURE THAT EVALUATES THE COLORS ON THE NORTH, EAST, SOUTH-WEST* )
(•SIDES OF CUBE1 «« CUBE2, OR CUBE 1 , CUBE2 *< CUBE3 OR CUBE1 THRU CUBE4*)
(*IF THERE IS ANY COLOR MATCH AT ALL ON EITHER DIRECTION, THE BOOLEAN*)
(•VARIABLE COLORMATCH IS RETURNED AS TRUE, ELSE FALSE IS RETURNED *)
TYPE
COLORSET = SET OF COLORTYPE;
VAR
SI DECOLOR: ARRAY [DIRECTION] OF COLORSET;
CUBE INDEX: CUBENUMBER; #
SIDE INDEX: DIRECT I ON;
BEGIN ( *EVALUATE* )
(*FIRST ADD COLORS OF THE 4
(*T0 THE NORTH, EAST, SOUTH &
SI DECOL ORC NORTH] :=C COL ORC CUBE 1, NORTH]];
SIDECOLORCEAST ] : =CCOLORCCUBE 1 , EAST ] ] ;
S I DECOL OR C SOUTH ]:=[ COLOR [ CUBE 1 , SOUTH ] ] ;
S I DECOLOR [ WES T D : = [ COLOR[ CUBE 1 , WEST ] ] ;
COLORMATCH: =FALSE;
SIDEINDEX: =BOTTOM; (*INITIALIZE
(*OR NORTH
WHILE (SIDEINDEX^ WEST) AND (NOT
BEGIN '*CHECK FOR COLOR MATCH
SIDEINDEX:=SUCC (SIDEINDEX) ;
CUBE INDEX :=1 ;
WHILE ( CUBE I NDE X < CUBE ) AND (NOT COLORMATCH)
BEGIN (*ON ANY DIRECTION, CHECK FOR COLOR
CUBE I NDE X : =CUBE I NDE X + 1 ;
IF COLOR [CUBE INDEX, SIDEINDEX] IN SIDECOLOR
THEN COLORMATCH: =TRUE
ELSE
SIDECOLORC SI DE INDEX ]: =SI DECOL ORC SI DE INDEX ] + C COL ORCCUBE INDEX, SIDE INDEX] 3;
END(*WHILE CUBEINDEX*);
END(*WHILE SIDEINDEX*);
ENDOEVALUATE*) ;
(•MAIN PROGRAM*)
BEGIN
INITIALIZE;
WRITELN ( 'STARTING
WRITELN;
PRINTCOLOR;
(*SET NO. OF CUBE
DO
MATCH*)
CSIDEINDEX]
CONDITIONS: ' )
MOVES TO ZERO*)
Position 1,2,3: rotate
Position 4 : rotate, then flipsouth
Position 5,6,7: rotate
Position 8 : rotate, flipeast
Position 9,10,11: rotate
Position 12 : rotate, flipsouth
Position 13,14,15: rotate
Position 16 : rotate, flipsouth
Position 17,18,19: rotate
Position 20 : rotate, flipeast
Position 21,22,23: rotate
Position 24 : rotate, flipsouth.
The above sequence can be
verified manually by means of a
cube. As given in the Pascal listing,
the Rotate, Flipsouth and Flipeast
moves are done by exchanging the
colors on different sides of the cube.
For example, you rotate (counter-
clockwise) by shifting the old color of
the cube from the east to the south
side, the color from the south to the
west side, the color from the west
side to the north side and the color
from the north side to the east side,
while the colors at the top and bottom
remain unchanged.
After each move, the position is
checked by the Evaluate procedure
for color duplication and for a solu-
tion. The evaluator uses the Set
feature of Pascal to check for duplica-
tion of color in a given direction.
Each direction of the cube stack is
represented by a set of colors. Each
cube on the cube stack is examined to
see if its color is already in the color
set. If it is not, the color is added to
the set. If it is already in the set, the
color is duplicated and the evaluate
procedure ends with the value of Col-
ormatch set to true. This indicates a
color duplication and that the current
positions are not a solution.
Solution
A solution is found after 108
moves. The final cube positions are
shown in Fig. 2. The console output
for the program is given if Fig. 3.
Discussion
Instant Insanity is a good example
of computer problem-solving. By
breaking the problem into sub-
problems, the original problem
becomes simpler. Similarly, a sub-
problem can be further subdivided
into smaller problems (e.g., the
rotate, flipeast and flipsouth
routines).
Pascal is a structured language that
supports this sort of top-down pro-
gramming. Data representation of
the color cubes is simplified by the
86 Microcomputing, April 1982
user-defined types (e.g., colortype
and direction) of Pascal. Checking for
color duplication in a given direction
is easy with the Set feature in
Pascal. ■
(Editor's Note: In working with this
program a few embellishments came to
mind. Unfortunately, we didn't have
time to develop them. Please feel free to
help us with these.
The program would be a good deal
more interesting for the user if the Ini-
tialize procedure were rewritten to be in-
teractive. Then different sets of cube col-
ors could be entered from the keyboard
while the program was running. As it is
now, it is necessary to edit and recom-
pile the procedure to enter a different
problem than the one offered by
Mr. Kan.
An even more ambitious project
would be to use the color and turtle
graphics features of Pascal to provide
color displays of the original problem
and its final solution.
How might the program be enhanced
to find all possible solutions for a given
set of cube colors?
All of these features are readily possi-
ble with Pascal.— HN)
Listing continued.
TOTALMOVES:=C>;
(•EXAMINE ALL COMBINATIONS OF CUBE POSITIONS. STOP WHEN SOLUTION IS FOUND*)
REPEAT
MOVESCCUBE2::=G; ( fRESET NO. OF MOVES IN CUBE2* )
WHILE (NOT FINDANS) AND < MOVES C CUBE 2D 24) DO
BEGIN
EVALUATE (CUBE2, MATCH2) ;
IF (NOT MATCH2) THEN
MOVES t CUBE 3 3:
(NOT FINDANS)
: <>:
(•RESET NO. OF
AND ( MOVES CCUBE3D
MOVES
24)
FOR
DO
CUBE 3*)
BEGIN
WHILE
BEGIN
EVALUATE (CUBE3, MATCH3) ;
IF (NOT MATCH3) THEN
BEGIN MOVESCCUBE4 J:=0; (»RESET NO. OF MOVES FOR CUBE4* >
WHILE (NOT FINDANS) AND ( MOVES C CUBE 4 D 24) DO
BEGIN
EVALUATE (CUBE4, MAI CH4 ) ;
IF (NOT MATCH4) THEN F INDANS: = TRUE
ELSE
MOVE (CUBE 4) ;
END (• WHILE*) ;
END(«IF (NUTMATCH3) *);
IF (NOT FINDANS) THEN
MOVE (CUBE 3) ;
END(*WHILE*> ;
END(*IF (NOT MATCH2) *);
IF (NOT FINDANS) THEN
MOVE(CUBE2) ;
END (* WHILE*) ;
(*IF ANSWER IS NOT FOUND, PROCEED TO NEXT POSITION OF CUBE 1 * >
IF (NOT FINDANS) THEN MOVE(CUBEl);
UNTIL FINDANS OR ( MOVES t CUBE 1 3 >=24 ) ;
WRITELN;
WRITELNCTOTAL NUMBER OF CUBEMOVES = ' , TOTALMOVES) ;
IF FINDANS THEN
BEGIN
WRITELN;
WRITELNC A SOLUTION IS FOUND AS BELOW:');
PRINTCOLOR;
END
ELSE
BEGIN
WRITELN;
WRITELN(
WRITELN(
PRINTCOLOR;
END;
END (* MA IN PROGRAM*)
NO SOLUTION IS FOUND');
THE FINAL CONFIGURATION OF THE CUBES
IS: ' )
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Microcomputing, April 1982 87
This dual-function machine is an economical alternative
to the more expensive letter-quality computer output printers.
Olympiad Switch-hitter
By Ken Barbier
Five years I waited, fussing and
fuming, before I purchased a
typewriter-quality printer that my
home-built computer could talk to.
I do a lot of writing at home, both in
the line of business and for my own
satisfaction. My typing error rate is
about 20 percent, and I knew my
home computer could do better. But
I just couldn't justify three kilobucks
for a home-use-only machine. Be-
sides, you can buy a good electric
typewriter for $300. Why should one
that your computer can talk to cost
ten times as much?
I was tempted by the reconditioned
IBM Selectrics, or the add-on inter-
faces for them. But their purchasers
fell into two categories: ecstatically
happy or mad as hell. I was afraid to
try a used product that had a 50 per-
cent success rate and still cost
almost $2000.
I was even tempted once to try a
box full of solenoids that fit over the
keyboard of "any standard type-
writer." But I couldn't get the manu-
facturer to state categorically that the
box would work on my Smith-
Corona 200 electric. Well, that
manufacturer is no longer in business
anyway.
From the above you can see that I
did not require blazing speed. My
final draft output rate is four clean
pages of double-spaced typing per
hour, or 18 baud in terms a computer
can understand. That's right. Two
characters per second, net, for clean
copy. My talents lie elsewhere.
Considering the above production
rate, you probably can't comprehend
my sales resistance. Well, it galled
88 Microcomputing, April 1982
There it was, cranking
out the very form
letters that announced
its existence.
me that anyone could charge so much
for a computer-compatible machine
when every electric typewriter
already had 90 percent of the re-
quired machinery. Why couldn't
someone just add a simple interface?
Anticipation
Suddenly, according to all the ad-
vertisements and press releases, sim-
ply everyone was coming out with
computer-compatible versions of
electric typewriters that were priced,
brand new and with a warranty, at
about $1200. I sent for specs on
every one I heard of. Never saw any
actual machines, however. Well,
they would be here any day now, I
was told.
And suddenly there it was— the
Olympia ES-100 RO typewriter/
printer. Sitting right there on the
bench, plugged into the ubiquitous
Apple, actually cranking out the very
form letters that announced its ex-
istence. No, I couldn't have it. It was
the dealer's first one. But next
month ....
Consummation
And there it was— my very own
Oly. (On the west coast, "Olympia"
is pronounced "Oly." Something to
do with water.) I couldn't wait to hus-
tle it into my car and get it home to
play with.
I tried to give the dealer a check for
more than the Oly cost, but it turned
out that the spare ribbons and type-
wheels I wanted wouldn't be arriving
for another month or so. But, I was
assured by the salesman, the carbon
ribbon in the machine would last
a long time. He didn't know my
backlog.
Application
The ES-100 RO consists of a wide-
carriage daisywheel typewriter that
is a standard Olympia office product,
with an add-on interface board pro-
duced by Dataface, Inc., of Santa
Clara, CA. The nearest Olympia rep-
resentative had assured me that the
add-on interface was approved by
Olympia International, and did not
void the typewriter warranty or af-
fect available service. While this is
true in principle, it didn't work out in
practice, as we will be seeing later.
The documentation supplied by
both Olympia and Dataface is mini-
mal but adequate. Since my machine
was sold with the interface installed,
I didn't have to drill the holes in
the back panel of the typewriter that
are required to mount the RS-232
serial interface connector. You can
buy the interface by itself, and add it
to your own Olympia, if you already
Address correspondence to Ken Barbier, PO Box
1253, Borrego Springs, CA 92004.
own the typewriter.
The interface provides for selection
of one of four data rates: 110 r 134.5,
150 or 300. The typewriter in the
printer mode is supposed to print 17
characters per second, so only the
two fastest data rates will produce
the maximum throughput. The only
other interface option provided, or
required, is a jumper that can select a
high or low true level for the ready-
to-send (RTS) handshaking signal.
The options set up in the Oly were
compatible with the serial port on my
computer, and I simply plugged the
machine in, made the proper device
An 8V 2 -inch page is dwarfed inside the 15-inch-wide carriage of the Olympia ES-100 typewriter/printer. A
Mostek 3870 microprocessor interfaces with the electronic keyboard and the stepper-motor driven
mechanical portions of the printing mechanism. Margin and tab settings are stored in CMOS memory
with a battery to retain the data when the typewriter is turned off.
//////////////////////////////wiifiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimmn rf
*
«*
Removing four screws from the back of the typewriter provides access to the electronic components. The
original Olympia microprocessor controller is on the larger of the two circuit boards. The additional serial
interface from Dataface, Inc. is on the smaller board and connects to the controller through the wide rib-
bon cable plugged into the microprocessor socket. The 3870 microprocessor is then moved to the Dataface
circuit board.
selection in the CP/M operating sys-
tem, and I was in the word processing
business for real.
Since this is a typewriter with an
add-on interface, the machine is fully
dual-function. Turn the power switch
on and it is a typewriter. Plug in your
computer RS-232 serial interface
cable and it is a printer— not even any
switches to throw. The typewriter
will accept characters from the
keyboard or the computer at the
same time. This turns out to be a
useful feature.
As a typewriter, the Olympia is a
beautiful machine. It is quiet, and
produces perfect copy. The lift-off
correction feature is perfect for typ-
ists like me with a high error rate.
Make a mistake and all you have to
do is press the correction key. The
typewriter backspaces, selects the
correction ribbon, strikes the same
character you had previously pressed
in error, and the letter is lifted right
off the paper by the correction rib-
bon. Then all you have to do is press
the right key.
The correction system remembers
the last eight keystrokes, and succes-
sive applications of the correction
key produce another backspace and
erasure, up to the limit of eight. You
can also manually position the print-
head anywhere on a page and lift off
any character previously typed in
error.
The lift-off correction ribbon only
works with the compatible carbon
ribbon. Another correction ribbon,
which covers errors with white ink,
works with other ribbons, but
doesn't do such a neat job. In addition
to these, Olympia provides addition-
al selections of fabric and multi-use
carbon ribbons.
Several type styles are available, in
both 10- and 12-pitch, although not
the selection to be found on the more
popular changeable font typewriters.
The typewheel (Whisperdisk, in
Olympiaese) supplied with the ma-
chine was not to my liking, producing
very thin line characters. A new
boldface wheel, combined with the
multi-use carbon ribbon, produces a
satisfying bold type.
With this fantastic typewriter sit-
ting on its stand next to my desk, I no
longer dread letter writing. I make
excuses to write more. I just sit back,
prop my feet up on the case contain-
ing my now-neglected SCM, and
type, type, correct, type, correct. . ..
Aggravation
The ES-100 was designed as a type-
Microcomputing, April 1982 89
writer, not a computer output print-
er. When the serial interface was
added, Dataface wisely took precau-
tions to prevent operating the type-
writer mechanism faster than it was
designed to run. This is most notice-
able in the delay involved with each
line feed. Much more than the char-
acter typing rate, this delay and the
machine's normally slow carriage re-
turn speed seem to slow things down
excessively when printing double-
spaced text.
Not so wise, in my opinion, were
some of the other decisions made in
the interface design and program-
ming. Most frustrating is the use of
the carriage return. The Dataface
program ignores the ASCII line feed
character, and receipt of a carriage
return character produces carriage
return/line feed together. This makes
underlining impossible from the
word processing program I am using,
which wants to carriage-return only
and make a second pass over the line
for underlining.
This same inability produces a curi-
ous situation. The typewriter has
keys for one-half line space up or
down, permitting the typing of sub-
scripts and superscripts. Olympia
Kcytop
Function
Available
To Computer?
REV TAB
Back up to previous tab setting
yes
REPEAT
Repeat last keystroke
yes
HALF SPACE
Space 1/2 character width forward
yes
EXPRESS
Carriage return without line feed
no
INDEX
1/2 line space down (subscript)
no
REV INDEX
1/2 line space up (superscript)
yes
X
Backspace and correct character
yes
Table 1. Extra functions not normally found on typewriters are
made }
possible by
the microprocessor
controller in the ES-100. Key labels and their actions in the typewriter
mode are
listed. Not all of the
functions are available from the computer interface.
calls these functions "index" for
down a half line, and "reverse index"
for up half a line. The Dataface pro-
gram will accept and execute reverse
index, putting the paper in position
for the typing of a superscript, but
you can't get back down to the nor-
mal character position! "Index"
works from the keyboard, but not
from the computer.
At first I thought that I could mod-
ify my printer driver routine in the
computer and patch in a simple rou-
tine consisting of a line feed followed
by another reverse index and get
back to where I started. That was
when I discovered the fact that the
line-feed character is ignored by the
Dataface software. This one discrep-
ancy makes both underlining and
sub- or superscripting impossible, no
matter how smart the programmer.
A call to Dataface produced the in-
formation that things are as they are
because that is what the customers
demanded. I was assured that Data-
face could supply me with any set of
controls I wanted. So I wrote up a
nice two-page report detailing what
my Olympia was doing and what I
wanted it to do and fired it off to Da-
Carbonless checks, invoices and statements
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W Super-fast service (shipped 5 days after receipt of order!)
SEND COUPON... OR CALL TOLL-FREE: 1-800-328-9697.
^
To: Delmart Company, Division of Deluxe Check
Printers, Inc., 530 N. Wheeler St.,
P.O. Box 43495, St. Paul, MN 55164-0495 • 24
DYES,
please send free color catalog!
Title
Phone (
State
.Zip
CORRECTIONS
Quizzical
The Micro Quiz program as pub-
lished in the February 1982 issue was
incorrect. The following program
lines should be substituted.
120 FOR 1=1 TO 4
130 FOR J = (I+1)T05
135 A(I) = J:A(J) = I
140 IF A(I) = A(J) THEN 160
150 T = A(I):A(I) = A(J):A(J) = T
160 NEXT J
170 NEXT I
The Asian language software attrib-
uted in our January issue to The Chi-
na Institute is available from Asia-
graphics, 141 Mt. Sinai Ave., Mt.
Sinai, NY 11766.
90 Microcomputing, April 1982
taface. Three months and several fol-
low-up prompts later I've had no re-
ply to my requests.
Since the machine will accept key-
strokes as well as serial characters at
the same time, I have worked around
the problem in an unsatisfying man-
ner. When text requires underlining
or half-line spacing, I'm forced to in-
sert pauses into the word processor
text, and manually type in what
should be typed automatically.
Exasperation
A much more serious problem
lurks within my ES-100, waiting to
catch the unwary proofreader. About
once in 20 pages an entire line of text
will simply disappear. This is almost
invariably one line, from carriage re-
turn to carriage return.
It's obviously a software problem
in the Dataface interface, since it
never occurs when my dot-matrix
line printer is connected to the
same computer port, running the
same software.
When a system such as I am using
consists of a computer produced by
one supplier, software by another, a
printer by someone else and a printer
I love my Oly
and live with
its idiosyncrasies.
interface from yet another source, it
is easy for any one of the suppliers to
claim that the trouble belongs to one
of the other guys. What I was not pre-
pared for was the rapidity with
which the finger-pointing occurred
when troubles first arose.
I called Olympia to report a prob-
lem that had absolutely nothing to do
with the computer interface or opera-
tion. All the symptoms point to a me-
chanical problem. I described the
symptoms, and not three seconds of
thought elapsed on the other end of
the phone line before I was curtly in-
formed that the problem had to be in
the Dataface circuitry.
Another time, another problem,
obviously in the Dataface portion
of the machine, and this time it was
the Dataface rep who responded
instantly with the statement that the
trouble was in Olympia' s depart-
ment. No time for thought— just point
the finger.
So what's new? With a decade and
a half of computer system experience
behind me I have seen a lot of this
sort of thing, and sometimes the fin-
ger-pointing is justified. But it was
not in either of these instances. I
think I have enough ability and ex-
perience to be able to localize
troubles to either the mechanical or
electronic part of a system. I would
expect the supplier of either, or both,
to at least consider for a minute that
his end of the system might possibly
be at fault. Such consideration was
totally lacking.
I love my Oly (both kinds) and have
learned to live with its idiosyncrasies.
I am not happy having to reprint
whole pages of text, however, and I
am not happy knowing that if a prob-
lem I can't work around does crop
up, I am going to have to fight (and
probably disassemble the interface
from the typewriter) to get it fixed.
For these reasons I can't recommend
that you buy this Olympia/Dataface
combination. ■
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errors, data loss, malfunctions, even
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Plug a VOLTECTOR ■ AC
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wall outlet and your equipment,
and these problems vanish.
VOLTECTOR l( is the most reliable,
Call or write
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*Among our precision-concerned
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^See List of Advertisers on page 178
Microcomputing, April 1982 91
Read w/ry Romberg Integration, in a ten-line Basic routine, is a
simple, effective solution to practical mathematical problems.
A Basic Solution
To Definite Integrals
By Harry L. Pruetz
Romberg integration is a simple,
effective numerical method for
determining values of integrals. It is
comparatively easy to program in
Basic and has a wide range of uses.
The method yields additional infor-
mation on the integrand (the function
being integrated), besides a single
numerical result. A programmer ex-
perienced with the method may even
use Romberg integration when its
conditions are not strictly met.
Solutions of practical mathematical
problems often lead to the integration
of functions which are far beyond
problems in a college textbook on in-
tegral calculus. The tables of integrals
in calculus or mathematical refer-
ence books often may not contain the
exact form needed for a particular
problem, leading to change of vari-
ables and other methods which may
obscure the form of the original prob-
lem. The integrals may be given in
lower-order recursive forms, series
of terms, or mathematical functions
which are not elementary, such as
gamma and beta functions.
There are many numerical integra-
tion methods for computers which
may be used instead of exact analytic
methods. Also, the evaluation of a
definite integral in a computer pro-
gram may be only one step of a more
involved computation in which ei-
ther time or accuracy can be critical.
One of the attractions of Romberg in-
tegration is the relatively simple rela-
tion between time and accuracy.
Many factors must be considered
when discussing numerical integra-
tion methods. Functions in the in-
tegrand may be measurements which
are not even represented as mathe-
92 Microcomputing, April 1982
One of the attractions
of Romberg integration
is the relatively simple relation
between time and accuracy.
matical functions. Intervals may be
finite or infinite. Functions may con-
tain singularities (e.g., 1/x is singular
at x = 0). Different-sized subintervals
may be used and weights used to mul-
tiply ordinates (y-coordinate values)
at each abscissa (x-coordinate value).
Methods which use equally spaced
abscissas are called Newton-Coates
quadrature formulas. Examples are
the trapezoidal rule and Simpson's
rule. The trapezoidal rule uses a
straight line between two ordinal
points to produce a trapezoid with
the approximate area under the curve
over the subinterval. Simpson's rule
uses a parabola defined by three con-
secutive ordinates as the approx-
imate area of each subinterval.
Another interpretation of the trape-
zoidal rule is a rectangle with ordi-
nate equal to the average of the end-
point ordinates of each subinterval.
This is also the average of the lower
Riemann sum and the upper Riemann
sum. it has been proven mathemati-
cally that these sums for a continuous
bounded function over a bounded in-
terval converge to the integral as the
number of subintervals increases to
infinity. A computer routine using
the trapezoidal rule could supposedly
increase the number of subintervals
automatically until a desired accura-
cy was obtained. However, there is
round-off error when a floating-point
format is used since real numbers
and functions are being evaluated
and summed.
Richardson Extrapolation
Richardson extrapolation combines
two different approximations to give
a third approximation which is better
if conditions on the function and the
combination are satisfied. For a func-
tion f(x) over the inverval (a,b), let fO,
fl, and f2 represent f(x) evaluated at
abscissas a, a + (b-a)/2, and b. The
trapezoidal rule for h = (b-a) gives
the integral approximation l = (b-a)
(f0 + f2)/2. The trapezoidal rule for
h = (b-a)/2 gives the integral approx-
imation
J = ((b-a)/2)((f0 + fl)/2 + (fl + f2)/2) =
((b-a)/2)(f0/2 + fl + f2/2).
Take
K = (4J-I)/3 = ((b-a)/2)(2f0 + 4fl+2f2-f0-f2)
/3 = (lb-a)/6)(f0 + 4fl + f2).
The result ot the extrapolation of two
trapezoidal approximations gives the
parabolic approximation (Simpson's
rule) of an integral.
Smaller subintervalues and more
applications of Richardson extrapola-
tion will result in approximations
which are mathematically equivalent
to higher order integration approx-
imations. These higher order approx-
imations have widely varying coeffi-
cients for consecutive ordinates of a
function. Because of round-off error,
Address correspondence to Harry L. Pruetz, 2929
Clydedale, 0376, Dallas, TX 75220.
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Microcomputing April '982 93
programs which use these methods
give approximations which are com-
putationally less accurate than ex-
pected. The use of successive applica-
tions of the trapezoidal rule together
with Richardson extrapolation to give
integration approximations which
are mathematically correct and com-
putationally accurate is called
Romberg integration.
Romberg discovered and verified a
simple, effective, and intuitive ap-
proach to numerical integration— the
"binary search" of integration
methods. Although Romberg integra-
tion may not be the best in any given
application, it can be used in the first
version of any program requiring nu-
merical integration to help find the
trouble spots in the intervals of inte-
gration and to help determine trade-
offs between accuracy and speed.
A detailed explanation of Romberg
integration is given on pp. 121-124 in
Anthony Ralston' s A First Course in
Numerical Analysis, published by
McGraw-Hill. However, references
are made to different sections of the
book and other books for detailed
derivation and verification of
Romberg integration. Because the
success of the method depends most-
ly on the characteristics of the func-
tion being integrated, extreme
examples of applications will be dis-
cussed below. Notation similar to
that in Ralston' s book will be used
here, with subscripts modified to
have a different meaning.
For an integral of f(x) over an inter-
val (a,b), use a matrix T(10,10) of
elements such that the left column is
calculated as follows:
T(0,0) = (B - A)(F(0)/2 + F( 1024J/2)
T(l,0) = ((B-A)/2)(F(0)/2 + F(512) + F(1024)/2)
T(10 ( 0) = ((B-A)/2 10 )(F(0)/2 + F(l) + ... + F(1023)
+ F(1024)/2)
where
f(0) = f(a), F(l) = f(a + (b-a)/1024), F(2) =
f(a + 2(b-a)/1024),
and so forth. Then, for each row K= 1
to 10, calculate:
T(K, 1) = (4T(K,0) - T(K - 1 ,0))/3
T(K,2) = (16T(K r l)-T(K-l,l))/15
T(K,K) = (4 K T(K,K- 1) -T(K- 1,K- 1))/(4 K - 1)
In general, each extrapolation
M = 1 up to M = K is defined: T(K,M)
(=4 M T(K, M-1)-T(K-1,M-1))/(4 M -1)
The matrix of trapezoidal approxima-
tions and extrapolation approxima-
tions to an integral is triangular (all
10 R0=0: Rial: R2=2: RU=4: RZ=1: IF RA>RB THEN RZ=-1
11 RI=(FN R(RA)+FN R(RB))/R2: RT( RO) =RZ» ( RB-RA) »RI
12 FOR RK = R1 TO 10: RN=R2~RK: RS=RI: RD=RZ* ( RB-RA) /RN
13 FOR RJ = R1 TO RN-R1: RS=RS+FN R( RA+RZ*RJ*RD) : NEXT: RS=RD*RS
-\H RC = R1: FOR RL=R0 TO RK-R1: RP=RT(RL): RT(RL)=RS: RC=R4*RC:
RS=(RC*RS-RP)/(RC-R1) : NEXT: RT(RK)=RS: IF RK<=R4 THEN GOTO 17
15 RG=ABS(RP-RS) : IF RG>RF THEN RSrRP: GOTO 19
16 IF ABS(RGX = ABS(RS)«RE THEN GOTO 19
17 RF=ABS(RP-RS) : NEXT RK
18 PRINT "ROMBERG INTEGRATION FAILED": PRINT "RP="; RP: FOR RK=0
TO 10: PRINT "RT("; RK ; ")="; RT(RK): NEXT: RK=10: STOP
19 RI=RS
Listing 1. Romberg integration routine.
1
DEF FN
R(X):
=EXP(2*X)
2
INPUT
"RA = "
;RA
3
INPUT
"RB="
;RB
M
INPUT
"RE = "
;RE
5
GOSUB
10
6
PRINT
"THE
INTEGRAL
OF F(X)
OVER THE
INTERVAL
FROM
"; RA
; " TO w ;
RB; "
EQUALS ";
RS; "."
7
END
Listing 2. An example of a main program that calls the routine in Listing
1. (Remember
to change
line
19 to read 19 RI=
■RS: RETURN.}
T(IJ) with J>I are 0) with each ele-
ment T(I J) calculated from elements
to the left and above. The final answer
is T(10,10). In practice, a computer
routine will iterate on the row index
and need only calculate rows as long
as some convergence condition is not
satisfied.
A general-purpose Basic routine for
Romberg integration is given in
Listing 1. Only one row RT of the
matrix T is saved during each itera-
tion RK. Applesoft Basic (and stan-
dard Dartmouth Basic) allows one-
dimensional arrays of ten or less
elements to be used without being di-
mensioned. For well-behaved bound-
ed functions on bounded intervals,
ten iterations are usually sufficient
for accuracy close to the round-off er-
ror of Applesoft Basic on an Apple II
microcomputer. For RK=10, the
trapezoidal rule for the simplest of in-
tegrands requires more than ten
seconds.
Since Applesoft Basic uses a 32-bit
normalized "hidden bit" format for
floating-point numbers, round-off er-
ror is 2-32 so that 1+2x10-10
rounds off to 1. A first approximation
to the round-off error for 1024
subintervals is (64 x 10- 10 )I, where I
is the integral approximation of a
function. When using a relative-error
convergence test value less than
10 - 9 , it is a good idea to test for
divergence of approximations to pre-
vent infinite looping.
The Romberg Routine
All variables used in the routine
begin with R. R0, Rl, R2, and R4 in
line 10 are constants assigned the
values 0, 1,2, and 4 at the start of the
routine to avoid Applesoft number
conversion inside loops of the rou-
tine. RZ is +1 or - 1 depending on
the direction of integration over an
interval. In cases where the integrand
is decreasing in magnitude, integra-
tion should start at the upper limit
and proceed to the lower limit to ob-
tain minimum round-off error. Ex-
ample 2 below demonstrates the ad-
vantage of this.
FN R as used in line 11 is an Ap-
plesoft Basic function which is to be
used as the integrand and must be
defined outside the routine (see line 1
of Listing 2). RA and RB are the lower
and upper limits of integration set
outside the routine. RI in line 11 is
the initial value of the average of or-
dinates over an interval. RT(R0), the
first approximation, is immediately
94 Microcomputing, April 1982
calculated in line 1 1 before any itera-
tions are started.
The main iteration loop extends
from line 12 through line 17 and uses
RK as the iteration counter.
RN in line 12 is 2 (R2) raised to the
power RK and is the number of sub-
intervals used at the given iterative
level. RS, the ordinate sum, is initial-
ized to RI in this line. RD is the ab-
solute difference between subinter-
val abscissas.
The actual summation loop is con-
tained in line 13. RJ is used as the
subinterval counter. An abscissa, RX,
could be initialized to RA and during
each iteration on RJ ; RX could be set
to RX + RZ*RD. This would in-
troduce some round-off error in RX
for large RJ. A better method is to
calculate each abscissa directly as
RA + RZ*RJ*RD as in line 13. The last
statement RS = RD*RS gives the ac-
tual trapezoidal approximation of the
integral at level RK.
The RC set to 1 in line 14 is the run-
ning power of 4 used for Richardson
extrapolation. RP, RS and elements
of RT(RK) are used to save the trape-
zoidal approximation and all extrapo-
lations for iteration RK. The test on
RK size allows the routine to establish
some convergence values before con-
vergence or divergence is tested. If
RK is less than 4, no tests are made.
This allows the Romberg integration
routine to operate on periodic in-
tegrand functions which may contain
identical ordinates for 1, 2, 4 or 8
subintervals.
Line 15 is a divergence test. It
determines whether the absolute dif-
ference between T(RK r RK) and
T(RK-1,RK-1) is greater than the
absolute difference between
T(RK- 1,RK- 1) and T(RK-2,RK-2).
If it is, the integral approximation
from the previous iteration is used as
the answer.
Line 16 tests for convergence ac-
cording to the relative error factor,
RE, set outside the routine. The
strictest test is RE = 0, which would
require that RP = RS or T(RK-1,
RK-1)=T(RK,RK) to 32 bits of ac-
curacy in Applesoft Basic. For well-
behaved integrands, an RE of around
10- 10 is more practical. For extreme
cases, much larger factors closer to
10 ~ 5 are necessary. Factors close to 1
are a misapplication of the routine
and will very likely give meaningless
results.
Line 17 establishes the absolute
convergence difference, RF, for the
next iteration. The NEXT RK state-
^See List of Advertisers on page 178
ment is the iteration end.
If the integration approximations
do not converge by the time RK is 10,
line 18 is executed. If the informa-
tion printed indicates an answer
which is tolerable, an Applesoft
Basic CONT command causes RI =
RT(10) to be used.
Line 19 uses variable RI to return
the Romberg integration answer to
the user's program. Information re-
lating to the integration may be re-
trieved from the variables RK, RS, RP
and RG or printed in line 19 before
the Return statement.
In summary, 20 variables and one
function, FN R, are used in the rou-
tine. RA, RB and RE are set before a
GOSUB 10. Afterwards, RI is the
result with RG, RK, RP and RS con-
taining extra information about the
integration process. Variables used
during the routine include R0, RI,
R2, R4, RC, RD, RF, RJ, RL, RN, RT
and RZ.
In most cases, whether the routine
may be applied to a given function is
best determined by visual inspection
of a function plot using high-resolu-
tion graphics. Besides determining
whether the interval should be re-
duced to several smaller intervals,
the order of integration can be select-
ed to give minimum round-off error.
The mathematical error term for
Romberg integration depends on
higher derivatives of the integrand
function. A plot which reveals singu-
larities (e.g., 1/x at x = 0) or quickly
varying functions (e.g. sin(64x) from
to tt) indicates that there will be
slow convergence.
Examples
The integral for the gamma func-
tion of order 2 may be expressed in
two different forms. One is the in-
tegral from to 1 of log(l/x). Another
is the integral from to infinity of
x(e~ x ). Either form should give a 1.
However, the first form is unbound-
ed at and the second form has an
unbounded upper limit. These tw T o
forms are chosen as examples 1 and 2
for Romberg integration and the
approximation matrices are given in
Tables 1 and 2.
Since there is a singularity at for
log(l/x), a simple application of the
Romberg integration routine with
RA = will not work. Visual inspec-
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Microcomputing, April 1982 95
ROMBERG INTEGRATION FAILED
RP= 999147997
PT(0) = . 999*472329
RT< D = .999153247
RT(2)=. 999124322
RT(3)=. 999118305
RT(4)=.999116865
RJC5)= .999116508
PT(6)=. 999116419
RT(7)= 999116397
r(8)« .999116391
RT(9)=-999 1 1639
RT( 10) = .9991 1639
Sample r un 1 Result of the routine in Listing 1 if the function being integrated is log(l/x) over the inter-
nal horn 10' 4 (lE-4)tol.
RA = 2
RB=3
RE=1E-10
THE INTEGRAL OF F(X) OVER THE INTERVAL
FROM 2 TO 3 EQUALS 1 74 . 4 1 5322 .
Samvle run 2. Sample run of program in Listing 2.
RK RT(O) RT(1) RT(2) RT(3) RT14) RT(5)
RT(6) RT(71 RT(8) RT(9) RT(IO)
1.00000000 100000000 100000000 1.00000000
Table2 Integrand xe x RA=28 RB = O.Oand RE=6x 10~ 10 .
RK
RT(O)
RT(1)
RT(21
RT(3)
RT(4)
RT(5)
RT(6]
RT(7]
RT(81
RT(9) RT(IO)
460479
1
2.648844
1 996888
2
1.742791
1 .440773
1 403699
3
1.329208
1 191347
1.174718
1.171084
4
1 143068
1 081022
1 073667
1.072063
1.071675
K
1 .060550
1.033043
1.029845
1.029149
1.028981
1.028939
6
1.024609
1.012693
1 011268
1.010974
1.010902
1.010885
1.010880
7
1 009297
1004193
1.003631
1.003480
1.003473
1.003471
1003470 1.003471
8
1.002957
1 000844
1.000620
1.000572
1.000561
1.000558
1.000557 1.000557 1000557
9
1.000430
0.999587
0.999503
0999486
0.999482
0.999480
0.999480 0.999480 0.999480 0999480
10
0999472
0999153
0.999124
0.999118
0.999117
0.999117
0.999116 0999116 0999116 0.999116 0.999116
Table 1. Integrand log (1/xf. RA --
= /0 - 4 , RB =
1 OandRE=
to- 3 .
2.7e-10
1
1 629797E-4 2.173062E-4
2
.044763818 059630764 .063591661
3
393313369 .509496541 539487593
.547041497
4
779584113 908341030 .934930663
.941207537
.942753286
5
938568075 .9915622729 .997110842
998097829
.998320928
.998375247
6
984200979 999411947 .999935228
999989464
.999980060
.999987441
.999989070
7
996021892 .999962197 999998880
.999999983 999999984
999999891
.99999968
.999999981
8
.999003689 999997621 .999999982
1.00000000
1.00000000
1.00000000
1.00000000 1.00000000 1.00000000
9
.9997508 1 1 .99999985 1 1 .00000000
1.00000000
1.00000000
1 .00000000
L
tion of the plot of log(l/x) reveals that
much of the area under the curve is
around x = 0. Consequently, RA was
set to 10 - 4 , RB was set to 1 and RE
was set to 10- 3 to give the converging
values shown in Table 1. It is known
mathematically that the gamma func-
tion of order 2 is exactly 1.0. The final
answer of 0.999116 by the Romberg
integration routine demonstrates
how well the routine operates on
even a singular function.
This integral is also an example of a
case in which Romberg integration is
worse than the trapezoidal rule be-
cause of the singularity of the in-
tegrand and all higher derivatives at
x = 0. For the form of the integrand
and the limits, the trapezoidal rule at
RK= 10 gives 0.999472 or an error of
5.28 xl0~ 4 , which is a generally
unacceptable relative error for nu-
merical integration. Smaller values of
RA than 10 - 4 do not give any im-
provement because the large or-
dinate at RA will only introduce
round-off error as the smaller or-
dinates are added onto the sum.
Since the upper limit of the second
form of the gamma function of order
2 is infinity, a practical upper limit
must be chosen. The maximum value
of x(e- x ) is .387 at x= 1. The value of
x(e- x )at x = 24 is close to 10~ 9 or
about 2-31. At x = 28, the value has
decreased to about 2xl0" n , which
is negligible compared to the max-
imum value. This value of x qualifies
as a practical upper limit for the
integral.
Since the integrand x(e- x )
decreases for large abscissas, integra-
tion is best performed from the upper
to the lower limit to avoid excessive
round-off error when summing ordi-
nates. As can be seen from Table 2,
RA = 28.0, RB = 0.0, RE = 2~32, and
FN R(X) = X*EXP(-X) gives con-
vergence to 1 .0 at RK = 9. A plot of the
integrand function demonstrates the
magnitude of ordinates to be expect-
ed and the approximate length of the
integration interval necessary to get
an accurate approximation. The
values in Table 2 show the answer
converging to 1.0 much more rapidly
than in Table 1. The absolute con-
vergence difference, RG, is actually
after only 9 iterations.
Table 3 is an example of round-off
error caused by integrating from the
lower limit RA = to an upper limit
RB = 32 using RE = 10-9 and the same
integrand FN R(X) = X*EXP| -X).
The "correct" answer actually ap-
96 Microcomputing, April 1982
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pears at RK = 8. Because of the prac-
tical convergence and divergence
criteria which cannot guard against
this kind of round-off error, the
routine returns a result which is
mathematically in error by 2xl0 -9 .
However, the absolute convergence
difference as calculated by the
Romberg integration routine is 10 ~ 9 .
Two other cases were run for
x(e _x ), but are not tabulated here.
RA = 0, RB = 24 and RE=10" 9 gave
the approximation 0.999999994 after
ten iterations. RA = 0, RB = 28 and
RE=10 -9 failed after ten iterations
with a result of 0.999999988. Both of
these cases demonstrate how round-
off error can cause relatively poor
results using the Romberg integration
routine. These cases also show that
low convergence test values do not
guarantee the same level of accuracy
in the results.
The last example, as tabulated in
Table 4, is a different type of slowly
converging Romberg integration. The
function 15xsin(114x) changes sign
57 times between and n/2. RA =
and RB= 1.570796327 are chosen as
limits since the amplitude of this pe-
riodic function increases with x. The
relatively high RE = 10- 5 is necessary
because subinterval resolution is not
sufficient to even get the correct sign
untilRK = 6.
This integral can be evaluated us-
ing integral tables to give:
m -15(tt/2)cos(tt) =
114
.206683727
15sin(114x) _ 15xcos(114x)
114(114)
114
]
n/2
RK
RT(0) RT(1)
RT(2)
RT(3)
RT(4)
RT(5)
RT(6) RT(7)
RT{8)
RT(9)
RT(10)
6.48405E-12
1
2.88090E-05 3.84120E-05
2
.021484020 .028635757
.030542247
3
.304089319 .348288419
.422931930
.429160327
4
.724061661 .864053108
.895104087
.902598840
.904455505
5
.920673594 .986210908
.895104087
.995930017
.996296171
.996385947
6
.979424523 .999008166
.999689420
.999861316
.999948722
.999964481
.999680670
7
.994807902 .999935695
.999997530
.999999692
.999999892
.999999270
.999999935 .999999936
8
.998698934 .999995944
.999999961
.999999999
1.00000000
1.00000000
1.00000000 1.00000000 1.00000000
9
.999674542 .999999745
.999999998
.999999999
.999999999
.999999999
.999999999 .999999999 .999999999
10
.999918622 .999999982
.999999998
.999999998
.999999998
.999999998
.999999998 .999999998 .999999998 .999999998
Table 3. Integrand xe~ x . RA = 0.0,
RB = 32.0 and RE= 10~ 9 .
RK
RT(0) RT(1)
RT(2)
RT(3)
RT(4)
RT(5)
RT(6) RT(7)
RT(8)
RT(9)
RT(10)
1
9.25275413 92.3370055
2
11.169062 11.8078313
11.772553
3
-.46012194 -4.336517
-5.4128065
-5.6855899
4
-1.4093143 -1.725712
-1.5516581
-1.4903700
-1.4739181
5
-1.6162322 -1.685205
-1.6825044
-1.6845813
-1.6853429
-1.685550
6
.050172040 .605640118
.809884543
.758363116
.797107044
.806839155
.809275306
7
.171820536 .212370035
.186152030
.177069314
.174637793
.174019806
.173864676 .173825854
8
.198186739 .206975474
.206615836
.206940659
.207057801
.207089492
.207097568 .207099596 .207100104
9
.204572544 .206701145
.206682856
.206683920
.206682913
.206682422
.206682416 .206682414 .206682414 .206682414
10
.206156725 .206684785
.206683695
.206683707
.206683703
.206683708
.206683708 .206683708 .206683708 .206683708 .206683708
Table 4. Integrand 15xsin(U4xJ. RA-
= 0, RB = n/2andRE=10 5 .
The result in Table 4 of .206683708 is
actually within 10 ~ 9 relative error of
the exact solution although the Rom-
berg integration routine calculates an
error of 6 x 10" 6 on the RK= 10 itera-
tion. Higher accuracy could be ob-
tained by using several intervals and
a smaller RE for each interval. Too
many such intervals would introduce
extra round-off error in the final sum
so that the actual error would be more
than the RE for any specific interval.
The entire Romberg Integration
routine requires about 450 bytes of
memory, but actual programs which
use the routine typically require
from 1000 to 4000 bytes of program
memory.
One Application
One typical application of Rom-
berg integration is the calculation of
coefficients for Chebyshev polyno-
mial approximations for elementary
functions. For example, evaluating
the coefficients of the Chebyshev
polynomial approximation for e x .
The exact solution is a hyperbolic
Bessel function, which would have to
be evaluated numerically anyhow by
a special routine. Other polynomial
approximations would require math-
ematical manipulation and further
special routines. Using the Romberg
integration routine to numerically in-
tegrate the different integrals involved
leaves only the simple manipulation
of the integrand, lower and upper
limits, and convergence accuracy to
obtain the desired accuracy.
Note that the purpose of Cheby-
shev polynomial expansions for func-
tions such as the sine, cosine and ex-
ponential functions are for efficiency.
These coefficients are close to the
coefficients in Taylor series expan-
sions. The series are much shorter
than Taylor series for a given ac-
curacy, but are valid only for fixed in-
tervals. Computer routines which
use the Chebyshev expansions are
much faster and the routines require
about the same amount of time for all
arguments. The Chebyshev program
printed convergence accuracy and it-
eration number (RE and RK) for each
numerical integration to give an in-
dication of how difficult each inte-
grand was to integrate.
Of course, many other applications
of the effective Romberg method of
numerical integration are possible. ■
98 Microcomputing, April 1982
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Slots for six plug-in boards.
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microseconds.
NEW ADV- IQ- HD5- 64K *
An ADVANTAGE with one quad
minifloppy and a 5 megabyte
Winchester hard disk,
all self-contained.
List $6599.. ..Call for price
ADV- IQ- 64K List $3999 Call
Operating systems
(not included w/AD VANTAGE)
Graphics CP/M 2.2 List $299 Call
Graphics NS BASIC/DOS List $299 Call
HDSO/ ADVANTAGE * * List $299 Call
System Components
SIO Boards List $175 Call
PIO Board List $200 Call
**
Graphics CP/M and Graphics BASIC /DOS available in March. NorthStar Application Software available in May.
HDSO/ ADVANTAGE is the Hard Disk operating system for NorthStar Application Software on the ADVANTAGE.
The North Star logo. ADVANTAGE. HORIZON and NORTHWORDare trademarks or
registered trademarks of North Star Computers. Inc
CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research
7H0A is the registered trademark of Z dog. Inc.
CBASIC and MBASIC are registered trademarks of MicroSoft Consumer Products hn
Selectric is a registered trademark of International Business Machines
ACCPAC. MadManager and fnfoManager are fradi ttmrk \ .</ gasit Software ("<>up
FOLLOW THE STAR \d
NorthStar^
Mini Micro Mart,
943 W.Genesee St. P.O.Box 2992 K
Syracuse,N.Y. 13220 315-422-4467
We Have It All !. .Now at an extra 5% off
Cromem
$- $
announces another
sensational first..
Cromemco
Tomorrow's Computers Today
A Combination 68000 (32 Bit Micro Processor) With a
>
CPU.
Look to Cromemco for single and mufti- user systems
There are many good reasons to buy a CROMEMCO system; MiniMicroMart is giving you some especially good
reasons for getting a CROMEMCO SYSTEM from us right now.
Among some of the CROMEMCO firsts are:
First to introduce a 4MHz Z-80, S-100 ZPU board.
First to introduce a floppy disk controller that handled both small and large drives.
First to introduce a true 64K system.
First to introduce a S-100 multi-user system (CROMEMCO introduced memory bank selection which has become a
quasi standard for multi-user operation).
First to introduce S-100 color graphics (the Dazzler) and now the Super Dazzler is setting new standards for high
resolution color graphics.
First to introduce a D/A - A/D board.
First to introduce a full line of software, most at extremely reasonable prices — their CDOS, the first true Z-80 CP/M
compatible operating system, an ASSEMBLER, their own 16K BASIC, the first STRUCTURED BASIC, low priced versions
of Microsoft FORTRAN and COBOL, and RATFOR. They also introduced low priced word processing and data base
management, as well as TRACE.
Mini Micro Mart, Inc.
943 W.Genesee St. P.O.Box 2992 K
Syracuse,N.Y. 13220 315-422-4467
We Have It All I. Mow at an extra 5% off
Tomorrow's Computers Today
Who else offers LISP, a 'C COMPILER, and RPG II?
Crontemco
TM
CROMEMCO was first to introduce a UNIX based operating system for the Z-80. Called CROMIX, it is perhaps the
most sophisticated S-100 operating system on the market today and seems to be, as of today's writing, the best multi-
user, multi-tasking system. It runs most CDOS and CP/M programs.
CROMEMCO was the first to introduce a S-100 Winchester hard disk system.
And now, CROMEMCO has announced perhaps its out-
standing first — a combination 68000/Z-80 CPU board
which is compatible with current CROMEMCO hardware and
the IEEE S-100 Bus. The board will run with CROMIX, and will
arbitrate as to whether it needs the 32 bit or 8 bit operating
system, and turn on the respective CPU. Other boards in the
new series will be 256K and 512K RAM boards, as well as a
memory management board. The new CPU board lists
for $995.
Obviously every micro processor user doesn't have to have
this new system, but it should be gratifying to every
CROMEMCO user, that he will be able to upgrade his system
in the future. It is obvious that the 68000, and UNIX type oper-
ing systems will be dominating by the end of the decade.
A CS-1, CS-2, or CS-3 are ideal for upgrading to Z-80
CROMIX or to the new 68000 (the CS-2 and CS-3 have 21
slots, the CS-1 has 8). The current machines all come with a
4 MHz Z-80 CPU, 64K of RAM, the 16FDC Disk Controller, a
printer interface board, and two double-sided, double-density
disk drives (the CS-3 has an 8" Persci 299, the others have
mini-floppys).
The CS-2 and CS-3 offer an advantage for large systems,
since you have the luxury of using every other slot, which
gives you ample room for the extra multi-user cables.
MiniMicroMart can supply CROMEMCO systems with a
great variety of hard disk drives and operating systems. They
include CP/M, MP/M, multi and single user l/OS and Oasis,
and others. We have provided interfaces to Morrow hard
disks, and even to 96 megabyte CDC Phoenix drives.
In fact MiniMicroMart currently does its order processing
and mailing list management on a six user CROMIX system,
utilizing one HDD11, and two 80 megabyte removeable disk
pack Century Trident drives.
"
The New
Cromemco 68000/Z80
CPU Board
List
Our Price
$849
§§BK MSU RAM Board
w/erro* correct*©*, list $1995 . ♦ « $1695
51 2K MSU RAM Board
wtmwi^iktiofi. list $12995
MCC Memory Mangement
L.tSl : 9*15!Rr* * x ■> «• ■• * i x* * > > .-■» •* » •» r > ► + + * r r > * » ■ ■* ■» * > + ♦ ♦ r + x^l-vf
I*
Maaaaaaaaa
CROMEMCO systems are obviously expandable. For ex-
ample, for those who don't need or can't afford a hard disk,
it is nice to know if they can add a string of external 5%
and/or 8" drives, without any modifications for hardware or
software. (This holds true for the CS-0, CS-1 , CS-2 and CS-3).
CROMIX UPDATE SPECIAL
CROMIX, CROMEMCO'S version of Bell
Labs UNIX, offers many advantages. A major
one is that it permits every user to have in
excess of 60K of RAM area. It runs most
CDOS and most CP/M software. (CP/M
emulators are available, if needed.)
Currently we are making it very economical
to convert to CROMIX. The package below
will provide for a two user operation.
2-64K Memory Merchant
Static ram boards List $ 1 590
1 -CROMIX software
package 595
1-TU- ART board 345
1-Cable-0 25
2-Cable 2's 50
TOTAL RETAIL VALUE $2605
MiniMicroMart Package Price v I Oyy
*To substitute system group DMB6400 boards, add $300.
*To substitute CROMEMCO 64KZ RAM boards add $600.
* Extra 5% discount will apply to limited inventory.
Upgrade Your
Cromemco System
With A
5 Megabyte
Winchester HDD-5
! $2949
Contact us Today !
Mini Micro Mart, Inc.
943 W.Genesee St. P.O.Box 2992 K
Syracuse, N.Y. 13220 315-422-4467
We Have it All !. .Now at an extra 5% off
I
System One
COMPUTERS NOW!
from
Crometnco
64K-Z80A
System One
$3349-
System Two
with dual sided mini floppys,
— $3549 —
Multi-User and Hard Disk versions available.
CROMIX®, or MP/M® or OASIS® Systems now a
vailable from MiniMicroMart running CROMIX (or
MP/M or OASIS) on a CDC Phoenix (96MB 16 re-
moveable— 80 fixed) hard disk.
COMPUTER SYSTEMS
CS-1 Computer System NEW
(similar to CS-2 but only 8 slots), List $3995 $3349
CS-1 H, w/5mg Hard Disk N^W
List $6995 $5895
CS-3, features 4MHz CPU w/64K of RAM, NEW
Dual-sided PerSci 8" floppy disk drives (RS232C Interface),
List $7995 $6795
HD-5, 5mg add-on Winchester Hard Disk, (Fits ms.de of cs 2 & cs 3>
List $3495 $2949
HDD-11, 11 Megabyte Hard Disk System,
List $6995 $5945
HDD-22, 22 Megabyte Hard Disk System,
List$11,995 $10,195
TERMINALS & PRINTERS
CRT Terminal 3102, (80 characters/line, 24 line display).
List $2295 $1949
Letter Quality Printer 3355A,
(55 characters/second, 15" platen, tractor-feed.
List $3495 $2969
NEW LOW PRICE ON
64KZ Memory Board
List $995 our price $819
Check with us on NEW low prices
for Multi-user CROMIX R Systems.
CROMEMCO BOARDS
SCC Single Card Comp.List $494 $419
ZPU Z-80 CPU 2/4MHz.List $395 $335
16KZ Dyn.RAM Mem. List $495 $419
48KTP2Port48K Mem. List $1495.. . $1269
64KZ Dyn.RAM Mem.List $1 195 $819
16FDC Disk Cont.,DD.List $595 $499
SK Bytesaver II Prom. Prog. List $295 . $249
32K Bytesvr.PromCard(2716s)List $345 $295
TU-ART I/O Interface. List $345 $275
D 7 A Digital /Analog Inter. List $295 $249
8PIO 8 Port Par. Inter. List $295 $249
4PIO 4 Port Par. Inter. List $395 $335
QDRT4Ch.Syn/Asyn Inter. List $595 . $499
IOP Int.l/O Processor. List $695 $589
PRI Printer Inter. Card. List $245 $209
16KPR 16K PromMem. Card. List $245 $209
CGI TV Dazzler.List $395 $335
SDI Hi-Res Col. Graphics. List $795 $675
EXC-2 Extender Board. List $65 $38
WWB-2 Wire Wrap Board. List $65 $38
CROMEMCO SOFTWARE
(specify 8" or 5 V*")
CROMIX Multi-User. List $595 $279
FDA Macro Assembler. List $295 $249
FDB 16K Extended BASIC. List $195 $165
FDC COBOL Compiler. List $595 $299
FDF Fortran IV Compiler. List $295 $179
FDR RATFOR incl. Fortran IV. List $395 $335
STB 32K Struc. BASIC. List $295 $249
SGS Sup. Dazzler Graphics. List $595 . $299
DBM DataBs.Mgt.(w/report)List $295. $249
WPS Word Proc.Sys.List $295 $249
TSS Trace Sys. Simulator. List $195 $95
WRMR WritemasterWrd. Pro. List $595 $499
SLMR Slidemaster.List $595 $499
SPMR Spellmaster.List $295 $249
FOMR Fontmaster.List $595 $499
CS-O Computer System
w/SCC & MCB-216, List $1295 $1099
CS-O/D Computer System
Z80 SCC CPU, 64KZ. 16FDC, . „ __
List $2995 $2545
DDF Dual Double-Sided 5" Drives for CS-0
List $1295 $1,099
Mini Micro Mart, Inc.
9
943 W.Genesee ST. Box 2189E, Syracuse,N.Y. 13220' (315)422-4467
TWX-710-541-0431
VISA
Mini Micro Mart, Inc.
943 W.Genesee St. P.O.Box 2992 K
Syracuse,N.Y. 13220 315-422-4467
We Have It All /. .Mow at an extra 5% off
$2189
HARD DISK
Our Price $3595
$5500. . .Our Price $4395
DCP/M Computer System... $21 89
NEW LOVmrPRtCES *
• HP82901M 5.25 DUAL MASTER
DISK DRIVE $1799
• HP9895OPT010 8" SINGLE
MASTER DISK DRIVE $3795
HP9895A 8" DUAL
MASTER DISK DRIVE $4949
HP7225B OPT2 GRAPHICS
PLOTTER $2195
•HP17601 A PERSONALITY
MODULE-PLOTTER $675
PERIPHERALS
•HP17603A PLOTTER PERSONALITY
MODULE RS232 $675
•HP2631 B OPT885 180 CPS
DOT MATRIX PRTR $3360
•HP82905A DOT MATRIX PRINTER . . $799
•HP2601 A DAISYWHL LETTER
QUALITY PRINTER $3249
HP82903A 16K HP85 MEM. MOD $165
HP00085-15001 HP85 MASS
STOR. ROM $131
'Also used with new HP125
HP00085-15002HP85
PLOT/PRINT ROM $131
HP00085-15003 HP85 I/O
ENHANC. ROM $265
HP00085-15004HP85
MATRIX ROM $130
HP82937A HP85 HP-IB
INTERF. MOD $355
HP82940A HP85 GPIO INTERF. $429
HP82941 A HP85 BCD INTERF. $445
HP82949A PARL. PRINT. INTERF. $265
HP82939A EIA SER. INTERF $355
W/wt HEWLETT
mitiM PACKARD
GETALLTHE
HELP YOU
CAN GET!
NEW
HP-IL
Interface Devices
HP82160A HP-IL Module
List $125 $106.99
HP82161 A Digital Cassette Drive
List $550 $449.95
HP82162A Thermal Printer
List $495 $419
HP82180A Extended Functions Module
List $75 $66
HP82181 A Extended Memory Module
List $75 $65
TheHP-41C
HP41C $189
HP41CV $259
HP82106A MEMORY
MODULE $28
HP82170AQUAD
MEMORY MODULE . . $85
HP82104A CARD READER
FOR41C/CV $179
HP82143A PRINTER FOR
41C/CV $319
HP821 53A OPTICAL WAND
FOR41C/CV $109
The HP-1 1C gives you the
power to simplify repetitive
calculations with such ad-
vanced programming features
as subroutines, conditional
tests, controlled looping and
indirect addressing.
HP11C
Scientific
The HP-12Cs programmabili
and extensive function set are
complemented by its hand-
some, slim-line design. Your
HP-12C will travel comfortably
in your shirt pocket, ready to
solve your problems wherever
you go.
HP12C f ,na P c J a i . .$129
HP Business/Student Calculators
m m « »
m n m m
K*
HP32E SCI.
W/STATICS $49
HP33C PROG. SCI -CONT
MEM $79
HP34C ADV. PROG. SCI.
CONT MEM $127
HP37E BUS CALC $66
HP38C ADV. FIN. PROG.
CONT. MEM $127
HP67 PROG. CALC $315
HP97 DESK.
PROG. PRINT. $629
Mini Micro Mart
943 W.Genesee St. P.O.Box 2992 K
Syracuse,N.Y. 13220 315-422-4467
We Have It All I. .Now at an extra 5% off
HP Introduces The Personal Office Computer
It writes letters, draws pictures, helps
with financial decisions and even talks
to your central EDP system.
The HP 125 is a new kind of personal computer.
It's not for hobbyists, home computing or playing games.
It's designed exclusively, and specifically, to help business
people do their jobs better.
That's why they call it a Personal Office Computer.
The HP 125 is ideally equipped for its work.
To begin with, it has VisiCalc™ This powerful management
software increases the accuracy — and speed — of sales fore-
casts, budget estimates and financial models. It also helps you
analyze "what if" situations and make better management
decisions.
To simplify complex computer output, the HP 125 has
impressive graphics capabilities. At the press of a button,
you'll be able to turn hard-to-understand data into easy-to-
understand charts, graphs and even transparencies for
presentations. All in color, of course.*
The HP 125 is a powerful word processor, too. It can type,
edit and print everything from reports and memos to high
quality letters and long documents.
Beyond all this, the HP 125 gives you instant access to the
data in other computers - including the HP 3000 and IBM
VisiCalc TM is trademark of
Personal Software Inc
business systems. So while you're working at your own desk,
you'll have the latest — and complete — company-wide
information at your fingertips.
Sophisticated but very, very friendly.
You'll feel comfortable working with the HP 125 after only
a few hours practice. Because, with all its sophistication, it's
designed to be used by people who know nothing about
computers.
There's a push-button guidance system that leads you,
step-by-step, through every program. And if you make a
mistake, special prompting messages tell you exactly what
you're doing wrong. What's more, the HP 125 uses simple
English-language operating commands, so you don't have to
worry about learning computerese.
The HP 125 is also easy to adapt to your specific application
needs. Over 100 program packages are available from soft-
ware suppliers right now, and more are being published
every week.
Of course, when you buy an HP 125, you get more than a
computer. You get the support of one of the world's largest —
and most respected — computer companies. From over 170
service offices located around the world, they make available a
wide range of support services. Including a complete in-office
support program and a special phone-in consulting service to
help you get started.
When performance must be measured by results.
HEWLETT
PACKARD
$2189
HP- 125
w/Dual 5%"
Quad-Density Drives
$3950
Mini Micro Mart, Inc
943 W.Genesee St. P.O.Box 2992 K
Syracuse.N.Y. 13220 315-422-4467
We Have It All !. .Now at an extra 5%off
HP 125 System Summary
The HP 125 personal office computer
is an advanced, low cost computer
system for business applications. It
combines the power of a dedicated
Z-80A svstem microprocessor and
64K bytes oi system memory with the
full capabilities oi an interactive com-
puter terminal with its own micro-
processor-based intelligence. These
capabilities are packaged in a com-
pact, attractive desktop unit. A built-
in 120 cps thermal printer is available
as an option. Mass storage is modular
and allows the user to configure the
system to meet his particular storage
requirements. Peripheral devices
such as printers and graphics plotters
can also be added. Modularity allows
the HP 125 to grow in capability as
users' needs increase.
SYSTEM FEATURES
System Processor
Z-80A microprocessor
64K Bvtes oi main memory
c CP/M operating system
Terminal Processor
Z-80A microprocessor
c 32 KBvtes ROM implementing
"intelligent terminal" functions
c 16 KBytes RAM for multi-page screen display
Display
c High resolution 12" C R I offers excellent readability
c Enhanced 9x15 dot character cell for character clarity
Upper lower case characters with displayabte
control codes
c Display enhancements: inverse video, underline,
blinking, and half-bright
c Up to 5 pages o\ display memory; key-controlled
scrolling on a line or page basis
Ease of Use
□ Detachable, typewriter-style keyboard
□ Separate numeric pad
□ Full cursor positioning
c Full editing functions, including insert delete
character and insert delete line
□ Screen labeled function keys
c 8 user defined softkevs with 16-character labels
c Configuration menu for setting terminal parameters
Data Communications
□ 2 EIA standard RS232C communication ports
□ Asynchronous point-to-point at 110 to 9600 baud
□ Full duplex modem support
(compatible with Bell 103A modem)
D Character and line mode operation
c Flexible communication protocols
Peripheral Support
□ RS232C serial printer
o Specified HP mass storage devices,
plotters, and printers
□ Integral thermal printer (optional) operates at
120 characters per second.
Reliability and Serviceability
□ Go/no-go and diagnostic self tests built in
□ Modular construction
VISICALC/125
GRAPHICS/125
WORD/125 PL™*
BASIC/125
LINK/125
The HP 125 Model 10 uses dual 5'W
flexible disc drives to provide approx-
imately 512K Bytes of on-line storage.
The small flexible discs store informa-
tion in a high density format. Large
amounts of information can be re-
tained on- and off-line on low-cost
media. The high performance and re-
liability of the disc drives let you store
program and data files with confi-
dence. Long flexible disc life reduces
data storage costs.
The HP 125 Model 20 provides 2.32
million bytes of formatted mass stor-
age on dual 8" flexible disc drives. The
built-in controller can recognize if the
flexible disc has been recorded on one
or two sides. The controller also reads
and writes the IBM single-sided, sin-
gle density format. The drives have
been designed for high performance
and reliability. Extensive self-tests are
initiated at powerup and are accessi-
ble to the system processor.
Total Capacity (2 drives, formatted)
Recording Surfaces per Disc
Recording Format Density
Tracks per Surface
Sectors per Track
Bytes per Sector
Rotation Speed (rpm)
Average Access Time (msec.)
Additional disc drives may be added to either a Model 10 or Model 20 system
up to a total of 8 disc drives.
Model 10
Model 20
(82901M)
(9895A)
512K bytes
2.32Mbytes
2
2
Double
Double
35
77
16
30
256
256
300
360
187
179
Mini Micro Mart, Inc.
943 W.Genesee St. P.O.Box 2992 K
Sy recuse, N.Y. 13220 315-422-4467
We Have It All !. .Now at an extra 5% off
MORROW
Multi User with a UNIX*
Type of Operating System
Decision l r DF5224, 65K
w/dual 400K 5%" FlooDys
$3549
All Systems
include
CPIM2.2,
w / Microsoft
Basic, &
WordStar
Decision 1,DF5124
65K Static RAM, 400K Floppy,
5 Meg. Winchester, w/CP/m 2.2
only $4999
The Decision 1 has been designed to be the
most versatile desk top computer system on
the market for 1 982. This machine contains
the IEEE 696 standard S-1 00 bus. It is not a
single board computer. This machine is cost
effective for single users but was designed to
expand to fifteen users. You can start with
65K of memory and expand to (1 ) one
megabyte of main memory. You can start with
5V4 inch floppy drives, add 5V 4 inch hard disks,
eight inch floppies, eight inch hard disks or
even fourteen inch hard disks.
The power of the machine lies in six major
areas currently.
CPU
Designed to function like an IBM 15 370
processor with extended addressing,
supervisor control of users, sophisticated
trapping mechanism and arithmetic floating
point processor on board. Dynamic allocation
of memory in 4K increments to (1 ) megabyte
adds maximum growth potential. Each of 1 5
users can have 65K each.
Specifications, prices, terms
subject to change without notice
MOS operating system UNIX® +
CP/M*=MOS
Our MICRONIX Operating System will run
multiple CP/lvr packages or multiple Unix
level 6 packages simultaneously. It is
functionally equivalent to Bell Laboratories
Unix®, including file compatability. MOS also
will run Wordstar®, or Microsoft Basic, or any
standard CP/M applications package. Not
one, not two, but (1 5) fifteen.
DMA Floppy Controller
George Morrows finest creation. Twelve
times the speed of I/O based controllers. Will
drive either 8 inch or 5 l A inch floppies and can
be programmed to read or write any format.
There is a Z80A processor on board to
perform DMA transfers and assist in system
calls.
DMA Hard Disk Controller
This 5x1 inch DMA Controller for the 5 l A inch
or 8 inch hard disk drives is second to none in
the world for speed, size and cost. This
controller also contains its own
r Decision 1,
Three User,
195K RAM,
400K Mini Floppy,
5 Meg. Winchester
$6595
Includes MOS
Operating System
f Decision 1
microprocessor to control all drive functions.
The Signetics 8x300 8 bit microcomputer
was used for one primary reason. It has the
fastest cycle of any microcomputer on the
market today.
Motherboard
The motherboard contains 1 4 I/O slots, a
programmable interrupt controller, real-time
clock, parallel daisy-wheel printer port, and
(3) three serial ports. This gets you your first
three users while using none of your 1 4
available slots.
Price
Morrow Designs has been a price leader in
disk storage memory boards, bus boards,
CPUs and I/O boards since 1 975.
Software is not warranted for fitness of purpose.
'UNIX is a trademark of Bell Labs.
**CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research
••'Trademark of Micropro
••••Trademark of Microsoft
Mini Micro Mart
943 W.Genesee St. P.O.Box 2992 K
Syracuse,l\I.Y. 13220 315-422-4467
We Have It All !. .Now at an extra 5% off
TgMITM
data
systems
Z89-FA
List $2895
OUR PRICE
$2395
A 87 Two 5%" Drives (48 TPI) $989
Z-89 f A-87 Combination $3279
Z-90FA $2695
Z-37, Two 5fc" Drives(96 TPI) $1695
Z-90 f Z-37 Combination $4239
Z-47DA. 8" Two Meg. Disk System $3059
Systems come wl CP/M' . MICROSOFT BASIC. SUPERCALC
INTERSYSTEMS
The new Series II CPU Board features a 4 MHz
Z-80A CPU and a full feature front panel. 20
slot actively terminated motherboard, with 25
amp power supply (50/60 Hz operation, incl.
68cfmfan). DPS 1. List$2,195
CALL FOR PRICE
COMPLETE SYSTEM with InterSystem 64K
RAM, I/O Board and double density disk
controller board. List $3795
CALL FOR PRICE
a
Cromemco
CS-O/D
A complete 64K Computer with Double
Density Disk Controller.
List $2995 Our Price $2545
Companion Disk Drive for above, Quad
Density, 780 Kilobytes of storage on the two
drives.
List $1295 Our Price $1099
Complete 64K Disk System Our Price $3644
SUPERBRAIN
64K Double or Quad Density units available. Uses
two Z-80 CPU's. Commercial-type terminal with
12" monitor. Dual double density minifloppies.
Over 350 kilobytes of storage (twice that with quad
density drives). Two serial RS232 ports. I/O ports
standard. Comes with CP/Mtm 2.2 operating sys-
tem. MiniMicroMart can supply a wide rarige of
CP/M development and application software.
w/64K Double Density, List $3495 . . $2869
w/64K Quad Density. List $3995 $3395
COMPLETE BUSINESS
AND WORD
PROCESSING
AVAILABLE FROM US
Call or Write for details.
TeleVideo
TeleVideo,a leading producer of CRT term-
inals, has introduced a full line of computer sys-
tems, they are designed to be used as stand-a-
lone devices or as part of multi-user distributed
process systems. All are competitively priced.
Two of the very interesting systems are self-
contained desk-top computers (like the Super-
brain and the Advantage). Very competitively
priced is the TS802 with two quad density mini
floppies. It lists for $3,495. The other features a
5 Mg. hard disk, the TS802H,it lists for $6,995.
CALL FOR OUR PRICES.
They also offer aTS808 (8 user) and the TS816
(16 user) distributed process computers with
Winchester hard disks. The TeleVideo TS801,a
64 K Z-80 machine with dual quad mini-floppies
is only $3,995 list. All TeleVideo systems can
be networked together using a high-speed ser-
ial port (RS422 at 800 kbs).
CALL FOR DETAILS AND PRICES
MiniMicroMart also stocks Cromemco
NorthS tar, Hewlett Packard, and other
leading computers Please Call
SYSTEMS GROUP
Systems Group, a division of Measurement
Systems Controls, long known for high quality
memory boards has introduced a line of S100
computer systems. Their implementation of
CP/M* is truelt unique. MP/ M* and OASIS"
operating systems are available. In addition to
the system we have advertised, System Group
offers units with built in Winchester hard disks.
The system comes with 64K of RAM and a
DMA floppy disk controller board, as well as,
two 8" disk drives. Serial and Parallel ports are
provided.
Model 2812
(with dual double density, single-sided drives).
List $5,035 $3 - 9 "
Model 2814 with double density, double sided
drives) List $5,890 $4,699
DYNABYTE
-DRASTIC PRICE REDUCTION!-
Dynabyte manufactures a full line of S-100
computer systems with a variety of mini-floppy
and 8" disks. A full range of Winchester hard
disks is also available. They have drasticlly re-
duced prices on a good deal of their product
line and have also introduced a new compact
computer, featuring a single quad density 5 54"
floppy and a bV<" Winchester hard disk in a
single package. The units are available with 6,
10, or 16 Megabyte Winchesters.
Dynabyte provides CP/M* 2.2, MP/ M® ,or
OASIS operating systems as options, they also
offer the Business Maneger,a fully integrated
complete accounting package including inven-
torycontrol and order entry. It is user friendly
and reasonably priced. Dynabyte also offers
other application software.
MiniMicroMart stocks a reletively large por-
tion of the Extensive and flexible Dynabyte line
NEW DYNABYTES
5505/81 (64K mini-floppy and 6Mg. miniwinnie)
List $6,995 our price $5,595
5505/B1 (64K mini-floppy w/ 10Mg. miniwinnie
List $7,695, our price $6,155
5605/C1 (64K mini-floppy w/16Mg. miniwinnie
List $8,495 our price $6,795
5300/C1 (64K dual, single sided 8" drives)
List $4,995, our price $3,995
5300/B2 (64K dual, double sided 8" drives)
List $5,995 our price $4,795
5200/ A2 (64K dual, quad mini-floppy)
List $3,995 our price $3,195
A full line of 8" Winchesters is also in stock.
Mini Micro Mart, Inc.
943 W.Genesee St. Syracuse, N.Y. 13204
(315)422-4467 TWX710 541 0431
Mini Micro Mart, Inc
943 W.Genesee St. P.O.Box 2992 K
Syracuse, N.Y. 13220 315-422-4467
We Have it All !. .Now at an extra 5% off
Terminals and Printers
TeleVideo
925C
Protected fields, optional 2nd page of mem-
ory, visual attributes, tilt-swivel screen (non-
glare P31 green), 25th status /user line, time
of day, can emulate 912/920, RS232C printer
port, 50 Baud to 19.2KB., 8x10 character reso-
lution, switchable character sets, function keys
self test.
91 0C,
912C,
920C.
925C.
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
950C CAL
SOROC
IQ-120
List $995
SPECIAL
$695
* ^^ * wV* ■ •••••• Vwwv
IQ 135 $749
IQ 135G $799
IQ140 $1149
Tl CRT Terminals
940 Basic $1599
940 Packaqe $2079
HAZELTINE
1420 w/ lower case and numeric pad .... CALL
1500 CALL
"^"^^••••••••••••••••••■••••••••••« K^ AA L L.
' *^»" ••••••*••••••••••••■•••••«•••• \^ AA L L
Executive 80-Model 20 CALL
Executive 80 Model 30 CALL
Executive 80 Model 20 Package CALL
Executive 80 Model 30 Package CALL
TfMirH
data
systems
Z19 Video Terminal
Green Phosphorus
Screen
List, $895. ...
OUR PRICE
$729
CENTRONICS
730-1 Parallel, List $860 NEW LOW $399
730-3, (RS232C) NEW LOW $489
739-1 w/ Graphics, Parallel,. . . NEW LOW $525
739-3Bw/ Graphics, (RS232C) NEW LOW $639
704-9 150 cps,(RS232C) $1595
704-11 150cps, Parallel $1695
122G 120cps, Parallel $949
352, 200 CPS CALL
353, 200 CPS CALL
DIABLO 630 (RS232055CPS $2299
QUME
Sprint 9/45, LTD. ,45 CPS,RS232C . . . $2119
necSPINWRITER
3510 RO, 35 CPS $1945
3530 RO, Cent. Interface, 35 CPS $1945
7710 RO, (RS232C),55 CPS $2395
7720 KSR, (RS232C), 55 CPS $2999
7730 RO, Cent. Interface, 55 CPS, $2395
PAPER TIGER
IDS 445 $669
IDS 445G $749
IDS 560 $1099
IDS 560G $1139
IDS Prism 80 9$998
IDS Prism 80 w/color $1349
IDS Prism 132 $1349
IDS Prism 132 w/color $1695
Texas Instruments
Tl 810 Basic $1349
810 (RS232C) & Cent. Parallel Inter . . . $1395
810VCO/full $1595
820 RO w/lower case $1645
820 RO w/full ASCII, comp. print . $1795
745 Portable Terminal $1399
745 Portable Terminal w/U/L case . . $1495
EPSON
MX 80 $499
MX-80FT $599
MX 100FT $799
RS232 Serial Interface $65
RS232/2K Buffer Interface $125
Graftrax II $90
Apple Printer Interface $75
OKIDATA MICROLINE
80 $389
82A $519
83A $849
84 $1199
Tractor Feed Option 80/ 82 A $59
CITOH
Pro Writer, Parallel $549
Pro Writer, Serial & Parallel $599
ANADEX
DP 9500 $1349
DP 9501 $1349
Mini Micro Mart
943 W.Genesee St. P.O.Box 2992 K
Syracuse,l\I.Y. 13220 315-422-4467
We Have It All /. .Now at an extra 5% off
CEnTRDniC5
STANDARD FEATURES
100CPS Monospaced Mode
80 CPS Propor. Spaced Mode
Propor. Spacing, PLUS 10CPI
and 16.7 CPI
Nx9 (Propor.) or 7x8 (Mono-
spaced) Dot Matrix
Pin Adjustable Graphics-
Res. 74Dots/IN.
3 Way Paper Handling System
Paper Out Switch
TOF (66 Lines or 72 Lines)
Self Test
96 Character ASCII
Microprocessor Electronics
Expanded Print
Right Margin Justification
Print Underlining
9 Wire Free Flight Printhead
Bi Direct. Paper Movement
Full One Line Buffer
6 Lines/ in. Vertical Spacing
£
739-1 Dot Matrix Printer
(parallel)
List $695
CEN-27391-0.
739-3 Dot Matrix Printer
(RS232 Serial)
List $795 C EN -27393- B
730-1 (parallel)
Dot Matrix Printer
List $860 C EN -27301-0
$399
730-3 Dot Matrix Printer
(RS232 Serial)
List $915 CEN-27303-0 ..$489
STANDARD FEATURES
• 100 characters/second
@ 10 CPI; 132 CPL @ 16.7 CPI
• 80 characters/line
• 30 Ipm with 80 columns
printed
• 75 Ipm with 20 columns
printed
• microprocessor electronics
• 7x7 dot matrix
• 10 characters/inch and 16.7
characters/inch
• 6 Ipi vertical
• unidirectional print and
return approximately 10 ips
• 3-way paper handling
system
•-96 character ASCII
• 1 Line Buffer, Parallel
256 Char. Buffer, Serial
6081
Band Line Printer
List,$7i20CEN-28061-0.. $5695
600 Lines Per Minute
(750 LPN with a 48 character set)
STANDARD
• 132 CPL
• 15 IPS Slew Rate
• Microprocessor Electronics
• 10 CPI Horizontal Spacing
• 6/8 LPI Vertical Spacing
• Out of Paper Sensor
• Cassette Ribbon
• 12 Channel Direct Access
VFU
• Auto Motor Control
• Operator Control Panel
FEATURES
• UL and CSA Approved
• 4" to 17" Forms Width
• Operator Changeable Font
• CDCC 8-BIT Parallel or Data
Products Interface
• Floor Standing Cabinet
• Forms Density Control
• Test Print
• Paper Restacking
• 1 to 6 Part Forms Capability
• 3" to 17" Forms Length
350
Dot Matrix Printer
Call For Price
STANDARD FEATURES
200 CPS
Bidirectional/Logic Seeking
7x8 Dot Matrix; 9th Wire
Underline
Cut Sheet and Continuous
Fanfold Forms Handling
Demand Document
Capability; Forms Tearoff
Withing 1" of Last Printed
Line
Serial and Parallel Interface
Pin Addressable Graphics
Universal 50/60 Hz Power
Supply
96 ASCII Plus 7 International
Character Sets. Space for 96
Character Alternate Set
Operator Replaceable
Snap-In Printhead
Self Diagnostics on
Power-Up; Self-Test Feature
Downline Loadable 96
Character Set
• Extensive User Selectable or
Program Controlled
Parameter Selection
• 3 Digit Liquid Crystal Display
to Facilitate Parameter
Selection
• Horizontal and Vertical Tabs
• Top and Bottom Margin
• Auto Line Feed
• 2 Channel Downstream
Loadable VFU
• Nonvolatile Parameter
Storage via Control Panel
• Subscript/Superscript
• 8 IPS Paper Slew
• 132 Column Print Width at 10
CPI
• 6 Part Forms Handling
Capability
• Audible Alarm
• Column Scale and Tear Bar
• Centronics Colors and Logo
• Cover Interlock Switch
Mini Micro Mart, Inc.
943 W.Genesee St. P.O.Box 2992 K
Syracuse,N.Y. 13220 315-422-4467
CONFUSED ABOUT A SYSTEM CHOICE ?
We have always featured machines intended for business use, word
processing, as well as for scientific and industrial applications. We have
not been involved in machines where games, and game software were
strong points.
In general, we stock and recommend systems that support a standard
24x80 display, addresses 64K of RAM, and is capable of running a CP/M
compatible operating system.
APPLE II
The Apple II is without question an extremely popular machine in the
personal computer marketplace; it helped make the industry what it is
today. However the Apple II is a five year old design.
The Apple II uses a 6502 processor, and a special version of Microsoft
Basic. Hundreds and hundreds of software packages exist for the Apple.
Most are games but there are also many business oriented programs (the
most notable of which is VisiCalc). However, few sophisticated business
packages have been written for it because of the limited capabilities of the
hardware (the limited disk storage, and the lack of a 24x80 display).
The Apple enthusiast will counter with the numerous 24x80 display
conversions that exist, and the availability of various 8" disk drives, as
well as hard disks. This is all true. And with the addition of Microsoft's
Softcard, and an additional 16K of RAM, the Apple will run a great variety
(but not all) of the programs intended to run under a CP/M operating
system.
If you already own an Apple, and have a lot of software developed for
it, there are certainly ways to enhance it. However, the wise owner would
consider the alternatives before investing good money after bad.
If you do not already own an Apple, visit your local dealer; have him
quote you on a system with two disk drives, 64K jf memory, a printer
interface card and a 24x80 video board. Include the cost of a decent high
resolution monitor, as a TV set won't suffice and the cheap monitors
won't either.
Before you take out your checkbook, examine the total price, and
give it a little thought. Will the Apple disks give you all the storage you
need, for either word processing applications or for you other require-
ments? Of course, you can always add a hard disk, but would you care to
back up 10 megabytes 130K at a time? Two Apple disks give you 260K,
less then that of one drive on a SuperBrain, Horizon, Advantage or Tele-
Video Systems computer.
Most important of all, does all the software you're ever going to use
exist for the Apple II? Probably not, and if there is some CP/M software
you may want to run you have to add the Microsoft Softcard, etc...
Calculate the price of an Apple II configured as a business system —
you will find that it is no bargain.
APPLE III
There is no question that the Apple III is more of a business system
than the Apple II. The Wall Street Journal called the Apple III a lemon.
We think tney were unfair, even though there were serious technical
difficulties. The Apple III isn't much as a business machine either. It also
has limited disk capacity, and very little software is available to run on it.
ATARI
Atari has an outstanding entry level machine, with better color graphics
than Apple, and certainly a better value. Neither the Atari 400 or 800 are
what we call business machines, but Corvus will supply a hard disk.
COMMODORE
Commodore , with an endless variety of machines and marketing plans
has never been a serious contender in the business machine world; The
Pet uses a 6502 processor, their own version of Microsoft Basic, and their
own interfaces. They aren't compatible with anyone.
There is absolutely no question that the IBM personal computer is
going to be one of the top sellers; it will give the Apple management fits
as it will compete with both the Apple II and the Apple III. Even though it
will be an outstanding success, it is still more of a home computer than a
business machine. Had anyone other than IBM introduced it, it would
have received very few press notices, and would have been a failure.
IBM chose a 16 bit chip, totally unnecessary for the task at hand,
except for enhanced graphics, and interfaced it to an 8 bit bus. Their is
very little software for it, and extensive new software will be a longtime
in coming.
For word processing and business applications the 16 bit processor
hasn't done anything for the user in the long run; it has merely created a
scramble to develop software.
A business system should neve 64K of RAM, end two disks with e minimum capacity of 250K each. A CP/M type of operating
system is e MUST. THE ACTUAL BRAND OF THE SYSTEM ISNT THAT IMPORTANT.
In spite of these comments the IBM machine will be extremely popular
and someday we hope to sell it.
Z 80s AND S-100 SYSTEMS
The early emergence of CP/M as a defacto standard operating system
for 8080/Z80 based microprocessor systems was perhaps the most single
significant factor in fostering the rapid growth of the personal computer
industry. It enhanced the popularity of 80807Z80 based systems. It
fostered the developement of high caliber software, since one could write
it simultaneously for a multitude of different systems. Software written
for an IMSAI also ran on a Cromemco, NorthStar, Vector Graphic,
Dynabyte, Industrial Micro Systems, ALTOS, or SuperBrain computer
(the vendor list is endless and it included many home brew systems).
Most systems that run CP/M, also run Digital Research's MP/M, a
multi-user system. OASIS, an operating system with most of the features
found on large systems, runs on most of the systems named above, in
both single user and multi-user versions. Cromemco has CDOS which is
virtually CP/M compatible, and also has perhaps the best multi-user
system, Cromix, which is a UNIX look alike. Cromix runs most CDOS and
CP/M programs.
NorthStar has TSS/C, which runs NorthStar Basic as well as CP/M,
in a multi-user environment; there is IO/S and multi-user IO/S (which are
CP/M compatible) and Morrow has introduced Micronix, another UNIX
look alike which runs CP/M as a task. There is also TP/M.
This compatibility of CP/M software and the S-100 hardware propelled
8080/Z80 based microprocessor systems into serious contention with 16
bit minicomputers, and assured their dominance in commercial and
industrial applications over the 6502 based Apples and Pets, as well as the
struggling 6800 contenders.
One can purchase an S-100 system, without fear of obsolescence,
since the boards are for the most part interchangeable.
16 BITS
Three or four years ago I remember a customer who postponed buying
a system because 16 bit systems were just around the corner. The same
16 bit systems are still just around the corner; the chips have existed for
years, but millions of man hours of software are still lagging behind.
Perhaps by late 1982 or in the early half of 1983, enough software will be
available for the 8088's, the Z8000's, and the 68000's so they will be able
to compete in practical usefulness with the average Z80 based machine.
MiniMicroMart will be selling the leaders in the 16 bit field. Cromemco
has introduced a 68000 S-100 based machine which will run a Cromix
operating system. Don't get confused — this doesn't mean that pract-
ically anything that runs in Cromemco's current Cromix is going to run on
the 68000 machine;
If one is going 16 bit, it would seem that currently the 68000 is the way
to go; in reality it is a 32 bit microprocessor that multiplexes data onto a
16 bit bus.
8086/8088's, Z8000's and 68000's are high performance processors; to
take full advantage of them it will require more complex systems and
additional memory. They will benefit only those who rely on these sys-
tems for extensive number crunching, and in heavily used large multi-user
systems. I doubt that they will have much benefit for the individual user
to running his payroll, his general ledger, or his word processing.
DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING
Distributed processing is the best of many worlds. It is possible to put
eight or more users on a single Z80, but if there are eight simultaneous
users, particularly in operations that are processor intensive, it would
tend to slow it down. There is no reason to share a Z80.
A number of systems now provide a complete Z80 system for every
user, and permit sharing a single data base on a common hard disk.
Among the first was, the Intertec CompuStar system. TeleVideo has
introduced a variety of systems that operate in a similar fashion.
The Discovery System from ACTION, and other vendors provide
similar, even more sophisticated S-100 systems. Some of these systems
are running the new Turbodos operating system.
These systems have one thing in common — every user has his own
Z80, his own 64K of RAM, and his own I/O ports; the executive operating
system has its own Z80 and its own 64K of RAM and manages the
common hard disk.
Obviously the S-100 systems accomplish this with numerous single
board computers plugged into one bus; TeleVideo and Intertec accom-
plish essentially the same thing by communicating to the master system
over special data cables. There are pros and cons to both. TeleVideo and
Intertec provide for every user being totally independent, as every user
can have two minifloppies as part of his terminal/computer station.
IILLION DOLLAR INVENTORY CLEARANC
On the adjoining page is an order form. Use it!
Even if it is only to get on our permanent
mailing list — send it in with or without
an order.
Until April 30, 1982 we are giving an extra 5% off on
over one million dollars worth of our already discounted
offerings.
Most, but not all items are included. If you are thinking
of buying a system, this is the ideal time; if you already
have a system, this is the time to add peripherals or up-
grade it.
Even if you can't make the purchase now, get on the
mailing list to hear about future specials.
Why are we reducing prices?
Late in 1981 MiniMicroMart moved to new larger
quarters and finally got all of its inventory under one roof;
we were able to organize our stock.
Our auditor started using our inhouse computers to
advantage, and suggested drastically reducing inventory
levels on some items and increasing the inventory on
others. In the end, we will actually be increasing our total
inventory, as many new lines will be added.
Enclosed with this Mini Catalog is a printout of some of
some of the inventory items that our auditor considered
excess stock. 5% was deducted from normally discounted
prices. The report shows our excess inventory level, on the
date it was printed.
These prices were calculated using our internal price list.
In spite of diligent efforts to correct it, it does contain
errors. It is our intention to offer you 5% off of our regular
prices. So we absolutely reserve the right to correct them.
We plan to go back to normal pricing on May 1, 1982, or
when the excess stock of any item is depleted.
The price list enclosed is not complete; if you don't see
what you want, call or write. The extra 5% will also be
applied to selected items which may not be in inventory, to
help us meet purchase commitments, etc. . .
However, on items not on the list, it will be our option to
apply the additional discount. Obviously you can expect
immediate delivery on these sale items. In the event that
we run out of stock while your order is in transit, we re-
serve the right to cancel your order, and send you a full
refund. In most cases we will attempt to honor the sale
price, if you are willing to wait for us to get delivery.
New products and price reductions
We have been able to significantly reduce the price of
most 64K RAM boards (our extra 5% will also apply)
including Cromemco, NorthStar, Systems Group (MSC),
Memory Merchant, and California Computer Systems.
Just take a look at our new prices on the HP-85 and the
new HP-125, and many HP accessory items. Dynabyte has
also reduced prices and there has also been a substantial
price reduction on the NorthStar Horizon.
The new HP 87 with CP/M
Hewlett-Packard has introduced a new compact desk-
top computer, replacing the HP-83 which will combine the
best of both worlds; it offers your choice of HP's propriet-
ory Series 80 microprocessor and software or you can plug
in an accessory CP/M board (a la Apple); the desktop unit
has a built-in 24x80 display, and provides for virtually
unlimited memory. It comes with 32K of RAM at $2495 list
(our price will be $1995). The Z 80 CP/M card, including
64K of RAM will list for $495, our price $399. You will have
to add an HP disk drive (see our new low prices).
Without question this machine will be serious competi-
tion for the Apple II, the Apple III, and IBM personal
computers. It is a serious professional computer (no one
outdoes HP in quality); VisiCalc is available, as well as
WordStar (in CP/M); other software for business and
professional applications are being made available in
HP Basic.
You can install and address over 500K of RAM, if
necessary, (some VisiCalc users will love it), and their Visi-
Calc runs their plotters directly (including the new one,
which will list for around $1500).
New Mini Winchesters
Last year dozens of manufacturers introduced b y W
mini-winnies; now they are starting to deliver and some are
increasing the capacity. Most of our vendors are starting
to deliver systems and subsystems employing these units.
They are priced so that every serious computer user can
afford them.
Cromemco has introduced a 5 megabyte for under
$3500 list and NorthStar has one at under $3000 list; these
units are specifically for these machines. Morrow has
introduced their Discus M5, with a new DMA controller,
which will run on most S-100 systems for under $2500 list,
and Konan has introduced the David subsystems which
will run on the Apple, the Xerox, the TRS-80, S-100, and
perhaps soon on machines such as the IBM and the Super-
Brain. The Konan David lists $2995 for the Apple, and is
slightly more for other machines and for capacities over
5 megabytes.
Corvus has reduced prices on their product line (5, 10
and 20 megabyte) and has made them available for virtual-
ly every microprocessor system. Intertec has reduced the
price of the 10 megabyte drive for the SuperBrain and
CompuStarto$3995.
And in most cases the MiniMicroMart extra 5%
will apply.
The Cromemco 68000 System
Cromemco has announced their long awaited 68000
computer, using a Cromix operating system. (The 68000 is
a true 32 bit CPU, multiplexed on a 16 bit bus). Their CPU
board will also have a Z-80A processor. The software will
automatically choose the Z-80 or the 68000 Cromix oper-
ating system and then turn on the corresponding CPU
chip. It will prepare you for the future while enjoying the
opportunity to use available Z-80 software.
The battle lines are clear; the 68000 will be the winner
amongst the contenders for dominance in the 16 and 32 bit
microprocessor field. It will be the choice by those needing
a more powerful processor for extensive number crunch-
ing and heavy multi-user use.
The Cromemco 68000/Z-80 CPU board lists for $995; a
memory management board, as well as 256K and 512K
RAM boards will complete the line.
Mini Micro Mart, Inc.
943 W.Genesee St. Box 2847K Syracuse, N.Y. 13204 (315) 422-4467 TWX 710-541-0431
PLEASE TYPE OR PRINT
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NOTES AND SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS
COMMENTS
All prices, F.O.B. shipping point, subject to change. All offers subject to withdrawal without notice. Advertised
prices reflect a 2% cash discount (order prepaid prior to shipment). C.O.D.'s and credit cards are 2% higher.
Sub-Total
(minimum $15.00)
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Shipping
(minimum $3.00)
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I regularly read:
B D Byte
C D Creative Computing
M D 80 Microcomputing
L D Electronic News
D D Radio Electronics
W D Computer World
OTHER
K D Kilobaud/ Microcomp.
I D Interface Age
F Dlnfoworid
U □ Popular Electronics
E D Computer Design
X D Personal Computing
(X) I own (put an X in the box if you own ona
(O) Interested (circla if considering purchase)
A D Apple
T □ TRS-80 Mod. I /III
S D Superbrain
Z □ Zenith Z 89
C □ Cromemco
O D Other 8060/Z80
P D Pet
R □ TRS-80 Mod. II
H □ HP-85
N D NorthStar
W □ Other S-100
CP/M SYSTEMS
Some years back MINIMICROMART made the wise choice to sell only sys-
tems that supported a CP/M operating system. Since then Z-80 CP/M conver-
sion boards have been introduced for the very popular APPLE II (SEE THE
SPECIAL ON THIS PAGE) APPLE is touting the fact that soon a CP/M upgrade
will be available for the APPLE III; we understand that a Z-80 CP/M board is
being introduced for the new IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER.
HEWLETT PACKARD introduced a machine called "the personal office
computer" (the HP- 125) and it was CP/M based; they have just introduced
the new HP-87, with one of the principal features being an accessory Z-80
board running CP/M. DEC, the world's largest manufacturer of minicompu-
ters has introduced a kit to upgrade their VT-100 terminal to a Z-80 based
CP/M compatible computer. XEROX has introduced their 820, which is also
CP/M based. It is significant that many TRS-80 I and III users are running a
modified CP/M and that most TRS-80 model II users are probably running
CP/M. The Ohio Scientific machines, which started out primarily as a 6502
based product, now finds most of its users, using it as a Z-80 CP/M machine.
NEED WE SAY MORE. Follow the tidal wave, buy a CP/M based machine.
We sell the leading ones, and you can't go very far wrong buying any of the
lines we sell. We would be pleased in helping you select a system from CRO-
MEMCO, NORTH STAR, DYNABYTE, MORROW, SYSTEMS GROUP, INTER-
TEC, INTERSYSTEMS, TELEVIDEO SYSTEMS, CALIFORNIA COMPUTER
SYSTEMS. HEWLETT-PACKARD, ZENITH and others.
If you would prefer an APPLE Or an ATARI or a NEC PC-8000, we can get
you one. However you get what you pay for, and if you analyze all of the
machines you will find that there isn't much difference in price between any
of them configured to do the same thing, and offering the equivalent amount
of disk storage.
TRS-80 OWNERS
IF YOU OWN A TRS-80, BE SURE TO LET US KNOW
We will put you on a special mailing list (advise if you have a model I, II, or
III.)
We will advise you of special offerings. Currently we are offering the CEN-
TRONICS 730, at only $399. Until April 30th, you can take an extra 5%
discount, on this printer which is identical to the RADIO SHACK LINE
PRINTER II. We are also offering 40 track disk drives, with cabinet and power
supply, suitable for the TRS-80 MODEL I for only $279.
At a special price we have some LOBO expansion interfaces; they permit
using both large and small drives, single and double density. Call us.
APPLE OWNER
Be sure to get on our special Apple mailing list, if you own an Apple (or are
planning on buying one).
Right now, we are offering an exceptional value on an upgrade to CP/M® for
your APPLE II. You can have the MICROSOFT SOFTCARD (a board with a
Z 80, with MICROSOFT BASIC and CP/M® included), MICROSOFT'S BUF-
FERED 16K RAM BOARD, the VIDEX VIDEOTERM 80 column board, with a
soft video switch and inverse video, all for only $639. This has a retail value
of over $1,000.
Until April 30, 1982, you can buy a NOVATION APPLE CAT II modem from
us for $312.55, and we will also include your choice of an APPLE CAT II
handset (value $29) or an APPLE CAT II BSR remote controlled transformer
(value $19) free.
MINIMICROMART also stocks and is currently offering at special prices
APPLE boards from SSM, MOUNTAIN COMPUTER, and CALIFORNIA COM-
PUTER SYSTEMS. In addition, we have excellent prices on VISICALC, etc.
from PERSONAL SOFTWARE.
SERVICE
Prospective purchasers of computers, particularly business systems are al-
ways concerned about service. Of course all the systems come with a limited
manufacturer's warranty, usually 90 days. The beauty of S-100 systems is
we can very often trouble shoot them on the phone and determine which
board is defective. Some of our customers stock their own spare boards, if
they are extremely concerned about downtime.
Many of the manufacturers have now made arrangements for third party
on site service in all the major cities. CROMEMCO has made the arrangement
with TRW and NORTH STAR has a contract with SORBUS. TELEVIDEO SYS-
TEMS works through GENERAL ELECTRIC APPARATUS SERVICE, and IN-
TERTEC through CARTERFONE. ZENITH also has provided for on site service
through independent dealers and service centers. Perhaps the best and most
extensive on site service is available through HEWLETT-PACKARD for their
HP- 125; if you are willing to pay for it, they will even provide you with on site
training.
CENTRONICS offers on site service on their commercial printers and
TEXAS INSTRUMENTS has an extensive service organization for their ma-
chines. EPSON has made arrangements for you to bring your printer to certain
RCA service centers.
PRICING POLICY
ALL MINIMICROMART ADVERTISED PRICES, UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECI-
FIED, ASSUMES THAT THE ORDER WILL BE FULLY PREPAID PRIOR TO
SHIPMENT. This advertised prices includes our prepayment 2% "cash dis-
count." If you prefer a C.O.D. or wish to use a VISA or MASTER CHARGE
card, please add 2% to our advertised prices (some of our price lists show a
"discount" price as well as a "cash" price — the discount price includes the
additional 2%).
SHIPPING & C.O.D.
Our normal method of shipping is UNITED PARCEL SERVICE; please include
estimated shipping fee. Any overpayment in excess of $1 will be refunded.
Our minimum charge for shipping, handling and insurance is $3.00. Large
cartons and any single carton with a weight in excess of 50 lbs. has to be
shipped by truck or air freight. Freight charges, by air or truck, are normally
shipped freight charges collect. Please note: C.O.D. fees charged by air and
truck lines (especially truck) are at the discretion of the carrier and can be
extremely expensive. We have seen truck C.O.D. fees that have been 4% of
the C.O.D. amount. (There is no extra fee for the actual freight charges col-
lect.) We strongly suggest that you prepay all purchases which are to be
shipped by air or truck.
Unless arrangements are made otherwise, all C.O.D.s in excess of $100
will require cash or bank cashier's check. (In fact, if we fail to notify a truck or
air carrier otherwise, their normal practice is to require cash or bank checks.)
BANK WIRES
Many of our customers have found using the electronic communications net-
work of the Federal Reserve system a convenient way to arrange for prepay-
ments. Bank wires are reasonably inexpensive and take but a few hours; they
are available from nearly all banks, and if you know your banker he will do it
for you on the strength of a telephone call. If you care to wire us funds, our
bank is the MARINE MIDLAND BANK, SYRACUSE, NY, ACCOUNT #210-
72564-8. Tell your banker that we need to be "phone advised."
PURCHASE ORDERS
We do accept purchase orders from government institutions, schools, and
large corporations such as those listed on the New York or American stock
exchanges, and that have exceptionally high Dun and Bradstreet ratings. We
regret that we cannot accept purchase orders from smaller firms. Exceptions
will be made to rated firms who have purchased from us in excess of one year
and whose average purchases exceed $2500/month.
As previously stated, our advertised prices are for orders that are prepaid,
obviously pricing on orders that incur the expense of billing and for which
payment will be delayed for an extended period are billed at a higher price. We
do allow a prompt payment discount, the new effect of which reduces the
purchase order price to almost the cash price.
PRICE CHANGES
Prices in this industry change constantly. We reserve the right to alter prices
without notification for any reason, especially to correct unavoidable errors.
We also reserve the right to withdraw any offer without notice. We usually
bend this policy to the benefit of the customer.
CLAIMS AND RETURNS
Inspect all shipments immediately upon receipt. Missing cartons or obvious
damage should be noted on the respective delivery receipt when it is signed.
In the case of concealed damage notify the respective carrier at once, and
request an inspection. Claims for shortage or damages must be made within
one week after receipt of shipment. Claims for lost shipments must be made
within two weeks of receipt of invoice or other notification of actual ship-
ment. Damaged cartons must be saved until the claim is settled.
MINIMICROMART will not accept any merchandise for return or exchange
without a return authorization number (RMA #). If you receive equipment
which is malfunctioning, or apparently malfunctioning, contact our customer
service department. We will advise you as to whether the unit is to be re-
turned to us or to the manufacturer, or whether on site service is available.
MINIMICROMARTassumes that the purchaser has made a proper selection
and does not assume any responsibility for a customer choosing the wrong
system, accessory, or software. All sales are final; software vendors nor-
mally do not allow us to accept software for credit or exchange.
The right to return merchandise for exchange or credit is totally at the dis-
cretion of MINIMICROMART, INC.; in any case, unless there has been an error
by MINIMICROMART, INC., the customer will pay freight charges in both
directions and there will be a restocking charge. The minimum restocking
charge is $20 or 20%, whichever is larger.
If a customer receives defective merchandise it will be the policy of MINI-
MICROMART, INC. to pay for the cost of returning the repaired or exchanged
unit to the customer. Normally the customer will pay for the cost of returning
the defective unit to MINIMICROMARTor other designated repair facility.
WARRANTY
Since the Seller, Mini Micro Mart, Inc. does not control the use of its products,
there are no express warranties which extend beyond the description of the
face hereof. Seller disclaims any implied warranties of merchantability or of
fitness for any particular purpose. Since Seller cannot control the manner or
use of its products after their sale. Seller shall not be responsible for any
consequential or indirect damages. Since Seller is only acting as a distributor
of products manufactured by other companies. Seller expressly limits its
liabilities to any guarantees extended by the manufacturer, which guarantees
seller will pass through to the customer. Seller will at its option, either replace
the goods sold or refund the purchase price.
THIS MINIMICROMART PRICE LIST REFLECTS OUR EXTRA 5% REDUCTION PAGE 1
MARCH 12, 1982
MFG-PRODUCT CODE
STOCK #
DESCRIPTION
SPECIAL
PRICE
ADK AMDEK / LEEDEX
ADK-APPLE II
ADK-39000-A
ADK-VIDEO 100
ADK-60100-0
ADK-VIDEO 100G
ADK-60100-G
ADK-VIDEO 300
ADK-60300-G
ADK-COLORI
ADK-62000-0
ADK-COLOR II
ADK-62002-0
CCS CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS
CCS-2002A
CCS-10253-4
CCS-2200-01/02
CCS-12200-1
CCS-2210-01
CCS-12210-A
CCS-2810-01
CCS-31000-A
CCS-2016BA
CCS-32016-1
CCS-2016BC
CCS-32016-3
CCS-2116A
CCS-32016-A
CCS-2116B
CCS-32016-B
CCS-2116-03
CCS-32016-C
CCS-2032-03
CCS-32032-2
CCS-2032B
CCS-32032-3
CCS-2032A
CCS-32032-4
CCS-2065-03
CCS-32064-2
CCS-2422-01
CCS-33200-8
CCS-2710-01
CCS-34000-A
CCS-2720-1
CCS-34010-A
CCS-2500-01
CCS-39010-A
CCS-2510-01
CCS-39020-A
CCS-2520AK
CCS-39051-K
CCS-7424A
CCS-39424-A
CCS-7712A
CCS-39712-A
CCS-7728-01
CCS-39728-A
CCS-7470-01
CCS-39747-A
CCS-7710-01
CCS-39771-A
CCS-7720-02
CCS-39772-B
CCS-T2400AA
CCS-52400-A
CCS-T5400AA
CCS-55400-A
CCS-7340A
CCS-57340-A
CCS-737 9A
CCS-57379-A
CEN CENTRONICS
CEN-704-11
CEN-27041-1
CEN-704-9
CEN-27049-0
CEN-730-1
CEN-27301-0
CEN-730-3
CEN-27303-0
CEN-737-3
CEN-27373-0
CEN-737-4
CEN-27374-0
CEN-739-1
CEN-27391-0
CEN-739-3B
CEN-27393-B
CEN-739-4B
CEN-27394-B
CIT-8510
CIT-28510-0
APPLE HIGH RES COLOR ADP
LOW COST 12 IN VIDEO MONITOR
12 IN VIDEO MONITOR-GREEN PHOS
12 IN GREEN MONITOR H. RES
13 IN COLOR MONITOR
13 IN COLOR MONITOR H RES
34 PIN CABLE
12 SLOT MNFRM-+8V@8A,+/~16@4
BASIC SYS-S100 COMPUTER A&T
Z-80 CPU BOARD- ASM
450NS 16K STATIC RAM BD-ASM
200NS 16K STATIC RAM- ASM
16K STATIC RAM-450 NS
16K STATIC RAM-300 NS
16K STATIC S-100 BD-200NS
32K STATIC RAM BD-200NS
32K STATIC RAM BD-300NS
32K STATIC RAM BD-450NS-ASM
64K DYNAMIC RAM BD-200NS ASM
DD FLOPPY DSK CTRL W/CP/M
4 PORT S/IO S-100 BD
S-100 4 PORT P/IO BOARD
PT-1 S-100 WIREWRAP PROTO BD
PT-2 S-100 SOLDERTAIL PROTO BD
S-100 EXTENDER TERMINATOR KIT
APPLE CALENDAR CLK
APPLE SYNCH DER INTERFACE
APPLE CENTRONICS PRINTER INT
APPLE BCD A/D CONVERTER
APPLE ASYNCH RONOUS INTERFC
APPLE PARALL W/CEN ROM & CBL
HUH MINI 8100S-ASM
HUH-MINI 8100-ASM
CABLE-7728 TO IDS-440
CABLE-MODEL 7728A/CEN PRTR
150 CPS DOT MATRIX-CENT INFCE
RS232 9X9 DOT MATRIX PRINTER
50 CPS DOT MATRIX PRINTER-PAR
100 CPS DOT MATRIX PRTR-SERIAL
PROP SPACING SERIAL PRINTER
80 CPS SERIAL PRINTER-220V
DOT MATRIX HI -DENS W/GRAPHICS
HI-DENS DOT MATRIX-RS232
HI DEN DOTMATRIX RS232-220V
DOT MATRIX PAR/SER PRINTER
160.55
132.05
141.55
189.05
341.05
759.05
25.65
341.05
1,705.25
255.55
204.25
246.05
204.25
166.25
246.05
569.05
574.75
508.25
474.05
322.05
236.55
189.05
37.05
27.55
36.10
94.05
141.55
94.05
94.05
132.05
113.05
93.10
114.00
27.55
27.55
1,610.25
1,515.25
379.05
464.55
664.05
664.05
498.75
607.05
654.55
569.05
THIS MINIMICROMART PRICE LIST REFLECTS OUR EXTRA 5% REDUCTION
PAGE
MARCH 12 , 19 82
MFG- PRODUCT CODE
STOCK
DESCRIPTION
SPECIAL
PRICE
COM-912-P
COM-29120-P
CRO CROMEMCO
CRO-Z2-X
CRO-10010-A
CRO-Z2H
CRO-10030-A
CRO-Z2-FAN
CRO-10100-1
CRO-Z2D-FDD
CRO-10501-1
CRO-Z2D-FDD-T
CRO-10501-2
CRO-WFD
CRO-10600-1
CRO-HD5
CRO-10905-1
CRO-HDD-11
CRO-10911-1
CRO-CS-3
CRO-11000-A
CRO-BRZ-3
CRO-11900-1
CRO-CS-2
CRO-12000-A
CRO-CS-0
CRO-13000-0
CRO- SYSTEM ZERO/D
CRO-13000-1
CRO-CS-1
CRO-14000-A
CRO-CS1-H
CRO-14000-H
CRO-3355A
CRO-23000-0
CRO-3102
CRO-26000-0
CRO- CO 8
CRO-30010-1
CRO-CC-12
CRO-30012-A
CRO-PS-8/60
CRO-30100-0
CRO-PS-8/50
CRO-30100-1
CRO-SCC
CRO-31010-A
CRO-16KTP
CRO-32016-0
CRO-48KTP
CRO-32048-0
CRO-16FDC
CRO-33200-0
CRO-TRT
CRO-34010-A
CRO-4PIO
CRO-34030-A
CRO-IOP
CRO-34050-0
CRO-8PIO
CRO-34050-A
CRO-PRI
CRO-34070-A
CRO-8KBS
CRO-35010-A
CRO-16KPR-K
CRO-35051-K
CRO- 3 2 KB S
CRO-35070-A
CRO-D+7A
CRO-36030-A
CRO- CGI
CRO-37 03 0-A
CRO-SDI
CRO-37100-A
CRO- EX C- 2
CRO-3 9010-A
CRO-WWB-2
CRO-39050-A
CRO-JS-1
CRO-39070-A
CRO-CBL-0
CRO-50100-0
CRO-CBL-2
CRO-50110-0
CRO-CBL-3
CRO-50130-0
CRO-74903-1
CRO-54100-1
CRO-ZM-108
CRO-55000-1
CRO-CB-3 08
CRO-55010-1
CRO- FDA- S
CRO-8000-S1
CRO-FDB-L
CRO-8010-L1
CRO-FDB-S
CRO-8010-S1
CRO-FDC-L
CRO-8020-L1
CRO-FDC-S
CRO-8020-S1
9X12 DOT MATRIX 225 CPS,80 COL
413.25
Z-80 MICROCOMPUTER ASM W/O ZPU
Z-80 HARD DISK ASM SYSTEM
Z-2 52 CFM COOLING FAN
ADDL 5' DISK DRV FOR Z2D
ADDL 5 IN DBL SIDEDDRV FOR Z2
5' WANGCO DISK DRV/STA AL CS
5 MEG ADD ON WINCHESTER
11-MEGABYTE DISK MEMORY SYS
SYSTEM 3 WITH 64K RAM
AIR FLOW UNIT-CS3
Z-80 SYSTEM 2 WITH 64K RAM
CS-0 COMP SYS W/SCC+MCB-216
Z80 COMPUTER W/64K & DSK CONTR
Z-80 COMPUTER, 64K RAM, 8 SLOT
Z-80 COMPUTER W/5MEG HARD DISK
55 CPS LETTER-QUALITY PRINTER
CRT TERMINAL
8 SLOT CD CAGE INCL MOTHER BD
12 SLOT CD CAGE INCL MOTHER BD
11 OV POWER SUPPLY-CARD CAGE
220V POWER SUPPLY-CARD CAGE
Z-80 SINGLE CARD COMP ASM
TWO PORT 16K DYNAMIC MEMORY BD
TWO PORT 48K MEMORY BOARD
DISK CONTLR CARD NEW DD
TUART DIGITAL INTERFACE ASM
ELEC ISO 4-PT PARAL I/O INTFC
INTELLIGENT I/O PROCESSOR
8 PORT PARAL INTERFACE ASM
PRNTR INTERFACE CD ASM ONLY
8K BYTESAVER II PROM PROG ASM
16K PROM MEMORY CARD
32K BYTESAV ASM/INTEL 2716* S
DIGITAL/ ANALOG INTERFACE ASM
TV DAZZLER ASM
HIGH RES COLOR GRAPHICS
S-100 EXTENDER BOARD ASM
S-100 WIRE WRAP BOARD ASM
JOYSTICK CONSOLE ASM
PRIORITY INTERRUPT CHAIN CABLE
TUART CABLE 62CM 24'
TUART CABLE 110CM 43'
ROM- FOR SCC WHEN USED W/4FDC
Z-80 MONITOR
3K CONTROL BASIC INTERPRETER
MACRO ASMBLR-SM DISKETTE
16K EXTENDED BASIC-LG DISK
16K EXTENDED BASIC-SM DISK
COBOL COMPILER-LG DISKETTE
COBOL COMPILER-SM DISKETTE
802.75
8,070.25
19.95
474.05
474.05
398.05
2,801.55
5,647.75
6,455.25
559.55
3,371.55
1,044.05
2,417.75
3,181.55
5,600.25
2,820.55
1,851.55
156.75
198.55
280.25
280.25
398.05
641.25
1,205.55
474.05
274.55
318.25
559.55
236.55
198.55
236.55
198.55
280.25
236.55
318.25
641.25
36.10
36.10
118.75
21.85
21.85
21.85
14.25
21.85
61.75
236.55
156.75
156.75
474.05
474.05
THIS MINIMICROMART PRICE LIST REFLECTS OUR EXTRA 5% REDUCTION PAGE 3
MARCH 12, 1982
MFG- PRODUCT CODE
STOCK
DESCRIPTION
SPECIAL
PRICE
CRO-FDP-L
CRO-FDF-S
CRO-FDR-L
CRO-FDR-S
CRO-STB-L
CRO-STB-S
CRO-LSP-L
CRO-LSP-S1
CRO-FDG-L
CRO-FDG-S
CRO-CDS-L
CRO-CDS-S
CRO-RBTE-L
CRO-FDM-S
CRO-CROMIX-L
CRO-CROMIX-S
CRO-CCC-L
CRO-DGR-L
CRO-DGR-S
CRO-SGS-L
CRO-SGS-S
CRO-DBR-S
CRO-DBM-L
CRO-DBM-S
CRO-WPS-L
CRO-WPS-S
CRO-GL-L
CRO-TSS-L
CRO-TSS-S
CRO-WRMR-L1
CRO-WRMR-S1
CRO-SPMR-S
CRO-SLMR-L
CRO-SLMR-S
CRO-8030-L1 FORTRAN IV COMPILER- LG DISK
CRO-8030-S1 FORTRAN IV COMPILER-SM DISK
CRO-8040-L1 RATFOR INCL FORTRAN IV
CRO-8040-S1 RATFOR INCL FORTRAN IV
CRO-8050-L1 32K STRUCTURED BASIC-8* DISK
CRO-8050-S1 32K STRUCTURED BASIC-5' DISK
CRO-8070-L1 LIST PROCESSING LANG (LISP) -8IN
CRO-8070-S1 LIST PROCESSING LANG (LISP) -5IN
CRO-8100-L1 DAZZLER GAMES-LG DISKETTE
CRO-8100-S1 DAZZLER GAMES-SM DISKETTE
CRO-8110-L1 SYSEM DIAGNOSTIC SOFTWARE
CRO-8110-S1 SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC SOFTWARE
CRO-813 0-L1 IBM 27 80 REMOTE TERM EMULATOR
CRO-8300-S1 MULTI-USER/BASIC-SM
CRO-8380-L1 CROMIX MULTI USER OPRTG SYS
CRO-8380-S1 CROMIX MULTI USER OPRTG SYS
CRO-8390-L1 C SYSTEMS LANGUAGE/CROMIX
CRO-8410-L1 DAZZLER GRAPHICS PKG-LG
CRO-8410-S1 DAZZLER GRAPHICS PKG-SM
CRO-8420-L1 SUPER DAZZLER GRAPHICS (SDI BD)
CRO-8420-S1 SUPER DAZZLER GRAPHICS (SDI BD)
CRO-8501-S1 DATA BASE REPORTER-5 IN DSIK
CRO-8502-L1 DATA BASE MANGMT W/REPORT
CRO-8502-S1 DATA BASE MANGMT W/REPORT
CRO-8580-L1 WORD PROC SYS-LG DISK
CRO-8580-S1 WORD PROC SYS-SM DISK
CRO-8600-L1 GENERAL LEDGER SYSTEM- FOR CDOS
CRO-8700-L1 TRACE SYS SIMULATOR- LG
CRO-8700-S1 TRACE SYS SIMULATOR-SM
CRO-8800-L1 WRITEMASTER WORD PROC SYSTEM
CRO-8800-S1 WRITEMASTER WORD PROC SYSTEM
CRO-8801-S1 SPELL MASTER PROOF-READ PROG
CRO-8810-L1 SLIDEMASTER-8 INCH
CRO-8810-S1 SLIDEMASTER-5.25 INCH
236.55
236.55
318.25
318.25
236.55
236.55
318.25
318.25
80.75
80.75
160.55
160.55
474.05
645.05
265.05
265.05
479.75
80.75
80.75
474.05
474.05
80.75
318.25
318.25
236.55
236.55
711.55
156.75
156.75
474.05
474.05
236.55
474.05
474.05
DIA DIABLO
DIA-630
DIA-TRACTOR FEED
DIA-20630-0
DIA-29100-0
RS232 DAISY WHEEL PRINTER
TRACTOR FEED ATTACHMENT
2,184.05
299.25
DYN-5200/A2
GBT GODBOUT
GBT-DESK ENCLOSURE2
GBT-CPU 8085/88-A
GBT- RAM XX- 2 4 ASM
GBT- RAM XX-24 UNK
GBT-RAM XX- 3 2 ASM
GBT- RAM XX-32-UNK
GBT-RAM 16-64-A&T
GBT-DISK 1-ASM
GBT-DISK CABLE
DYN-15200-A 64K Z 80 COMP DUAL 5.25 DRV
GBT-11000-0
GBT-31010-A
GBT-32026-A
GBT-32027-K
GBT-32032-A
GBT-32033-K
GBT-32064-A
GBT-33200-A
GBT-33201-1
S-100/696 MAINFRM & PWR SUPPLY
CPU BD-8085/88-ASM
24K STATIC RAM BD-ASM
24K STATIC RAM BD-UNKIT
32K STATIC RAM BD-ASM
32K STATIC RAM BD-UNKIT
S-100 STATIC RAM-64KX8/32K-16
DMA DBL DENS DSK CONTROLLER
DISK CABLE-DISK 1 TO DRV ENCL
3,035.25
664.05
341.05
436.05
346.75
565.25
451.25
721.05
398.05
20.90
THIS MINIMICROMART PRICE LIST REFLECTS OOR EXTRA 5% REDUCTION
PAGE
MARCH 12, 1982
MFG-PRODUCT CODE
STOCK #
DESCRIPTION
SPECIAL
PRICE
GBT-INTERFACER I-A
GBT-INTERFACER I I-A
GBT-INTERFACER II-K
GBT-INTERFACER 3-8
GBT-INTERFACER CBL
GBT-INT 3 CUST CBL
GBT-SPECTRUM-UNK
GBT-CP/M-80 2.X- I 2
GBT-CP/M-86-I2
HAZ HAZEI.TINE
HAZ-H-1410
HAZ-H-1500
HAZ-H-1510
HAZ-H-1520
GBT-34000-A
GBT-34002-A
GBT-34003-K
GBT-34038-A
GBT-34100-2
GBT-34100-3
GBT-37101-K
GBT-8020-I2
GBT-8086-I2
HAZ-24010-1
HAZ-25000-A
HAZ-25010-1
HAZ-25020-1
2 RS232 SERIAL PORTS-ASM
1 SIO, 3 PIO I/O BD-ASM
1 SIO, 3 PIO I/O BD-UNK
8 MULTI-USER SIO, 2 BI-SYNC
INTERFACER CABLE
INTERFACER 3 CUSTOM CABLE
COLOR GRAPHICS W/RAM, PIO
CP/M FOR 8080/280-8 INCH
CP/M FOR 8086/88CPU-8IN
ECONOMY TERM W/NUMERIC PAD
VIDEO TERMINAL
VIDEO TERM W/FUNCTION KEYS
VIDEO TERM W/PRINTER INTERFACE
198.55
198.55
160.55
565.25
17.10
28.50
241.30
142.50
237.50
711.55
835.05
1,034.55
1.319.55
HEW HEWLETT PACKARD
HEW-HP125
HEW-HP125 OPT 80
HEW- 83 A
HEW-HP85A
HEW-82901M
HEW- 9 89 5 A
HEW-00085-15001
HEW-00085-15002
HEW-00085-15003
HEW-00085-15004
HEW-82937A
HEW-10833D
HEW-10833A
HEW-10833B
HEW-10833C
HEW-82941A
HEW- 82 93 9A
HEW-82939A OPT 001
HEW-82939A OPT 002
HEW-82936A
HEW-17601A-085
HEW-17603A
HEW-17604A
HEW-17055A
HEW-09872-60066
HEW-1540-0560
HEW-9111A
HEW-82932A
HEW-82933A
HEW-82948-0
HEW-92195A
HEW-92190A
HEW-92155A
HEW-17013A
HEW-9270-0639
HEW-5060-6810
HEW-5060-6894
HEW-98200A
COMPUTERS
HEW-10012-5
HEW-10012-8
HEW-10083-0
HEW-10085-0
HEW-10100-2
HEW-10108-2
HEW-10315-1
HEW-10315-2
HEW-10315-3
HEW-10315-4
HEW-10900-1
HEW-10930-1
HEW-10930-2
HEW-10930-3
HEW-10930-4
HEW-10941-0
HEW-10950-0
HEW-10950-1
HEW-10950-2
HEW-12936-1
HEW-27308-5
HEW-27308-6
HEW-27308-7
HEW-27310-0
HEW-27366-0
HEW-27560-V
HEW-29111-A
HEW-51932-A
HEW-51933-0
HEW-51948-A
HEW-55022-8
HEW-55022-S
HEW-55155-A
HEW-56013-A
HEW-57639-1
HEW-58060-0
HEW-58060-S
HEW-58200-1
64K COMPUTER SYSTEM
64K Z-80 COMPUTER W/8IN OS
PERSONAL COMPUTER W/O PRTR,CAS
SELF-CONTAINED COMPUTER
5.25 DUAL MASTER FLEX DSK DRV
8 IN DL MASTER FLEX DSK DRV
HP85 MASS STORAGE ROM
HP85 PLOTTER/PRINTER ROM
HP85 I/O ENHANCEMENT ROM
HP- 85 MATRIX ROM
HP-IB INTERFACE MODULE
1/2 METER HPIB CABLE
1 METER HP- IB INTERCONNECT CBL
2 METER HP- IB INTERCONNECT CBL
4 METER HP- IB CABLE
BCD INTERFACE-HP85
SERIAL (EIA) INTERFACE-FM CONN
RS232 INTERFACE-MALE CONN
SERIAL INTERFACE/CURRENT LOOP
HP- 85 ROM DRAWER
PERSONALITY MODULE-PLOTTER
PLOTTER PERSONALITY MOD-RS232
PERS MODULE 7225-COMM INT.
OVERHEAD TRANSPARENCY KIT
7225A DIGITIZING SIGHT
7225B CARRYING CASE- ALONE
GRAPHICS TABLET-HP83/85
CARTRIDGE/MANUAL HOLDER
HP85/83 CARRYING CASE
85/83 DUST COVER
10 PACK 8IN DISKS FOR 9895
10 PACK 5.25 DISKS FOR 8900
2631B PRINTER RIBBON PKG3
PLOT PAPER 15PADS8.5X11+PENS
100-7225A TRANSPARENCY SHTS
4 COLOR PEN PACK
6 PLOT PENS MULTI COLORS
HP85 TAPE CARTRIDGES, PKG OF 5
2,079.55
3,020.05
1,325.25
2,085.25
1,709.05
4,701.55
124.45
124.45
251.75
123.50
337.25
59.85
59.85
63.65
73.15
422.75
337.25
337.25
337.25
33.25
641.25
641.25
726.75
84.55
29.93
188.10
1,667.25
9.45
102.60
14.20
88.35
61.75
52.25
80.75
18.95
5.69
7.59
80.75
THIS NINIMICRONART PRICE LIST REFLECTS OUR EXTRA 5% REDUCTION
PAGE
MARCH 12, 1982
MFG- PRODUCT CODE
STOCK #
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■I
mm -—- aw mS mSm aaa* aw aaai aw aaa» aaa» Saw I
HEW-9270-1006
HEW-58270-0
HEW-9270-1023
HEW-58270-1
HEW- 82 93 1A
HEW-59200-1
HEW-00085-13002
HEW-81300-2
HEW-00085-13003
HEW-81300-3
HEW-00085-13004
HEW-81300-4
HEW-00085-13005
HEW-81300-5
HEW-00085-13006
HEW-81300-6
HEW-00085-13010
HEW-81301-0
HEW-00085-13011
HEW-81301-1
HEW-00085-13034
HEW-81303-4
HEW-00085-13035
HEW-81303-5
HEW-00085-13036
HEW-81303-6
HEW-00085-13037
HEW-81303-7
HEW-00085-13038
HEW-81303-8
HEW-00085-13042
HEW-81304-2
HEW-00085-13046
HEW-81304-6
HEW-00085-13057
HEW-81305-7
HEW-45532A
HEW-8532-H5
HEW-45533A-OPT 080
HEW-8533-H8
HEW-45534A
HEW-853 4-H5
HEW-45534A-OPT 080
HEW-8534-H8
HEW-45535A-OPT 080
HEW-8535-H8
HPC HEWLETT PACKARD CALCULATORS
HPC-11C
HPC-10011-C
HPC-12C
HPC-10012-C
HPC-32E
HPC-10032-E
HPC-37E
HPC-10037-E
HPC-41C
HPC-10041-C
HPC- 4 1CV
HPC-10041-V
HPC-67
HPC-10067-A
HPC-82106A
HPC-14100-1
HPC-82170A
HPC-14104-1
HPC-82151A
HPC-14130-1
HPC-82120A
HPC-14140-1
HPC-82104A
HPC-28210-4
HPC-82143A
HPC-28214-3
HPC-82153A
HPC-28215-3
HPC- 82160 A
HPC-28216-0
HPC-82161A
HPC-28216-1
HPC-82162A
HPC-28216-2
IES-SB/E
IES-8000-S3
INT INTERTEC
INT-SPRBRN-XRAM-VS3
INT-10030-1
INT-SUPERBRAIN QD
INT-10034-X
INT-INTERTUBE-III
INT-22000-0
INT-EMULATOR
INT-23000-0
INT-DSS 10
INT-50010-0
DESCRIPTION
SPECIAL
PRICE
PLOT STD GRID PAPER 100 ENG
PLOT STD GRID PAPER 100 METRIC
HP- 85 THERMAL PAPER-2 ROLLS
HP- 85 BASIC TRAINING APP PAC
GENL STATISTICS-APPL PAC-HP85
HP85 FINAN DECISIONS APP PAC
MATH APPLICATION PAC-HP85
HP-85 CIRCUIT ANALYSIS APP PAK
HP85-GAMES APPLICATION PAC
HP-85 LINEAR PROGRAM APP PAK
HP85-TEXT EDITING APPL. PAC
HP85 WAVEFORM ANALYSIS PAC
BASIC STAT. & DATA MANIP PAC
REGRESSION ANALYSIS APPLPAC
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION PAC
VISICALC PLUS PAC
SERIES 80 SURVEYING PAC
SERIES 80 GAMES II
HP GRAPHICS/125-5. 25IN DISK
WORD/125-8IN DISK
HP LINK/125-5. 25IN DISK
HP125 LINK/125-8IN DISK
BASIC/125-8IN DISK
SLIM LINE PROG SCITIFIC W/MEM
SLIM LINE FINANCIAL W/MEM
SCIENTIFIC W/STATISTICS CALC
BUSINESS CALCULATOR
ALPHA/NUM PROG CALC
ALPHA/NUM PROG CALC, MAX MEM
PROGRAMMABLE CALCULATOR
MEMORY MODULE
QUAD MEMORY MODULE
MODULE HOLDERS (2)
MULTI RECHARGE BATTERY PK
CARD READER FOR 41C/CV
PRINTER FOR 41C/CV
OPTICAL WAND-41C/CV
HP-IL INTERFACE MODULE
HPIL DIGITAL CASSETTE DRIVE
HP-IL THERMAL PTR/ PLOTTER
ENHANCED CP/M BIOS-SUPRBRN
64K SELF CONTAINED COMPTR-VS3
QUAD 64K COMPUTER FACTORY TEST
24X80 VIDEO TERMINAL
VID DISPLAY TERMINAL EMULATOR
10 MEGABYTE WINCHESTER
6.60
6.60
27.08
80.75
80.75
80.75
80.75
80.75
80.75
80.75
80.75
80.75
80.75
80.75
170.05
161.50
152.00
80.75
160.55
403.75
99.75
99.75
261.25
113.05
122.55
46.55
62.70
179.55
246.05
299.25
26.60
80.75
6.65
26.60
170.05
303.05
103.55
103.55
427.45
398.05
160.55
2,738.85
3,130.25
692.55
692.55
3,130.25
THIS MINIMICROMART PRICE LIST REFLECTS OUR EXTRA 5% REDUCTION
PAGE
MARCH 12, 19 82
MFG-PRODUCT CODE
STOCK
DESCRIPTION
SPECIAL
PRICE
ITH ITHACA IN TERSYSTEMS
ITH-DPS-1
ITH-DPS-1 FPL
ITH-PDS-80 SFP
ITH-PDS-80 DFP
ITH-M-BUG
ITH-MON303-R
ITH-64KDR-ASM
ITH-FDC-2-ASM
ITH-VIO-1-ASM
ITH-VIO-0-ASM
ITH-CABLE A
ITH-CABLE B
ITH-CABLE F
ITH-CP/M2-I1
ITH-IS-101
ITH-BIOS DISKETTE
ITH-ASMBLE/Z-I1
ITH-LINK/Z
ITH-10000-0
ITH-10000-1
ITH-11001-P
ITH-11002-P
ITH-31100-R
ITH-31110-R
ITH-32064-A
ITH-33200-A
ITH-34000-A
ITH-34002-A
ITH-50010-0
ITH-50020-0
ITH-50060-0
ITH-8000-I1
ITH-8000-K2
ITH-8010-I1
ITH-8150-I1
ITH-8160-I1
S-100 MAINFRAME W/4MHZ CPU
MAINFRAME/CPU-NO FRONT PANEL
PASCAL DEV SYS-FP, SS DRVS
PASCAL DEV SYS-FP D5 DRVS
MONITOR PROM FOR Z80 CPU
RELOCATABLE E-PROM MONITOR
64K DYNAMIC BD-250NS ( 816-2030)
DOUBLE DENSITY CONTROLLER
4P2S I/O W/INTERRUPTS
4P2S I/O W/O INTERRUPTS
CABLE- 18 INCH W/2 FEM DB25S
18 IN I/O CABLE W/DB37(FEM)
CABLE- 6 FOOT FOR 2 DSK DRVS
CP/M 2.2 FOR FDC-2
K2 DISK OPERATING SYSTEM (Z- 80)
CP/M 2.X BIOS FOR FDC-2
RELOCATING Z-80 ASSEMBLER-CP/M
Z-80 RELOCATING LINKER/LOADER
1,771.75
1,448.75
6,212.05
6,778.25
25.65
25.65
802.75
398.05
398.05
356.25
46.55
37.05
46.55
142.50
64.13
0.00
0.00
0.00
MOR MORROW
MOR-DF 5224 MOR-
MOR-DF 5124 MOR-
MOR-DF 5324 MOR-
MOR-SUPERRAM 16K/K MOR-
MOR-SUPERRAM 32K/A MOR-
MOR-DJ 2D-F800 MOR-
MOR-HARD DSK CONTR MOR-
MOR-SWITCHBOARD/A MOR-
MOR-ADD-ON DRV-TAN MOR-
MOR-DUAL ADD ON MOR-
MOR-2+2 ADD-ON-TAN MOR-
MOR-DUAL DRV CABLE MOR-
MOR-QUAD DRV CABLE MOR-
MOR-DISC2D-TAN-F800 MOR-
MOR-DUAL DISC2D-SL MOR-
MOR-DUAL DISC2D-TD MOR-
MOR-DL DIS2D-TS-F8 MOR-
MOR-DL DISK-TD-F8 MOR-
MOR-DISCUS2+2-TAN-A MOR-
MOR-DL DISC2+2-T-A MOR-
MOR-M26 MOR-
MOR-M26-BLANK I/O MOR-
MOR-M5-BLANK I/O MOR-
MOR-M10-BLANK I/O MOR-
MOR-CP/M-DISCUS I MOR-
MOR-CP/M-DISCUS 2D MOR-
MOR-CP/M-SOL/DISC2D MOR-
MOR- 2D CP/M 2.0 MOR-
MOR-CP/M-I1-F800 MOR-
MOR-CP/M2.X-F0-I1 MOR-
MOR- BASIC- 80 MOR-
10082-M
11005-H
13005-H
32017-K
32032-A
33050-1
33500-0
34010-A
40100-1
40100-3
40102-1
40200-2
40200-4
41000-2
41010-0
41010-1
41016-2
41016-4
42000-A
42010-A
45000-0
45000-1
45005-1
■45010-1
8000-L1
•8110-12
8130-12
•8200-11
•8210-11
■8230-11
•8510-11
DEC I-2-QUAD DENS W/65K
65K COMPUTER W/5 MEG HARD DISK
3 USER DEC I W/5 MEG HARD DISK
16K STATIC RAM KIT
32K STATIC RAM ASM
DD CONTROLLER- AT F800H
CONTROLLER-M26 HARD DISK
4PIO 2SIO SYSTEM BD/A
SHUGART 8 IN DRV TAN CAB W/PS
2 8' DRVS,DD,SS, 1 CAB W/PS
QUAD 8 IN DRV IN CAB W/PS TAN
CABLE FOR 2 DRIVES TO CONTR
CABLE FOR 4 DRIVES TO CONTR
DP DISK SYSTEM-a/r F800H
TWO 8IN DD DRV/^LIM CAB/PS
TWO DD 8 IN DSK SYS DUAL CAB/PS
2 DDSS 8IN DISK SYS @F800
2 DD 8* DSK SYS § F800
QUAD DENSITY 8 IN DSK SYSTEM
2 QUAD DENS 8 IN DSKS-2TAN CABS
26 MEGABYTE WINCHESTER + CONTR
26 MEGABYTE WINCHESTER + CONTR
5 MEG WINCHESTER + CONTROLLER
10 MEG WINCHESTER HD & CONTR
CP/M FOR DISCUS I AND DJ 1
CP/M FOR DISCUS 2D AND DJ 2D
CP/M FOR DISCUS 2D AND SOL
CP/M 2.0 FOR DISCUS 2D
CP/M 2.X FOR 2D-@ F800H
CP/M 2.X FOR DJ 2D @ F000
MICROSOFT BASIC FOR DISCUS
3,371.55
4,749.05
6,265.25
241.30
423.70
322.05
559.55
213.75
616.55
1,205.55
939.55
29.45
47.50
853.10
1,471.55
1,471.55
1,471.55
1,471.55
1,177.05
2,032.05
3,605.25
3,605.25
1,990.25
2,940.25
104.50
128.25
128.25
128.25
128.25
128.25
241.30
THIS MINIMICROMART PRICE LIST REFLECTS OUR EXTRA 5% REDUCTION
PAGE
MARCH 12 , 1982
MFG-PRODUCT CODE
STOCK
DESCRIPTION
SPECIAL
PRICE
NEC NEC PRINTERS
NEC-3510-1 NEC-
NEC-3 515-1 NEC-
NEC-3530-1 NEC-
NEC-7710-1 NEC-
NEC-7730-1 NEC-
NEC- FORMS TRACTOR NEC-
NEC-BI-DIR TRACTOR NEC-
•27510-1
•27515-1
27530-1
27710-1
27730-1
29100-0
29100-1
30 CPS RS-232 PRINTER
3 CPS DIABLO COMP RS232 PRTR
30CPS CENT/PAR RS232 PRINTER
SPINWRITER-RO, FRICT, RS232
LETTER QUAL PRINTER-CENT COMP
TRACTOR OPT FOR NEC PRINTERS
BI DIRECTIONAL FORMS TRACT OPT
1,847.75
1,847.75
1,847.75
2,275.25
2,275.25
190.00
323.00
NOR NORTHSTAR COMPUTERS
NOR-HRZ 2-64K-Q-W-A NOR-
NOR-HRZ2 64K-Q-M-A NOR-
NOR-HDS-18 NOR-
NOR-HDS-5 NOR-
NOR-HRZ-EC4-KIT NOR-
NOR-HRZ-UPS-KIT NOR-
NOR-HRZ-SIO-KIT NOR-
NOR-HRZ-PIO-KIT NOR-
NOR-HRZ-DRV-Q-KIT NOR-
NOR-HRZ-CABLE NOR-
NOR-ADV-2Q-64K NOR-
NOR-HRZ-1-Q-HD5 NOR-
NOR-00862 NOR-
NOR-HRZ-1-Q-HD18-4 NOR-
NOR-ZPB-KIT NOR-
NOR-RAM-16-ASM NOR-
NOR-RAM-16-ASM-PAR NOR-
NOR-HRAM-32K NOR-
NOR- RAM- 3 2 -ASM NOR-
NOR-RAM-32-KIT NOR-
NOR-HRAM-64K NOR-
NOR-RAM-16-PAR-KIT NOR-
NOR-MDS-CTRL-D-ASM NOR-
NOR-HSIO-4 NOR-
NOR-FPB-A-ASM NOR-
NOR-MDS DRV-Q-KIT NOR-
NOR-MDS-PS-KIT NOR-
NOR-MDS-CAB-PS-KIT NOR-
NOR-ADC-1-Q-M-A NOR-
NOR-ADC-2-D-ASM NOR-
NOR-DISKETTE-20-Q NOR-
NOR-TSS/A NOR-
NOR-TSS/C NOR-
NOR-G CP/M-A2 NOR-
NOR-MDS-PERS-DQ-SOL NOR-
NOR-MDS-PERS-SOL20 NOR-
NOR-PASCAL-DQ NOR-
NOR-PAS-UPGR-A-DQ NOR-
NOR-PAS-PRI-S NOR-
-10082-0
-10082-M
-10090-1
-10095-1
-10101-K
•10201-K
10301-K
10401-K
10503-K
10700-1
•11000-0
•11005-H
11862-1
14018-H
•31001-K
32016-A
32018-A
32032-0
32032-A
32033-K
32064-0
32117-K
33010-A
34004-0
39010-A
40103-K
40301-K
40403-K
40422-M
40430-A
51000-4
8000-N2
8003-N2
8020-A2
8160-N2
8160-NI
8200-N2
8201-N2
8250-N1
HRZ-2-QUAD DENS W/64K-FC (WOOD)
HRZ2 QUAD DENS W/64K-FC (METAL)
ADDITIONAL 18MB HARD DISK
5 MEG HARD DISK UPGRADE
4 S-100 EDGE CONNECTORS
UNIVERSAL POWER SUPPLY KIT
2ND SERIAL PORT OPTION KIT
8-BIT PARALLEL PORT OPT KIT
ADD-ON QUAD DRIVE FOR HORIZON
CABLE TO ADD 3RD DRIVE
64K COMPUTER- 2 5 IN D DRVS
HORIZON W/5 MEG HARD DISK
ADV SIO BOARD
4 USER HRZ W/18 MEG HARD DISK
Z80A PROCESSOR BOARD KIT
16K DYNAMIC RAM (4 MHZ) ASM
16K DYNAMIC RAM ( 4MHZ )W/ PARITY
32K DYNAMIC RAM BOARD
32K DYNAMIC RAM (4 MHZ) ASM
32K DYNAMIC RAM (4 MHZ) KIT
64K DYNAMIC RAM BOARD
RAM-16 PARITY CHECKING OPT KIT
DOUBLE DENSITY CONT ASM
4 PORT SERIAL I/O BD
FLOATING POINT BD ASM
EXTRA QUAD DRV-MDS SYSTEM
MDS POWER SUPPLY KIT
MDS SGL CAB W/PS FOR 5 IN DRV
DUAL CAB/PS W/QUAD DRV- METAL
DUAL CABINET W/2 MDS DR INST
20 PACK DBL SIDE/DBL DENS
MULTI-USER DOS
00886-MULTI-USER OP. SYS.
00790-GRAPHICS CP/M2 -ADVANTAGE
CONFIGURED SYS DISK-DQ-SOL20
CONFIGURED SYS DISK-SOL20
PASCAL FOR HORIZON-DQ W/UTIL
UPGRADE PASCAL-D (1.0) TO DQ
USDC PASCAL FOR NS PRIMARY-SD
2,991.55
2,896.55
4,340.55
2,374.05
16.15
33.25
33.25
33.25
551.00
41.80
3,225.25
5,271.55
141.55
8,260.25
160.55
399.00
280.25
398.05
589.00
474.05
559.55
33.25
455.05
280.25
322.05
584.25
33.25
80.75
628.90
1,087.75
118.75
398.05
393.30
236.55
9.50
9.50
160.55
42.75
42.75
THIS MINIMICROMART PRICE LIST REFLECTS OOR EXTRA 5% REDUCTIOH PAGE 8
MARCH 12, 19 82
MFG- PRODUCT CODE
STOCK #
DESCRIPTION
SPECIAL
PRICE
NOR-PAS-AUX-S
NOR-8260-N1
NOR-NORTHWORD-DQ
NOR-8501-N2
NOR-MAILMANAGER-DQ
NOR-8502-N2
NOR- INFO MANAGER-DQ
NOR-8503-N2
NOR-G/L-DQ
NOR-8504-N2
NOR-A/R-D
NOR-8505-N2
NOR-A/R-Q
NOR-8506-N4
NOR-A/P-D
NOR-8507-N2
NOR-A/P-Q
NOR-850 8-N4
NOV NOVATION
NOV- 410 2D
NOV-74102-4
NOV-4202B(#490142)
NOV-74202-B
NOV-CAT-490190
NOV-75000-0
NOV-D-CAT (490268)
NOV-75000-1
NOV- APPLE CAT
NOV-75100-A
NOV-AUTO-ANS D-CAT
NOV-75100-D
USDC PASCAL FOR NS AUX-SD
WORD PROCESSING SYS FOR HRZ
MAILING SYSTEM FOR HORIZON
DATA MANAGEMENT SYS FOR HRZ
GENERAL LEDGER FOR HRZ
ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE FOR HRZ DD
ACCTS RECEIVABLE FOR NS QUAD
ACCOUNTS PAYABLE FOR HRZ-DD
ACCOUNTS PAYABLE FOR HRZ-QD
300 BPS ORIG ONLY DIR MODEM
MODEM ,1200BPS 2/4WAUTO ANS,DC
ANSWER/ORIGINATE MODEM
DIRECT CONNECT MODEM-ANS/ORIG
APPLE 300/1200 BAUD MED/COMM
300 BAUD MODEM, AUTO/ ANS DIRECT
25.65
322.05
236.55
398.05
759.05
474.05
474.05
474.05
474.05
294.50
489.25
141.55
147.25
312.55
208.05
OKI OKIDATA
OKI-MICROLINE-80 OKI-22080-0
OKI-MICROLINE80-22D OKI-22080-1
OKI-82A OKI-22082-A
OKI-MICROLINE 83A OKI-22083-A
OKI-84A OKI-22084-A
OKI-MSP-100 OKI-22280-0
DESK TOP DOT-MATRIX PRINTER
DESK TOP DOT MATRIX PRTR 220V
DOT MATRIX PRINTER
SER/PAR DOT MAT W/TRAC PRTR
SER/PAR DOT MATRIX/200 CPS
PAR/SERIAL ADAPT-OKI ML- 80
369.55
616.55
521.55
806.55
1,139.05
103.55
SOR SOROC
SOR-IQ 120-STD
SOR-IQ 130-STD
SOR-IQ 135-STD
SOR-IQ- 13 5 W/GRAPH
SOR-IQ 140-STD
SOR-21200-0
SOR-21300-0
SOR-21350-0
SOR-21351-0
SOR-21400-0
VIDEO TERMINAL-STANDARD
PROGRAMMABLE VIDEO TERMINAL
VIDEO TERMINAL, FUNCTION KEYS
IQ-135 TERM W/FUNC KEYS, GRAPH
VIDEO TERMINAL- STANDARD
692.55
569.05
711.55
759.05
1,091.55
TIC TEXAS INSTRUMENTS
TIP-810-BSC TIP-
TIP- 810-BSC/PLT TIP-
TIP-INSIGHT TIP-
TIP-202 TIP-
TIP-202-KIT TIP-
TIP-SOS-KIT TIP-
TIP-601-KIT TIP-
TIP-745-STD TIP-
TIP-7 45-FUL TIP-
TIP-785 TIP-
TIP-820 R0-STD TIP-
TIP-820(KSR) BASIC TIP-
TIP-820KSR PACKAGE TIP-
TIP-840 KSR BASIC TIP-
TIP-840KSR TRAC PKG TIP-
20000-0
20000-2
22010-0
25202-1
25202-K
25303-K
25601-K
27450-0
•27450-1
■27850-0
•28200-0
■28210-0
•28210-1
•28410-0
•28410-1
RD SERIAL IMPACT PRINTER
RO IMPACT PRINTER/SERIAL+PAR
SERIES 10 INFORMATION TERMINAL
810-EXPANDED CHAR SET-OPT-INST
810-EXPANDED CHAR SET OPT-KIT
810-PARALLEL INTERFACE OPT-KIT
810 TEAR BAR OPT-100 COL-K
745 PORT TERM-LTD ASCII KBD
745 PORTABLE DATA TERM-U/L CSE
PORT. DATA TERMINAL-1200 BAUD
BASIC 820 RO PRINTER
BASIC MODEL 820 (KSR)
820KSR TERM W/FUL/COMP PR/DFC
75 CPS SERIAL PRINTER/TERM
75 CPS SER PRT W/TRACT, DFC
1,281.55
1,324.30
802.75
85.50
85.50
128.25
34.20
1,329.05
1,420.25
1,965.55
1,562.75
1,747.05
1,952.25
1,002.25
1,367.05
THIS MINIMICROMART PRICE LIST REFLECTS OUR EXTRA 5% REDOCTION
MARCH 12 , 1982
MFG-PRODUCT CODE
STOCK
DESCRIPTION
PAGE !
SPECIAL
PRICE
TIP-940 BASIC
TIP-608
TIP-610
TIP-613
TVI TELEVIDEO
TVI-TS-801
TVI-TS-806
TVI-TS-800
TVI-TS-802
TVI-TS-802H
TVI-910
TVI-912B
TVI-912C
TVI-920C
TVI-925C
TVI-950C
TVI-950 MEM
TIP-29940-0
TIP-50608-1
TIP-50610-1
TIP-50613-1
TVI-10082-0
TVI-16006-H
TVI-16010-1
TVI-16030-1
TVI-16030-H
TVI-20910-1
TVI-20912-0
TVI-20912-1
TVI-20920-1
TVI-20925-1
TVI-20950-1
TVI-20953-K
EDITING, VIDEO DISPLAY TERMINAL
OMNI800 MACHINE MTD PAPER TRAY
OMNI 800 TERMINAL STAND
MACHINE-MTD PAPER TRAY-825
Z-80 64K COMP W/DS MINIFLOPPY
6 USER COMP 9.6M WIN QD MF
Z-80 INTELLIGENT WK STA
Z-80 DESKTOP DUAL QD MINIFLP
Z-80 DESKTOP W/5MEG QUAD
LOW COST VIDEO TERMINAL
24X80 VIDEO TERMINAL
24X80 VIDEO TERM/SELECTRIC KBD
VID TERM, FUNCTION KEYS,SEL KBD
VIDEO TERM-SEPARATE KEYBOARD
VID TERM, FUNCTION KEYS, SEP KBD
3 XTR PG MEMORY
1,519.05
20.90
60.56
20.90
3,035.25
5,746.55
1,610.25
2,820.55
5,647.75
565.25
702.05
702.05
749.55
749.55
939.55
141.55
ZEN ZENITH
ZEN-Z-47-DA
ZEN-Z-88-7
ZEN-Z-89-6
ZEN-ZYM-121
ZEN-HMP-817-2
ZEN-HMP-817-3
ZEN-40047-0
ZEN-40147-1
ZEN-40187-1
ZEN-60121-0
ZEN-8500-Z1
ZEN-8510-Z1
DSDD FLOPPY DISK SYS- Z- 89
UPGR PROM-Z-89-AA/CA FOR Z47
UPGR PROM-Z-89-AA/CA FOR Z87
12 IN B & W MONITOR (APPLE TAN)
WORDSTAR (CP/M) ON 5.25 DISKS
MICRO- PRO MAILMERGE-5IN
2,982.05
42.75
42.75
118.75
312.55
109.25
SDS SD SYSTEMS
SDS-38028
SDS-27001
SDS-38005
SDS-38024
SDS-38011
SDS-38025
SDS-38013
SDS-38029
SDS-38007
SDS-27004
SDS-MPC-4-A
SDS-39006
SDS-39007
SDS-39008
SDS-39010
SDS-39034
SDS-39012
SDS-39001
SDS-39029
SDS-39030
SDS-39032
SDS-39046
SDS-39066
SDS-
SDS-
SDS-
SDS-
SDS-
SDS-
SDS-
SDS-
SDS-
SDS-
SDS-
SDS-
SDS-
SDS-
SDS-
SDS-
SDS-
SDS-
SDS-
SDS-
SDS-
SDS-
SDS-
•31002-A
■32165-K
•33100-A
•33200-A
•33250-8
•35100-A
■37000-A
•37000-X
•39000-A
39001-K
■39100-A
70006-R
70007-R
70014-R
70016-R
70020-R
70042-R
8000-LS
8020-11
8021-11
8040-14
8080-11
93902-D
SBC200 SINGLE BD COMP (4MHZ) ASM
EXPANDORAM KIT (NO RAM)
VERSAFLOPPY I-SINGLE DENS-ASM
VERSAFLOPPY II DBL DENSITY-ASM
CABLE- VF TO 2 8 IN DRIVES
PROM-100 PROM PROGRAMMER- ASM
VDB-8024 VIDEO DISPLAY BD-ASM
VDB-8024-50HZ VIDEO DISPLAY BD
Z80 STARTER SYSTEM- ASM
Z80 STARTER KIT
BUFFERED I/O W ON BOARD Z-80
MONITOR FOR SBC-100 W/RS232
MONITOR FOR SBC-100 W/VDB-8024
DBIOS-SOFTWARE-5IN DSK/RS232
DBIOS-8IN DISK/RS232 CONSOLE
DDBIOS-VEII CONTROL SOFTWARE
VDIAG2-VERSAFLOPPY DIAGNOSTICS
CP/M VFI-5 & 8INCH DISK
SDOS-8IN SD OS-RS232 CONSOLE
SDOS-8IN SD OS/VDB8024 CONSOLE
SDOS-8IN DD,DBL-SIDED W/CBASIC
CP/M 2.X FOR VERSAFLOPPY- 8 IN
Z-80 STARTER KIT WORKBOOKS
380.00
205.20
305.90
409.45
84.55
250.80
445.55
445.55
428.45
323.95
616.55
19.00
19.00
80.75
80.75
80.75
80.75
80.75
161.50
161.50
242.25
202.35
23.75
THIS MINIMICROMART PRICE LIST REFLECTS OUR EXTRA 5% REDOCTIOH PAGE 10
MARCH 12, 1982
MFG- PRODUCT CODE
STOCK #
DESCRIPTION
SPECIAL
PRICE
SSM SOLID STATE MUSIC
SSM-CB2-A&T SSM-
SSM-CB2-KIT SSM-
SSM-I02-A&T SSM-
SSM-I02-BARE BOARD SSM-
SSM-I04-A&T SSM-
SSM-I04-KIT SSM-
SSM-AIO-II SSM-
SSM-AIO-PF SSM-
SSM-A PIO SSM-
SSM-A SIO-1 SSM-
SSM-A488 SSM-
SSM-PBl-A&T SSM-
SSM-PB1-KIT SSM-
SSM-MB8A-A&T SSM-
SSM-MB8A-KIT SSM-
SSM-MB8A-BARE BOARD SSM-
SSM-VB1B-KIT SSM-
SSM-VB1B-BARE BOARD SSM-
SSM-VB1C-ASM SSM-
SSM-VB1C-KIT SSM-
SSM-VB1C-BARE BD SSM-
SSM-VB2-A&T SSM-
SSM-VB2-KIT SSM-
SSM-VB2-BARE BOARD SSM-
SSM-VB3-4MHZ-A&T SSM-
SSM-VB3-4MHZ-KIT SSM-
SSM-VB3A-80X48-ASM SSM-
SSM-VB3(4MHZ) UPG-K SSM-
SSM-SB1-KIT SSM-
SSM-OB1-BARE BOARD SSM-
SSM-T1-A&T SSM-
SSM-T1-KIT SSM-
SSM-T1-BARE BOARD SSM-
SSM-MT1-BARE BOARD SSM-
SSM-XB1-A&T SSM-
SSM-XB1-BARE BOARD SSM-
SSM-APC-02 SSM-
SSM-APC-03 SSM-
31020-A
31021-K
34002-A
34003-N
34004-A
34005-K
34010-A
34110-R
34200-A
34300-A
34488-A
35000-A
35001-K
35050-A
35051-K
35051-N
37001-K
37001-N
•37002-A
37003-K
•37003-N
•37020-A
■37021-K
•37021-N
■37034-A
•37035-K
•37036-A
■37134-K
-39021-K
-39051-N
-39060-A
•39061-K
-39061-N
-39071-N
■39080-A
•39081-N
-52002-1
-52003-1
Z-80 CPU- ASM
Z-80 CPU-KIT
PARALLEL I/O INTERFACE-ASM
PARALLEL I/O INTERFACE- BARE BD
2P+2S I/O INTERFACE-ASM
2P+2S I/O INTERFACE-KIT
APPLE SER/PAR I/O-ASM
PARALLEL CENT FIRMWARE-AIO
APPLE PARALLEL I/O INTERFACE
APPLE SERIAL I/O W/CABLE
IEEE 488 CONTRL & CABLE
2708/2716 PROM PRG-ASM
2708/2716 PROM PROG KIT
16K 2708 PROM BD-ASM
16K 2708 PROM BD-NO PROMS-KIT
16K 2708 PROM-BARE BOARD
16X64 MEMORY MAPPED VIDEO-KIT
16X64 MEM MAPPED VIDEO- BARE BD
16X64 MEMORY MAPPED VIDEO ASM
16X64 MEMORY MAPPED VIDEO-KIT
16 X 64 VIDEO BD-BD ONLY
16X64 I/O MAPPED VIDEO-ASM
16X64 I/O MAPPED VIDEO-KIT
16X64 I/O MAPPED VID-BARE BD
80X24 VIDEO BD-4MHZ-ASM
80X24 VIDEO BD-4MHZ-KIT
80 X 48 S-100 VIDEO INT. BD.
VB3 UPGRADE-K-TO-80X51(4MHZ)
MUSIC SYNTHESIZER KIT
VECTOR JUMP/PROTO BARE BOARD
ACTIVE TERMINATOR BD-ASM
ACTIVE TERMINATOR KIT
ACTIVE TERMINATOR-BARE BOARD
15 SLOT MOTHERBD-NO CONN.
EXTENDER BD W/CONN INSTALLED
EXTENDER BD-BARE BOARD
APIO/AIO CENTRONICS CBL
CENT CBL APIO-AIO/730/37/39
274.55
208.05
79.80
31.35
234.65
170.05
181.45
23.75
88.35
119.70
0.00
213.75
144.40
144.40
92.15
32.30
125.40
26.60
195.70
144.40
32.30
217.55
160.55
32.30
402.80
341.05
441.75
72.20
201.40
29.45
56.05
31.35
24.70
45.60
28.50
14.25
22.80
30.40
LESS THAN 20% OF OUR AVAILABLE REDUCED PRICE MERCHANDISE IS
INCLUDED ON THESE LISTS. CALL OR WRITE FOR A COMPLETE LISTING.
ITEMS ARE ADDED AND DELETED WEEKLY.
I
We Have It All /. .Now at an extra 5% off
Floppy And Hard Disk Sub-Systems For All Computers . . .
Apple, TRS-80, Xerox, IBM, Zenith, Superbrain, Cromemco, NorthStar and all S-100 Systems.
Konan, Corvus, Morrow, Cameo and others.
Morrow Hard Disks from
MiniMicroMart now feature CP/M,
Microsoft BASIC, and WordStar.
New 5 Megabyte Hard Disk for S 100
systems with DMA control.
Morrow has introduced a new 5%" Winchester
subsystem with 5 meg of storage featuring a
new DMA controller. They're small in size and
low in price.
The Morrow Discus M-5 list is $2,495.
MiniMicroMart offers it for only $2,095.
If you consider the value of the software that
MiniMicroMart includes, you'll realize that
you're getting the system for about the price of
a floppy disk system.
Discus M-5 $2,095
Discus M-10 $3,095
Discus M-20 $4,069
Discus M-26 $3,795
CORVUS Hard Disks
MiniMicroMart stocks a full line of
Corvus Hard Disks.
For Apples, all TRS-80's, Superbrains, S-100,
and others:
5 megabyte $2695
10 megabyte $4195
20 megabyte $4995
MIRROR BACK UP $725
Cameo Hard Disk System
For nearly all computers. Removeable
cartridge - 10 megabyte (5 fixed - 5 re-
moveable).
With Western Dynex drive, List $5995 $5095
With CDC Hawk drive, List $7995 $6495
Multiplexers for shared use available.
CSSN Winchester Backup System
The solution to Winchester Backup.
BACKUP, a tape cartridge backup system from
CSSN. Fast, and reliable. Puts over 10 meg on
one inexpensive 3M cartridge.
List $2995 Our Price $2695
Konan Winchester Subsystem
Finally, an economical 5 megabyte Winchester
hard disk system that can be used with virtually
any computer, including the Apple without any
need for software changes. The Konan David
Subsystem works with Apple DOS, Pascal, and
CP/M -- in fact, the same disk can have them
resident at the same time.
Other systems supported are TRS-80's, the
Xerox 820, all S-100 CP/M systems, and soon
the Superbrain. The David is one of the smallest
Winchester subsystems packages, and is
aesthetically pleasing. A write protect switch is
on the front of the drive, as is an LED showing
disk activity. The interface provides for write
precompensation, error correction using 32 bit
polynomial, 11 bit burst ECC, it also features
automatic flaw mapping and tracking for
increased data reliability.
The Konan David Subsystem has a list of $2,995
and is available from MiniMicroMart. . .
our price $2,499
For those who need more storage capacity, a
10 megabyte version lists for $3,650. . .
our price $3,049
The 1 5 megabyte version lists tor $3,975. . .
our price $3,295
The CP/M patch for the Apple is an additional
$29. The S-100 version of any of the disk
subsystems (with a CP/M patch) is an
additional $129.
New Floppy Disk Subsystems
from Morrow Designs...
Morrow Designs, an early leader in floppy disk
subsystems has come up with some new
winners; it's now two for one. These are two
drives in virtually the same cabinet that used to
house a single 8" drive. These new disk systems
are available in both single and double sided;
they draw less power, generate less heat, and
therefore, should be more reliable. The systems
use a new series of drives - half the thickness of
the old one. The new compact systems are
priced the same as regular Discus 2-D systems.
Morrow Introduces New DMA
Floppy Disk Controller Supporting
Large and Small Drives.
Last year, Morrow introduced a new super disk
controller; it not only supports both 5%" and 8"
drives simultaneously, but it also is the only
controller that can be programmed to read
virtually any format. For example, it could read
NorthStar CP/M disks, Micropolis CP/M, as
well as 5% Cromemco and others. Morrow has
been slow to get this controller into production
but we have made special arrangements to get
early shipments of this unit in large quantities.
MiniMicroMart is offering a special package
featuring dual quad density mini floppies,
utilizing this new DMA controller. We will
furnish you with CP/M 2.2, Microsoft BASIC,
WordStar, and also BAZIC, an interpreter
which will run NorthStar programs in a CP/M
environment.
All this at an unbelieveable price from
MiniMicroMart CALL us for the
SPECIAL PACKAGE OFFER!
5%" and 8" Floppys — 5 to 96 Megabyte hard disk. Multi-user operating systems such as MP/M® , Oasis®,
Turbodos® , as well as Unix® look-alikes such as Cromemco's Cromix® and Morrow's Micronix® are available.
We also sell Action's Discovery System®, Intertec's Compustar® , TeleVideo's M/MOST®, and Corvus's
Constellation® distributed processing systems.
CALL FOR DETAILS.
Mini Micro Mart
943 W.Genesee St. P.O.Box 2992 K
Syracuse, N.Y. 13220 315-422-4467
We Have It All I. .Now at an extra 5% off
Floppy Disks — Maxell • Scotch • Memorex
Your system is only as dependable as its least expensive component
The magnetic media used as mass memory— look to MiniMicroMart for superior quality and
the best values in name-brand floppy disks. We have a complete inventory of the leading brands
Call us with your part number,as we probably have it even if it's not listed.... and in the rare
case when we don't, we can recommend an exact replacement.
Call or write for quotations on large purchases of ten, fifty, one hundred or more boxes.
We can meet or beat the competition!
Maxell
No.
MAXELL
COD Pre
or Paid
Credit
Card
Scotch
No.
SCOTCH
COD Pre
or paid
Credit
Card
Memorex
No.
MEMOREX
COD Pre
or paid
Credit
Card
VERBATIM
Verbatim
No.
SV*" MINI FLOPPYS
Single
Sided
Soft Sector, (TRS 80, Cromemco
Z2D, & Apple)
MD1
MH1-10
MH1-16
33.60
32.95
744-0
744 10
744-16
29 50 28.95
3481
3483
3485
29.50
28.95
MD52501
MD52510
MD52516
Call
for
Prices
Single
10 Hard Sectors, (North Star,
Zenith Z89I
Density
16 Hard Sectors, (Vector Graphic,
Micropolis)
Single
Sided
Soft Sector, (Apple, TRS 80,
HP85, Dynabyte 8-2)
M01
MH1 10
MH1-16
33.60
32.95
744D0
744D10
744D16
34.60 33.95
3481
3483
3485
29.50
28.95
MD52501
MD52510
MD52516
Call
for
Prices
Double
1 Hard Sectors, NorthStar,
Zenith Z89
Density
1 6 Hard Sectors, (Vector
Graphics, Micropolis)
Double
Sided
Soft Sector, (Apple III, Cromemco
CS2, Quad Superbrain)
MD2
MH210
49.90
48.95
7450
74510
41 .75 40.95
3491
3493
42.80
41.95
MD55001
MD550-10
Call
tor
Prices
Double
Density
10 Hard Sectors,
(NorthStar)
Single Sided, 80 Track, soft
MD1DD
45.85
44.95
3504
38.70
37.95
Double Sided. 80 Track, soft
MD2DD
56.00
54.95
3501
52.95
51.95
8" FLOPPYS
Single Sided. Single Density,
Soft Sector. IBM 3740 format
FD1
44.85
43.95
740-0
30.55 30.95
3062
27.50
26.95
FD34 1000
Call
Single Sided, Double Density.
Soft Sector
FD1
44.85
43.95
741-0
38.70 37.95
3090
36.65
35.95
FD348000
Call
Double Sided, Double Density,
Soft Sector
FD2
58.10
56.95
743-0
48.90 47.95
3104
42.75
41.95
DD344026
Call
nt to above prices on existing inventory s
(Extra discount expires May 31, 1982) #
MiniMicroMart is providing a special phone number to insure immediate
processing of your floppy disk orders.
Use Our Floppy Disk Hot Line.
New York State orders— Add Sales Tax.
(315)422-2056
Minimum Shipping Charge- $3.00
(Disks shipped UPS)
Prices subject to change and offers subject to withdraw! without notice.
Mini Micro Mart, Inc.
943 W.Genesee St. P.O.Box 2992 K
Syracuse,N.Y. 13220 315-422-4467
We Have it All !. .Now at an extra 5% off
The Best CP/M Software For Less.
Operating Systems
Digital Research CP/M 2.2
(unmodified) $149
Lifeboat CP/M 2.2 North Star DD 159
NorthStar CP/M 2.2 for NS DD HD . . 209
Z.//e6oarCP/M1.4TRS-80MODI ... 149
Lifeboat CP/M 1.4 NorthStar SD 149
P&T CP/M 2.2 TRS-80 MOD II 179
Micah CP/M 2.2 for Cromemco 229
Digital Research MP/M II
Phase One Oasis CALL
Infosoft l/OS (CP/M Compatible OS
for NorthStar Horizon) 99
Languages
Microsoft Basic 80 $279
Microsoft Basic Compiler 310
Digital Research C- Basic 95
Digital Research CD 80 435
Microsoft Fortran 80 343
Supersoft Fortran 205
Microsoft Cobol 80 565
Supersoft C Compiler 166
Whitesmith C Compiler 599
Supersoft Forth 166
Disk Doctor Forth 146
Microsoft Mulisp 80 166
Microsoft Musimp-Mumath 212
Sorcim Pascal/ M. , 315
Digital Research Pascal/ M 193
Digital Research Pascal /MT + 426
Intersystems Pascal /Z 346
Whitesmith Pascal (Incl. "C") 849
Supersoft Tiny Pascal 76
Micro AP S-Basic 266
Digital Research P/L I-80 456
Assemblers/Utilities/
Development Tools
Digital Research MAC $ 83
Digital Research SID 63
Digital Research ZSID 89
Digital Research Despool 49
Sorcim Act 1 106
Supersoft Diagnostic II 83
Epic Systems Supervyz 89
IBM Reformatter 179
Computer Pathways Pearl Level 1 96
Computer Pathways Pearl Level 2 296
Computer Pathways Pearl Level 3 546
Miscellaneous
SSGNAD
Text/Word Processing
Digital Research TEX $ 89
Micropro Wordmaster 116
Microsoft Edit 80 83
Micropro Wordstar 298
Micropro Mailmerge 103
Micropro Spellstar 163
Peachtree Magic Wand 276
Peachtree Magic Spell
SIS Select 490
Spellbinder 346
ISA Spellguard 223
Sorts
Micropro Supersort I $169
Vedit 103
Faircom Micro B + 226
SSG QSort
Analysis/Modeling
Sorcim Supercalc $226
AMSI Target 186
Micropro Calc Star 223
Peachtree Magic Calc
Chang Labs. Microplan
Lifeboat T Maker 226
Minimodel 446
Data Base Management
Micropro Datastar $242
Microap Selector V 466
Ashton-Tate DBASE II 593
Condor DBMS-1 565
CondorDBMS-2 886
Systems Plus FMS-80 646
Telecommunications
Microstuff Crosstalk $129
BSTAM 146
BSTMS 146
INFO Engineering IE/ Modem 259
Hawkeye Graphics COM MX 69
Supersoft
Diagnostic I $ 49
Diagnostic II 84
Disk Doctor 84
Forth (8080orZ80) 149
Fortran 219
Fortran w/Ratfor 289
C Compiler 174
Star Edit 189
Other less 10%
Accounting
Graham-Dorian
General Ledger $729
Acct Receivable 279
Acct Payable 729
Job Costing 729
Payroll II 729
Inventory II 729
Payroll 493
Inventory 493
Cash Register 493
Apartment Mgt 493
Osborne
General Ledger $ 59
Acct Rec/Acct Pay 59
Payroll w/Cost
Payroll w/Cost 59
All 3 129
All 3 + CBASIC-2 199
Enhanced Osborne 269
With "C" Basic 349
Peachtree®
General Ledger $399
Acct Receivable 399
Acct Payable 399
Payroll 399
Inventory 399
Surveyor 399
Property Mgt 799
CPA Client Write-up 799
Order entry (Cobol) 900
Mailing Address 349
P5 Version Add 129
Structured Systems
GL or AR or AP or Pay Call
Inventory Control Call
Analyst Call
Letteright Call
QSort Call
NAD Call
Order Entry Call
TCS
GL or AR or AP or Pay $ 79
All 4 269
Compiled each 99
Inventory 99
Apple® - Peachtree®
General Ledger $224
Acct Receivable 224
Acct Payable 224
Payroll 224
Inventory 224
All of the above software is available on 8" Single Density, Industry Standard CP/M Compatible Disks (IBM 3470). Most of the
above software will also run in MP/M and Cromemco's CDOS. Some, but not all, will run in Cromemco's Cromix. MiniMicroMart
can supply you with CP/M Emulators for CDOS and Cromix.
MiniMicroMart supplies most of the above software on the more popular 5%" CP/M formats such as NorthStar (single and double
density), Micropolis/Vector Graphic (16 Sector), Cromemco, SuperBrain (DOS 3.0), Heath /Zenith Z-89, and Televideo Systems.
In most cases there is an extra charge for the 5V4" conversions; there are always extra charges of $10 per disk where the conversion
takes more than one minifloppy.
Cromix users: We can supply you with software patches for popular Konan controllers; the use of CMD and SMD type drives such as the CDC Phoenix. We also supply
patches for the popular Wordstar word processing software allowing the user to use Cromix, with and without the Cromemco 3102 Terminal. A patch for Accounting
Plus is also available. Call for Details. MiniMicroMart the leading supplier of CP/M based software. We don 't sell all CP/M software, Just the best.
CP/M and MP/M are registered Trade Marks of Digital Research CDOS and Cromix or Trademarks ot Cromemco.
Mini Micro Mart
943 W.Genesee St. P.O.Box 2992 K
Syracuse,N.Y. 13220 315-422-4467
We Have It All I. .Now at an extra 5% off
SUPER COMPUTER VALUE FROM
CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS
4MHz, Z-80, 64K RAM, Disk Controller,
C/PM2.2
w/dual 5%" SS DD $2349
w/dual 5V4" DSDD 2599
w/dual 8" SS DD 2995
w/dual 8" SS DD 3595
INTERTEC SUPERBRAIN
Self-contained computer with dual disks and
two RS232C ports. Complete with CP/M 2.2.
64K Double Density $2869
64K Quad Density 3395
VIDEO TERMINALS
INTERTEC EMULATOR $ 749
INTERTEC INTERTUBE III 749
ZENITH Z-19 729
SOROCIQ120 695
SOROC IQ 130 595
SOROCIQ135 749
SOROC IQ 135G 799
SOROC IQ 140 1149
HAZELTINE ESPRIT CALL
1420 CALL
1500 CALL
1510 CALL
1520 CALL
TELEVIDEO 910C CALL
912C CALL
920C CALL
925C CALL
950C CALL
TEXAS INST. 940 BASIC 1599
940 Package 2079
745 Portable Terminal 1399
745 Portable Terminal w/U/L/ Case. 1495
PRINTERS
ANADEX DP-9500 $1349
DP-9501 1349
PAPER TIGER IDS-445 669
IDS-445G 749
IDS-560 1099
IDS-560G 1139
PRISM PRINTER IDS-80, w/o color. . . 998
IDS-80, w/color 1349
IDS-132, w/o color 1349
IDS-132, w/color 1695
NEC3510.RORS232C35CPS 1945
NEC 3530. RO. Centr. Inter. 35CPS 1945
NEC 7710, RO RS232C 55 cps 2395
NEC 7720. KSR, RS232C 55CPS 2999
NEC 7730. RO. Centr. Inter 55 CPS 2395
QUME
Sprint 9/45. ltd, 45 cps. RS232C 2119
C.ITOH Pro Writer, Parallel 549
Serial and Parallel 599
DIABLO 630, RS232C. 55 cps 2299
CENTRONICS 730-1, Parallel 399
730-3, RS232C 489
739-1 w/ Graphics, Parallel 525
739-3B w/Graphics, RS232C 639
704-11, Parallel 1695
704-9, RS232C 1595
122G, Parallel, 120 CPS 949
EPSON
MX80 499
MX80FT 599
MX100FT 799
RS232 Serial Interface 65
RS232/2K Bufferlnterface 125
Graftraxll 90
Apple Printer Interface 75
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810 Basic, RS232C & Parallel 1394
810 w/full ASCII, vertical forms
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820 RO, Basic 1645
820 KSR, Basic 1839
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Microline82A 519
Microline83A 849
Microline84 1199
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ZENITH-ZYM-121, 12" Green Phos $125
AMDEK 100, 12" 139
100G, 12" Green Phosphor 149
300, 12" Green Phos., Hi. Res 199
Color, 13" 359
Color II, 13", R.G.B. Hi Res 799
Apple adapt, for R.G.B CALL
BMC, 12", Green Phosphor 169
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NOVATION CAT Acoustic Modem $149
D-CAT Direct Connect 155
AUTO-CAT Auto Ans 219
APPLE CAT 329
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103 JLP Auto Answer 209
DC HAYES MICROMODEM II (Apple) . . 299
MODEM 100 (S 100) 339
Smart Modem (RS 232) 339
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SYSTEMS
Z80 CPU Board $ 269
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64K Dynamic RAM 449
System 2210 w/64K, CP/M 2.2 1795
CPU BOARDS
(assembled unless noted)
NORTHSTAR Z-80A (ZPB-A/A) $269
INTERSYSTEMS (MPU-80) 349
SSM CB1 8080, A&T 214
CB2, Z-80, A&T 289
CB2, Z-80, Kit 219
DELTA Z-80 with I/O 289
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RAM 1764 675
RAM 21 1439
Interface 1 210
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Disk 1 419
System Support 1 335
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7710A Asynchronous Ser Interface. . . $139
7712A Synchronous Der Interface . . . 149
7424A Calender Clock 99
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CPS Multifunction Board $199
Supertalker SD200 259
Romplus w/ keyboard filter 179
Romplus w/o keyboard filter 130
Keyboard filter ROM 49
COPYROM 49
Music System 459
ROMWRITER 149
Apple Clock 239
A/D/Da 295
Expansion Chassis 625
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Maybe you weren't aware, but you can use your Atari cassette recorder as an I/O device.
Alternative to Atari's
Disk System
By Gary Douchant
A disk system is an integral part of
a working computer system. Un-
fortunately, many people may be
reluctant to buy a microcomputer
because such peripherals can be ex-
pensive. The Atari may very well be
the solution to the needs of the ini-
tial user.
Consider the possibilities of an
Atari with a cassette recorder capable
of using I/O related functions other
than loading and saving programs.
The ability to read and write data
from the cassette recorder is a power-
ful feature. With the Atari you can
create tape files containing numeric
and string data.
The necessary routines are very
straightforward. In fact, once you see
how easy it is to use them, you'll find
a host of projects to start.
What follows here is a sample rou-
100 DIM ITEM$(20)
110 REM OPEN FILE FOR OUTPUT
120 OPEN #3.8,0, "C«"
130 REM WRITE DATA TO TAPE
140 G0SUB 200
150 REM CLOSE FILE FOR OUTPUT
160 CLOSE #3
170 END
200 READ ITEM$,C0ST
205 PRINT ITEM$,C0ST
210 PRINT #3lITEM$
215 PRINT #3; COST
220 IF ITEM$="/*" AND C0ST=0 THEN RETURN
230 GOTO 200
500 DATA EGGS ,80
510 DATA BREAD, 75
520 DATA BACON. 150
530 DATA /•.O
Listing 1
tine to write numeric and string data
to tape, a sample routine to input the
aforementioned data and a typical ex-
ample of the capabilities of using I/O
routines with the cassette recorder.
These routines were developed on
the Atari 800 with the aid of the Basic
Reference Manual, pp. 23-28.
The Output Routine
First, we have an output routine
which consists of the following state-
ments as represented in Listing 1. A
number of observations about the
output routine follow:
• Line 100 will dimension a string of
length 20.
• Line 120 and line 160 are used to
open and close file 3 for output to the
cassette recorder.
• Lines 200 through 230 are used to
read two values (one a character
string and the other a number) from
data statements. These values are
written to tape. The end-of-data
markers will consist of the character
string "/*' and a numeric value of
zero. Data is read and written to tape
until the end-of-data markers are en-
countered.
• Line 205 is only used to display the
fields read from the data statements
and has no effect on the data written
to tape.
Once you've typed in Listing 1, you
need to insert a tape in the cassette
recorder. Type run and press return
to execute the program. You will hear
two beeps; press the record and play
buttons on the recorder. In a few
moments READY will display on the
screen. The data has now been writ-
ten to tape. Press stop on the recorder
and rewind the tape to the original
position.
To read the data from the tape,
you'll need an input program. The in-
put statements in this program are
used to read the data in the same se-
quence that the data was written.
Note that the output and input rou-
tines are very similar.
An equivalent input routine would
contain statements similar to that in
Listing 2. Review this routine and
compare it with the output routine.
Consider the following points:
• In line 120 I have arbitrarily
selected 4 as the input file number.
• Lines 200 through 240 are used to
input the fields until the end-of-data
markers are encountered.
• Line 230 is used to display the
fields as they are read.
To read data from tape, type in this
program, type run and press return.
You will hear one beep to signify that
the play button on the recorder is to
be pressed. The program is finished
once READY appears on the screen.
Press the stop button on the recorder.
This input routine will display the
Address correspondence to Gary Douchant, 11-E
Kensington, Belleville, IL 62223.
Microcomputing, Apri/1982 131
data read from tape. Other routines
may very well have arrays to store
the data for later processing. Arrays
can be used to formulate reports, sort
the data into a particular sequence,
insert/delete data to create a new
dataset, etc.
The following program includes
both routines as well as others to
demonstrate how easily you can cre-
ate and use data files. And just think:
all this is possible with the cassette
recorder. Once you understand what
is involved, the next step is to take a
close look at all of those programs re-
quiring data files that you wish to im-
plement.
100 DIM ITEM$(20)
110 REM OPEN FILE FOR INPUT
120 OPEN 0k,k,O, "Ci"
130 REM INPUT DATA FROM TAPE
1&0 G0SUB 200
150 REM CLOSE FILE FOR INPUT
160 CLOSE #4
170 END
200 INPUT #**,ITEM$
210 INPUT #**,C0ST
220 IF ITEM$="/»" AND C0ST=0 THEN RETURN
230 PRINT ITEM$.C0ST
2^0 GOTO 200
Listing 2.
The following summarizes the pro-
gram contained in Listing 3:
• The GOSUB at 1200 will print the
menu. Valid entries consist of the
digits 1, 2 or 3.
• The GOSUB at 2000 will input data
and produce a report. The curved ar-
row is the means necessary to clear
the screen. This is done by pressing
the ESC key followed by the shift and
clear keys.
•The GOSUB at 2300 contains the
logic necessary to input data. The in-
put routine will follow the structure
of the output routine. This routine ex-
pects the first value to be numeric.
This number is the counter that indi-
cates how many numeric values fol-
Listing 3.
10 REM SAMPLE ATARI PROGRAM TO
20 REM DEM0STRATE THE 1/0 FEATURES
30 REM USING THE CASSETTE RECORDER
kO REM
50 REM AUTHOR i GARY D0UCHANT
60 REM DATE i AUGUST 20, 1980
70 REM
100 REM DIMENSION ARRAYS AND STRINGS
110 DIM ITEM$(25) ,ANS$(1),C0ST$(10)
120 DIM DESCTABLE$(500)
130 DIM CTABLE(25)
1^0 REM
200 REM VARIABLE LIST
210 REM COST
220 REM I
230 REM CTC0MMA
2^0 REM NUMINPUT
250 REM CTINPUT
260 REM PTABLE
270 REM J
280 REM T0TC0ST
Model EP-2A-79
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IAST
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In less than a year, DB MASTER has become the top selling data
base manager for the Apple II. And for good reason. DB MASTER has the
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MORE FEATURES IN
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Totaling in the Search Mode. Tell DB MASTER
which field to total and which records to use. A
running summary of records found and the field's
sum, average and standard deviation are displayed
on the screen.
Audit Trail. Option to automatically print each new
record as it is entered.
NEW REPORT GENERATOR
OPTION CAPABILITIES:
□ Number Formatting with commas.
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c 1981 STONEWARE INCORPORATED
*DB MASTER is a registered trademark of DB MASTER Associates
Data Interchange Format and DIF are registered trademarks of Software Arts Inc
Visicalc and Visiplot are registered trademarks of Personal Software Inc.
Executive Secretary is a registered trademark of Personal Business Systems Inc
Apple II is a registered trademark of Apple Computer.
sSee List of Advertisers on page 178
MORE POWER WITH
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(DIF)* text files. Exchange data with Visicalc*, Visi-
plot*, Executive Secretary*, etc., or your own pro-
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Merge. Combine data from two or more files with
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UPDATE YOUR DATA BASE MANAGEMENT
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TELEX 11:910-384-2016 STONEWARE SRFL
Microcomputing, April 1982 133
low and how many character strings
exist. If the first number was 20, then
20 numeric values and 20 character
strings would be read. Line 2440 is
used to blank out any stray graphics
characters (ATASCII 0). Array
CTABLE will contain the set of costs.
String DESCTABLE$ will contain the
set of items.
• The GOSUB at 2600 is used to print
the report for the data just read. The
bar graphics character is used in
order to simplify the print routine.
Line 2945 is a delay to display the
output.
• The GOSUB at 3200 will sum the
costs and set each cost to an equiva-
lent character string.
• The GOSUB at 4000 is used to for-
mat the string for output.
• The GOSUB at 5000 contains the
logic to output data to tape. This pro-
gram expects the item to consist of a
string up to 24 characters. The cost
must be entered with the cents figure
even if it is zero. Each cost is written
as the cost times 100.
• The character in line 2440 is ob-
tained from a control/comma. The
vertical bar in line 2920 is the result
of a shift/equal. ■
COMMODORE:
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4016 PET, 16K
7 9 9
8032 CBM, 32K
1
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8096 CBM, 96K
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1 ,
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2031 single drive, 170K
5 59
4040 dual drive, 343K
9 9 9
8050 dual drive, 974K
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36 9
4022 tractor printer
64 9
83 00 daisy wheel printer
1
7 99
ATARI-
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800 computer, 16K
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810 single drive, 88K
4 5 9
815 dual drive, 32 OK
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850 interface module
1 49
PRINTERS & ACCESSORIES
ANADEX DP9000/1
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OP 9 50 / 1
1,29 9
BASE2 800B 6 4 9
CENTRONICS 737-1 7 4 9
C. ITOH STARWRITER, 25p 1,399
STARWRITER, 45p 1,799
NEC SPINWRITER, 5530p 2,399
OKIDATA MICROLINE 82A 5 2 9
MICROLINE 83A 7 7 9
MIPLOT, graphics plotter 1,139
AXLON 32K, ATARI ramcram 189
MICROTEK 16K, for ATARI 8 9
Wmb
arehouse
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(916) 486-3678
Call or writ* for price list with comparable savings
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Prices subject to change without notice.
134 Microcomputing, April 1982
Listing 3 continued.
290 REM TEMP
999 REM PROGRAM
1000 GOSUB 1200
1020 IF ANS$(l,l)="l"
1030 IF ANS$(l,l)="2"
1040 IF ANS$(1,1) = "3" xncn ohaj
1050 PRINT "INVALID OPTION - TRY AGAIN"
1060 FOR 1=1 TO 200 .NEXT I
1070 GOTO 1000
1199 REM I/O MENU
1200 GRAPHICS OtSETCOLOR 4,10,4
1210 POSITION 0,2
THEN GOSUB 2000 1 GOTO 1000
THEN GOSUB 5000iG0T0 1000
THEN END
"(1)
"(2)
"(3)
1/0 MENU" » PRINT
INPUT DATA"
OUTPUT DATA"
EXIT" . PRINT
FUNCTION . "
1220 PRINT
1230 PRINT
1240 PRINT
1250 PRINT
1260 PRINT
1270 INPUT ANS$
1280 RETURN
1999 REM INPUT DATA
2000 PRINT "V :SETC0L0R 4,4,4
2010 PRINT
2020 PRINT "Insert tape for input."
2030 PRINT
2040 PRINT "Position tape to beginning of file."
2050 PRINT
2060 PRINT "Ready to procede (Y/N)"
2070 INPUT ANS$
2080 IF ANS$(l,l)="Y" THEN GOTO 2140
2090 IF ANS$(l,l)="N" THEN GOTO 2000
2100 PRINT "INVALID OPTION - TRY AGAIN"
2110 FOR 1=1 TO 200iNEXT I
2120 GOTO 2000
2130 REM
2140 PRINT .PRINT "Press PLAY on the recorder"
2150 PRINT .PRINT "Follow this with the RETURN key"
2160 PRINT « PRINT "Wait - the data is about to be read"
2170 OPEN #4,4,0, "Ci"
2180 REM INPUT DATA FROM TAPE
2190 GOSUB 2300
2200 CLOSE #4
2210 REM PROCESS DATA
2220 GOSUB 2600
2230 RETURN
2240 REM
2300 REM 1ST IS NUMBER OF VALUES
2310 REM 2ND IS THE SET OF NUMBERS
2320 REM 3RD IS THE SET OF STRINGS
2350 INPUT #4,NUMINPUT
2370 FOR 1=1 TO NUMINPUT
2380 INPUT #4, COST
2390 CTABLE ( I )=C0ST
2400 NEXT I
2410 FOR 1=1 TO NUMINPUT
2420 INPUT #4,ITEM$
2430 FOR J=l TO 25
2440 IF- ITEM$( J, ,!) = "•" THEN ITEM$(J,J) = M ■
2450 NEXT J
2460 DESCTABLE$(I*25-24,I*25)=ITEM$
2470 NEXT I
2480 RETURN
2599 REM REPORT ROUTINE
2600 PRINT "V
2610 IF NUMINPUT=0 THEN PRINT "NO DATA TO PROCESS " 1 RETURN
2620 IF NUMINPUT<0 THEN RETURN
2630 REM PRINT HEADERS
2640 POSITION 5.1
2650 PRINT "ATARI PRODUCT"
2660 POSITION 30,1
2670 PRINT "COST"
2680 POSITION 5.2
2690 PRINT " "
2700 POSITION 30,2
2710 PRINT " "
2720 REM
2730 CTINPUT=OiPRINT iPRINT
2740 CTINPUT=CTINFUT+1
2750 IF CTINPUT>NUMINPUT THEN GOTO 2900
2780 GOSUB 3200
It
II
t PRINT
3 continued.
GOTO 27^0
PRINT i PRINT
ITEM$=" TOTAL"
ITENK5(25,25) = ,, r'
COST$=STR$(TOTCOST) :GOSUB ^000
PRINT ITEM$ ; COST$
FOR 1=1 TO 700:NEXT I
RETURN
PTABLE=CTINPUT*25-24
ITEM$=DESCTABLE$( PTABLE , PTABLE+2^) : ITEM$( 25 , 25)=" I "
TOTCOST=TOTCOST+CTABLE ( CTINPUT )
COST$=STR$ ( CTABLE ( CTINPUT ) )
GOSUB JJ-000
PRINT ITEM$;C0ST$
RETURN
J=10:CTC0MMA=0
FOR I=LEN(COST$) TO 1 STEP -1
IF J=0 THEN PRINT "STRING LEN ERROR" :END
IF J=8 THEN C0ST$(J,J)=".":J=J-1:CTC0MMA=0
IF CTC0MMA=3 THEN COST$( J, J)=" , " i J=J-1 tCTCOMMA=0
C0ST$(J,J)=C0ST$(I,I)
CTC0MMA=CTC0MMA+1
J=J-1
NEXT I
REM BLANK OUT REST OF STRING
FOR I=J TO 2 STEP -1
C0ST$(I,I)=" "
NEXT I
REM INSERT DOLLAR SIGN
COST$(l,l)= M $ H
RETURN
REM OUTPUT DATA
PRINT "V:SETCOLOR ^,12,4
PRINT
PRINT "Insert tape for output."
PRINT
PRINT
PRINT
PRINT
INPUT
Listing
2790
2900
2910
2920
2930
29^0
2945
2950
3200
3210
3220
3230
32iK>
3250
3260
4000
4010
4020
4030
4040
4050
4060
4065
4070
4080
4090
4100
4110
4120
4130
4l40
4999
5000
5010
5020
5030
5040
5050
5060
5070
5080
5090
5100
5110
5120
5140
5150
5160
5170
5180
5190
5200
5210
5220
5225
5230
5240
5250
5260
5270
5280
5290
5300
5310
5320
5330
5340
5350
5360
5370
5380
5390
5400
5410
5420
5^30
5440
5450
"Position tape to beginning of file."
n
"Ready to procede (Y/N)"
ANS$
IF ANS$(1,1)="Y" THEN GOTO 5l40
IF ANS$(l ,l)="N" THEN GOTO 5000
PRINT "INVALID OPTION - TRY AGAIN"
FOR 1=1 TO 200:NEXT IiGOTO 5000
REM
PRINT :PRINT "Enter the item and the cost."
PRINT
PRINT "ITEM - string for text field"
PRINT
PRINT "COST - dollars and cents of item"
PRINT
PRINT "When finished enter - /* as the ITEM"
PRINT " "
CTINPUT=OiDESCTABLE$( 1,500)=" " iITEM$(l , 25)="
DESCTABLE$ ( 500 , 500 ) = " I "
CTINFUT=CTINPUT+1 t PRINT
PRINT "Item is: "1 INPUT ITEM$
IF ITEM$="/*" THEN GOTO 5300
PTABLE=CTINPUT*25-24
DESCTABLE$ ( PTABLE , PTABLE+24 ) = ITEM$
PRINT "Cost is «"i INPUT COST
CTABLE ( CTINPUT )=C0ST » GOTO 5230
PRINT :PRINT "Press PLAY and REC on the recorder"
PRINT 1 PRINT "Follow this with the RETURN key"
PRINT : PRINT "Wait - the data is about to be saved"
OPEN #3,8,0, "C:"
NUMINPUT=CTINPUT-1
PRINT #3;NUMINPUT
FOR 1=1 TO NUMINPUT
TEMP= CTABLE(I)*100
PRINT #3; TEMP
NEXT I
FOR 1=1 TO NUMINPUT
ITEM$=DESCTABLE$(I*25-24,I*25)
PRINT #3;ITEM$
NEXT I
CLOSE #3
RETURN
L
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RAND'S
2185 E. FRY BLVD.
SIERRA VISTA, AZ 85635
TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corporation.
Microcomputing, April 1982 1 35
^102
When you need more speed and performance than Basic alone affords,
here's how to give your micro a boost.
Machine Code
At Your Fingertips
By Jonathan M. Kraushaar
Many microcomputerists choose
the Basic language, because it's
easy to use. But machine language is
often needed to speed execution, to
perform specialized tasks or to design
microprocessor controllers and pe-
ripheral devices.
The common method of preparing
a machine-language or symbolic pro-
gram for execution requires an as-
sembler or compiler, but this ap-
proach may be costly. I have devel-
Program listing. Basic program to prepare and run machine-code programs for the Color Computer.
10
20
30
MO
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
110
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
REM THIS PROGRAM PUTS A MACHINE CODE
PRINT "TYPE IN START MEMORY LOCATION
INPUT NO
READ N,I$,J
IF LEN(I$)=0 THEN GO TO 360
A$=LEFT$(I$,2)
PRINT SHN0;N;
GOSUB 180
A$ = MID$(I$,i4,2)
IF LEN(A$)=0 THEN GO TO 150
PROGRAM INTO MEMORY
FOR MACHINE PROGRAM:"
2)
THEN
GOSUB 180
A$=MID$(I$,6
IF LEN(A$)=0
GOSUB 180
PRINT
GO TO 40
REM THIS SUBROUTINE
B$=LEFT$(A$,1)
IF B$="0" THEN GO TO
B=VAL(B$)
IF BOO THEN GO TO 230
B=ASC(B$)-55
230 C$=RIGHT$(A$, 1)
2*40 IF C$ = "0" THEN GO
C=VAL(C$)
IF COO THEN
C=ASC(C$)-55
D=B*16+C
POKE S1+N0,D
S1=S1+1
GO TO 150
PUTS PROGRAM STEPS INTO MEMORY
230
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
3^0
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
TO 280
GO TO 280
PRINT D;
B=0
C=0
RETURN
REM THIS PART OF PROGRAM INSERTS BRANCH OFFSETS IN MEMORY
A1 =
RESTORE
K1=0:I1=I1+1
M1 =
KhKUl
FOR J=A1 TO 200
READ N,I$,J$
IF N=0 THEN GO TO 790
FOR S=2 TO 6 STEP 2
IF LEN(MID$(I$,S,2))=0 THEN GO TO 470
oped a Basic program for the 4K
Radio Shack Color Computer (see the
program listing) to ease preparation
and entry into memory of a machine-
or assembly-language program. The
program will, with modifications,
run on other micros that have a Basic
interpreter.
A machine-language program uses
the instruction set and registers of the
microprocessor on which it is run to
perform operations on data in mem-
ory. A typical home computer uses a
Basic interpreter to allow higher-
level program entry. The machine-
code instruction set of the Radio
Shack Color Computer, which uses
the Motorola 6809 microprocessor, is
described in the March 1981 issue of
Byte. Motorola publishes a de-
scription, available free from the
company, of all the instructions, and
a 6809 programming manual is avail-
able for a nominal charge. (Motorola
Semiconductor Products, Inc., P.O.
Box 20912, Phoenix, AZ 85036.)
Once a program has been prepared
from the instruction set it must be
inserted into memory and can then
be executed. Kits are now available to
do this using a hexadecimal keyboard
and an LED (light-emitting diode)
display, but program editing is te-
dious. The Radio Shack Color Com-
puter is priced not much above the
typical microprocessor kits, and the
Color Computer includes a full video
Address correspondence to Jonathan M.
Kraushaar, 7093 Leewood Forest Drive,
Springfield, VA 22151.
136 Microcomputing, April 1982
display with an optional printer ca-
pability and Basic editing features.
This makes it competitive for per-
forming the functions of the earlier
processor kits.
Of course manual entry of machine
instructions into the Color Computer
is even more tedious than using the
microprocessor kits. The desired
machine instructions are first ex-
pressed in their hexadecimal equiv-
alents, and then the hexadecimal
codes are converted into their dec-
imal equivalents and individually
poked into memory locations, be-
cause the Basic poke command uses
the decimal equivalent of each mem-
ory location. The proper offsets must
also be calculated for branching com-
mands in the machine-language pro-
gram. Manually editing a program is
especially tedious, since new offsets
must be calculated and program
bytes must be shifted to make room
for added steps.
Machine language is needed
to speed execution,
to perform specialized tasks
or to design controllers
and peripheral devices.
The Basic program avoids the prob-
lems normally encountered in man-
ual machine-code entry and lets you
use the Radio Shack Color Comput-
er to prepare and run machine-code
programs.
The program is entered and fol-
lowed by data lines containing the
hexadecimal code for the machine in-
structions to be executed. These data
lines can easily be edited and listed
using the same techniques used to
edit a Basic program. The Basic pro-
gram is then run, and the machine-
language program is transferred to
memory starting at the designated
memory location.
To execute the machine-language
program on the Color Computer sim-
ply enter the command EXEC fol-
lowed by the decimal equivalent of
the memory location where the
machine program resides. When ex-
ecuted on the same computer, the
machine-language program should
be treated as a subroutine with a
return from subroutine command
(RTS) at the end. After execution,
command is returned to the keyboard.
If you want to edit the machine-
language program, just edit the data
lines, rerun the Basic program and re-
execute the machine program by re-
typing EXEC followed by the mem-
ory location of the machine program.
The Basic program could be stored on
a cassette, with or without the data
constituting the machine program. 1
have used a continuous one-minute
cassette tape to facilitate editing,
since old versions of the program are
sequentially replaced by later ones
when the data portion (machine
code) of the program is edited and
saved. (This avoids rewinding of the
recorder or finding the proper tape
location.)
Machine-language Machine-language
Basic program program step
line no. line no. (hexadecimal)
Symbolic representation
of machine command (not
to be included in pro-
gram when run)
(Courtesy of Motorola)
39,
1000 DATA 1,
1010 DATA 2,
1020 DATA 3,
1030 DATA 4,
1040 DATA 5,
1050 DATA 6,
1060 DATA 7,
1070 DATA 8,
1080 DATA 9,
1090 DATA 10,
1100 DATA 11,
1110 DATA 12,
1120 DATA,, (designa-
tion for last pro-
gram step)
The machine-code program represented
above as data and prepared in this form is
inserted immediately after the Basic pro-
gram. Be sure that a single space is inserted
between the op code and operand of each
machine instruction, (e.g., CC 0400 in line
1000). Other spacing is not critical. Also note
that op codes with more than two hexadeci-
mal characters must be arranged as two ma-
chine steps (see lines 1010-1020).
The next step is to run the Basic program
which first inquires where the machine-code
program is to be located in memory. Care
should be taken to avoid locating the ma-
chine program where the Basic program
and data already exist or in memory loca-
tions used by your machine. The Radio
Shack Color Computer with 4K of memory
uses memory locations 1024 to 1536 for the
video screen. Basic programs are stored
starting at memory location 1537. In the ex-
ample using the Radio Shack Color Com-
puter, the machine program can be stored
starting at memory location 3600. Be sure to
check the memory map of the machine you
are using. Memory can be reserved where
necessary in many machines, using the
CLEAR command.
This sample 6809 machine program,
once entered, can move a block of stored
data in memory. Location 0FF0 and 0FF1
(or 4080 and 81) should contain the two
start address bytes of the block to be
CC 0400, (half the length of data LDD IMM
10, block to be moved) LDY EXT
BE 0FF0,
FE 0FF2, LDU EXT
4C, INC A
AEA1, LDXY+ +
AFC1, STXU+ +
5A, DEC B
26 F9, 6 (Machine-language BNE
4A program line no. of DEC A
26 F6, branch) BNE
RTS
moved, and location 0FF2 and 0FF3 (or
4082 and 83) should contain the two desti-
nation address bytes. A poke command can
be used to insert these.
The following is an example in which
the initial address of a block of stored
data is moved from memory location 3600
to 1280. Memory location 3600 can be
represented as the 16th byte after the
14th 256-byte block. Similarly, memory lo-
cation 1280 can be represented as the byte
after the 5th 256-byte block. Therefore, 14
would be poked in location 4080, 16 would
be poked in location 4081, 5 would be
poked in location 4082 and would be
poked in location 4083. Finally, the
machine program is executed. On the Radio
Shack 4K Color Computer this would be ac-
complished by typing EXEC 3600.
Note that memory location 1280 is in the
middle of the video screen on the Radio
Shack 4K Color Computer. This permits im-
mediate visualization of the characters
corresponding to the contents of 128 mem-
ory locations, 3600 to 3728, when the ma-
chine program is executed. In this example
you will see a copy of the machine program
transferred to screen in the form of an al-
phanumeric or graphics character for each
memory location of the stored program. On
p. 120 of the March 1981 Byte is a table
relating the characters which appear to the
memory contents.
Table. Entering the Basic program and data lines. (Courtesy of Motorola. )
Microcomputing, April 1982 1 37
To illustrate an application of this
program, I have included a short
6809 machine-code program (see ta-
ble) that can be executed directly on
the Radio Shack Color Computer or
other 6809 processor system. This
program transfers a block of memory
to a desired set of addresses. You can
rapidly move any block of memory
from location A to location B by pok
ing to four memory locations that
store the start addresses of the mem-
ory block before and after execution.
An annotated version of this ma-
chine-language program is given in
the form of data lines that would be
included with the Basic program for
entry into memory. When the Basic
program is executed, the addresses
and data for the loaded machine-lan-
guage program are displayed.
This program does not enable sym-
bolic instruction entry (the program
must be in hexadecimal code to start
with to operate in a 4K-byte system),
but it does simplify entry and editing
of machine-language programs. It
also suggests the possibility of de-
veloping customized EPROMs for
use in other microprocessor-based
controllers/devices. ■
Listing continued.
460 M1=MU1
470 NEXT S
480 IF LEN(J$)<>0 THEN GO TO 520
490 IF EOF(0)=-1 THEN GO TO 790
500 NEXT J
510 GO TO 790
520 J1=VAL(J$)
530 N1=N
A1 = J
IF K10I1 THEN GO TO 400
G0SUB 610
PRINT M1 + N0-1 ;N1 ;M
POKE M1+N0-1 ,M
GO TO 370
THIS ROUTINE FINDS LINE
THEM
540
550
560
570
580
590
600
REM
THEN GO TO
GO TO 680
GO TO 680
STEP 2
BETWEEN
610 M=0
620 RESTORE
630 READ N,I$,J$
640 IF EOF(0)=-1
650 IF N=J1 THEN
660 IF N=N1 THEN
670 GO TO 630
680 FOR S=2 TO 6
690 A=LEN(MID$(I$,S,2))
700 IF AO0 THEN M=M+1
710 NEXT S
720 READ N,I$,J$
730 IF N=N1 THEN GO TO
740 IF N=J1 THEN GO TO
750 GO TO 680
760 M=256-M
770 M=M-2
780 RETURN
790 END
BRANCHED TO AND COUNTS STEPS
780
760
770
Super
Compuprism
Color Graphics
• *
For The S-100 Bus. 32K of on board memory
allows a 288 H x 192V dot matrix, for a total
of 55,296 pixels Every pixel is programable in
any one of 16 colors or 16 grey levels
completely independent of all other pixels in the
matrix
Compuprism Bare Board with documentation
$45, kit $240, ass and tested $280
(16K Memory J44H. x 192V )
Super Compuprism Bare Board with
documentation $50, kit $350, ass and tested
$395
(32K A.Aemory 288H x 192V )
Add S)5 to A & I price for 16 level grey scale
Add $15 to A & 1 price for memory
management port
Compuprism software package, includes alpa-
numbencs, point plot, line draw, and rRS-80*
graphics simulation $20 or FREE with A & T unit
Z-80 Users
You Can Usel
TRS-80 •
Software
We offer an assembled hardware
interface which we guarantee
will load data from TRS-80'
cassettes into any Z-80 based
system (Except sealed units )
The documentation explains how
to patch the TRS-80' software
to your system In fact you can
virtually change your Z 80
machine into a TRS-80* without
making a single hardware
change The documentation also
includes an example of patching
SARGON II" into a Z-80
system
The price is $30 or FREE with the]
purchase of an assembled
compuprism or super compuprism
unit
AD, DA Board
S-100 board provides 16 chan-
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and 8 channels of digital to
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kluge area Total cost of board
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ALL COD ORDERS SHIPPED WITHIN 72 HOURS
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Tulsa, OK 74101, (918) 742-7104
TRS-80* is a trademark of Tandy Corp
SARGON IP* is a trademark of Hayden Book Co
138 Microcomputing, April 1982
^180
OSI COMPATIBLE HARDWARE
IOCA10X SERIAL PORT $12 5
ACIA based RS-232 serial printer port DIP SWITCH selectable baud rates of 300-9600
Handshaking (CTS) input line is provided to signal the computer when the printer buffer
is full. Compatible with OS-65U V1.2 and OS-65D
IO-CA9 PARALLEL PORT $175
Centronics Standard Parallel printer interface for OSI computers The card comes com
plete with 10 ft of flat ribbon cable. Compatible with OS-65D and OS-65U software
IO-CA9D DIABLO PARALLEL PORT $175
DIABLO 12 BIT WORD Parallel port for use with word processor type printers Complete
with 10 ft cable Compatible with OS-65U software
IO-LEVEL 3 MULTIUSER EXPANSION $450
Provides 3 printer interfaces currently supported by OSI Serial. Centronics Parallel
Diablo Parallel. 4K of memory at D0O0 for Multi user executive 4 Port serial cluster The
LEVEL 3 card allows expansion of an OSI C3 machine up to4 users with appropriate ad-
ditional memory partitions.
24MEMCM9. $380 16MEMCM9 ... $300 8MEMCM9. $210
24K memory card is available at 3 different populated levels All cards are fully socketed
for 24K of memory The card uses 21 14 300ns chips DIP SWITCH addressing is provided
in the form of one 16K block and one8K block. Also supports DIP SWI TCH memory parti
tion addressing for use in multi-user systems
FL470 FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER $180
OSI Type floppy disk controller and real time clock Will Support 5'« or 8". Single or
double-sided drives Requires drives with separated data and clock outputs
BIO 1600 BARE IO CARD $50
Super I/O Card Supports8K of 21 14 memory in two DlPSWITCH addressable4K Dlocks
2 16 Bit Parallel Ports may be used as printer interfaces, b RS 232 Serial Ports with CTS &
RTS handshaking With manual and Molex connectors
BMEMCM9 BARE MEMORY CARD $50
Bare 24K memory card, also supports OSI type real time clock and floppy disk controller
With manual and Molex connectors
#96 PROTOTYPE CARD $35
Prototype board holds 96 14 or 16 pin IC s Will also accommodate 18 24 or 40 pin IC s
Row and column zone markings, easy layout '/„" epoxy glass PC board
C1P EXP EXPANSION INTERFACE $65
bApansiun tor C1P600 or 610 boards to the OSI 48 Pin Buss Uses expansion socket and
interface circuitry to expand to 48 Pin Backplane. Requires one slot in backplane
BP 580 BACKPLANE $47
Assembled 8 Slot backplane with male Molex connectors and termination resistors
DSKSW DISK SWITCH (29
A circuit when added toOSI Minifloppy systems eAtends the lite of driven and media Ac
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START HERE
WITH...
►
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Microcomputing, April 1982 139
If you've been thinking about breaking away from Basic and hopping aboard the Pascal bandwagon,
here are some timing comparisons that should interest you.
Basic and Pascal
Square Off
By John Sommer
Should I give up my old friend
Basic and switch to this new lan-
guage called Pascal? Numerous arti-
cles describe it as the next language
and an introduction to the new De-
partment of Defense language, Ada.
Niklaus Wirth designed Pascal as a
teaching tool in 1968. He incorporat-
ed valuable features from other lan-
guages, especially Algol.
While there are many versions of
Pascal, the language has not been
officially defined. Probably the most
popular version is UCSD (University
of California at San Diego) Pascal,
which is being used mostly by indus-
trial and personal microcomputer
users. The Pascal User's Group
300
400
500
700
800
300
400
500
600
700
800
300
400
500
510
600
700
800
BASIC
PRINT "START"
FOR K-l TO 1000
NEXT K
PRINT "END"
END
PRINT "START"
K-0
K-K + l
IF K<1000 THEN
PRINT "END"
END
500
PRINT "START"
K-0
K-K + l
A-K/K*K+K-K
IF K<1000 THEN
PRINT "END"
END
500
Listing 1.
BENCHMARK 1
PASCAL
PROGRAM ONE;
VAR K: INTEGER;
BEGIN
WRITELN('START') ;
FOR K:-l TO 10000 DO;
WRITELN('END') ;
END.
BENCHMARK 2
PROGRAM TWO;
(*$G+*)
LABEL 1;
VAR K:REAL;
BEGIN
WRITELN( 'START') ;
K:-0;
1:
K:-K+l ;
IF K<10000 THEN GOTO 1;
WRITELN('END') ;
END.
BENCHMARK 3
PROGRAM THREE;
(*$G+*)
LABEL 1;
VAR A,K:REAL;
BEGIN
WRITELN( 'START') ;
K:-0;
1:
K:-K+l ;
A:-K/K*K+K-K;
IF K<10000 THEN GOTO 1;
WRITELN( 'END') ;
END.
More
(headquartered at the University of
Minnesota) is pushing for the British
Standards Institute (BSI) version,
which is spearheaded by A. M. Ad-
dyman of the University of Manches-
ter. The third most popular version is
Standard Pascal, which is described
in the Jensen and Wirth book Pascal
User Manual and Report.
Pascal came out of the computer-
science classrooms where little inter-
est was expressed for business-ori-
ented I/O. Only in extensions of the
language, such as the UCSD version,
do you find any real I/O capability.
Most versions of Pascal are com-
pilers which do not produce code that
executes directly, but which generate
a pseudo code referred to as P-code.
This code is then loaded and inter-
preted by the computer as run-time
function.
So why go to this highly typed and
structured programming language?
Microcomputer users claim speed. So
I decided to find out how fast the
P-code runs as compared to Basic.
In 1977 Microcomputing ran several
articles on the benchmarking of
Basic. The June issue offered "Basic
Timing Comparisons" by Tom Rugg
and Phil Feldman (p. 66); the revised
and updated "Basic Timing Com-
parisons" appeared in October (p.
20). A variety of microcomputers
were evaluated using the then cur-
rent dialects of Basic. A series of
seven benchmark programs of in-
creasing time demands on the pro-
John Sommer (816 Burnt Mills Avenue, Silver
Spring, MD 20901) is the microcomputer advisor
and coordinator for an agency of the Department
of Defense. He is also president ofSEl and a com-
puter consultant for small businesses.
140 Microcomputing, April 1982
A feast of
computing ideas
f»0«1
OCT08ES1981
A\ICRO
— ■•■■ • — • •—■•■ — ■■■ " ■■■ —■ — ■■ ■*»--■-■■ * «—- • « *w . . MJwfwMtiiflfWm t W * t w!vm > W . I ■ w . If . . i fcw t
A Look «t t M T«8*PC«Pr CwW»«rt»r
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St*p Up to r k ruq>>»iimht< Mt>Oor>
^^^^^^^^*>^* J >**>^^. fc *^^ AJ ^^*^. ■ ■ >« H it It III i Tf l 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 H H I
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^See List of Advertisers on page 178 Microcomputing, April 1982 141
Listing 1 continued.
BENCHMARK 4
300 PRINT "START"
PROGRAM FOUR;
400 K-0
(*$G+*)
500 K-K + l
LABEL 1;
510 A«K/2*3+4-5
VAR A,K:REAL;
600 IF K<1000 THEN 500
BEGIN
700 PRINT "END"
WRITELN('START') ;
800 END
K:-0;
1:
K:-K+l ;
A:-K/2*3+4-5;
IF K<10000 THEN GOTO 1;
WRITELNC 'END') ;
END.
BENCHMARK 5
300 PRINT "START"
PROGRAM FIVE;
400 K=0
(*$G+*)
500 K-K+l
LABEL 1;
510 A=K/2*3+4-5
VAR A,K:REAL;
520 GOSUB 820
PROCEDURE NOTHING;
600 IF K<1000 THEN 500
BEGIN
700 PRINT "END"
END;
800 END
BEGIN
820 RETURN
WRITELN('START') ;
K:-0 ;
1:
K:-K+l ;
A:=K/2*3+4-5;
NOTHING;
IF K<10000 THEN GOTO 1;
WRITELN('END') ;
END.
BENCHMARK 6
300 PRINT "START"
PROGRAM SIX
400 K=0
(*$G+*)
430 DIM M(5)
LABEL 1;
500 K=K+1
VAR A,K:REAL;
510 A-K/2*3+4-5
L: INTEGER;
520 GOSUB 820
M : ARRAY {1 . .5} OF REAL;
530 FOR L-l TO 5
PROCEDURE NOTHING;
540 NEXT L
BEGIN
600 IF K<1000 THEN 500
END;
700 PRINT "END"
BEGIN
800 END
WRITELN('START') ;
820 RETURN
K : -0 ;
1 :
K:-K + l ;
A:-K/2*3+4-5;
NOTHING;
FOR L: 1 TO 5 DO;
IF K<10000 THEN GOTO 1;
WRITELNC 'END') ;
END.
BENCHMARK 7
300 PRINT "START"
PROGRAM SEVEN;
400 K=0
(*$G+*)
430 DIM M(5)
LABEL 1;
500 K-K+l
VAR A, K -.REAL;
510 A=K/2*3+4-5
L : INTEGER;
1 520 GOSUB 820
M: ARRAY {1 . .5} OF REAL;
530 FOR L-l TO 5
BEGIN
535 M(L)-A
WRITELNC 'START' ) ;
540 NEXT L
K:-0;
600 IF K<1000 THEN 500
1:
700 PRINT "END"
K:=K+1 ;
800 END
A:K/2*3+4-5;
820 RETURN
FOR L:=l TO 5 DO
M{L} :=A;
IF K<10000 THEN GOTO 1;
WRITELN('END') ;
END.
cessors were used.
How would a variety of computers
do with a similar set of benchmark
programs written in Pascal? It took
very little encouragement to get Ap-
ple II owner Bill Laslo to go back to
the October 1977 article and recode
the seven programs as closely as pos-
sible in Pascal. Listing 1 shows the
original Basic benchmark programs
and their companion Pascal versions.
Note that the Pascal loops are ten
times longer to make timing easier.
In recent years many dialects of
Basic have appeared. Probably the
most popular to run under CP/M was
CBasic, and then CBasic2. Another
recent entry is the Microsoft Basic
compiler which has an instruction set
very similar to the excellent
Microsoft Basic interpreter. To up-
date the 1977 timing list I bench-
marked these using a standard Pro-
cessor Technology SOL-20 (8080
based) with CP/M 1.4.
The Pascal benchmarks were run
on a number of systems, ranging
from the TRS-80 Model I and Apple II
to the big mainframe systems. The re-
sults of the tests are shown in Table 1 .
If you go back to the October 1977 ar-
ticle, be sure to multiply the results
by ten for proper comparison. In ac-
tuality, I cranked in even longer
loops for the mainframe machines so
I could capture meaningful times. I
picked out two of the systems from
the original article and presented
those results along with the more re-
cent data— the system with the fastest
time (the OSI 8K Basic) and one that
represents the middle of the better
systems of that era (the Altair Disk
Extended Basic, using an 8080 micro-
computer) .
(I would like to thank my col-
leagues Dr. Terry Ireland, John No-
lan, Drew Pastor, John Epstein, Dave
Neuman and Bill Laslo for their help
in getting these timed runs.)
One of the more interesting imple-
mentations is the DEC PDP 1 1 series
using the UNIX Operating system.
With this system, the Pascal program
can be developed with the interpret-
er; then, when it runs smoothly, it
can be compiled for some really fast
run times.
With the more affordable systems,
the UCSD Pascal available on the Ap-
ple II and the TRS-80 had comparable
times. (The MetaTech Pascal for the
TRS-80 which runs under CP/M was
not tested, since it does not support
the GOTO statement. If your applica-
tions can live with this and other limi-
142 Microcomputing, April 1982
tations of the MetaTech Pascal, it
should provide some very fast execu-
tion since it generates object code,
not the intermediate P-Code runs in
the slower interpreter mode— of most
microcomputer Pascal versions.
The times for the TI 9900 Develop-
ment System (not listed since I did
not run all of the benchmark tests)
indicates a considerable speedup
achieved by Texas Instruments, but
at the expense of reducing transporta-
bility of their code.
We can do a lot with our micro-
computers that the big systems can't
do much better, but they sure do it
quickly! I knew that CBasic2 was
slow, but I still can't believe this
pseudo-compiled code taking over
three times as long as other Basic
systems. Quite a convincing argu-
ment for using machine subroutines
whenever possible with CBasic2.
Where does that leave us? Pascal is
unquestionably a better academic
language than Basic and for this
reason should continue to grow in
popularity. But for those of us who
have been spoiled by the ease of
writing and debugging Basic pro-
grams and the performance of Micro-
soft' s Compiled Basic, the motive for
change is not so great. ■
Benchmark Tests
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
OSI 8K BASIC
9.0
46.0
82.0
93.0
100.0
148.0
216.0
Altair Disk BASIC
19.0
75.0
206.0
209.0
221.0
369.0
585.0
Microsoft BASIC
20.0
66.0
191.0
188.0
202.0
360.0
566.0
Microsoft Compiled BASIC
11.2
11.3
77.6
40.0
36.0
94.0
275.0
CBASIC2
85.0
153.6
584.0
972.0
942.0
1594.0
1870.0
UNIX Pascal (Interpreted)
.6
2.5
5.4
5.0
5.6
5.9
12.2
UNIX Pascal (Compiled)
.1
.4
.8
.8
.9
1.0
1.4
UNIVAC 1100 Pascal
.06
.32
.60
.74
1.12
1.48
2.37
DEC 10 Pascal
.05
.28
.4
.83
.88
.97
1.08
CDC 7600 Pascal
.005
.015
.032
.045
.102
.125
.100
Apple UCSD Pascal
6.0
26.0
98.0
105.0
120.0
156.0
231.0
TRS-80 UCSD Pascal
7.2
29.0
105.0
121.0
127.0
173.0
223.0
Table I. Benchmark results
Times are
given in seconds.
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Microcomputing, April 1982 143
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144 Microcomputing, April1982
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(answer on p. 152)
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Microcomputing, April1982 145
The author takes a hard look at some reasons computers haven't realized their full potential in schools.
Why Johnny Can't Compute
By Art Botterell
Educators are excited about micro-
computers now. But when the
first flush of enthusiasm passes,
they're going to take a long hard look
at the strengths and weaknesses of
this new technology. There are weak-
nesses—some minor, some critical—
with which we must cope if the micro-
computer is to avoid the dusty fate of
so many earlier "teaching machines."
These problems can't be overcome
by enthusiasm alone. They are funda-
mental structural issues which must
be approached coolly and deliberate-
ly, before the majority of educators—
who want results, not promises— turn
away from computers disenchanted.
Institutional Biases
American education evolved before
the microcomputer, and many of its
methods are now deeply ingrained.
Some of these established practices
conflict with the nature of the com-
puter as an instructional medium.
For one thing, the microcomputer
is an individualized medium, and the
history of individualization in the
mainstream of American education is
not a happy one. Despite lip service
paid the concept, very little truly in-
Art Botterell (2677 E. Main St., #3, Columbus,
OH 43209} is Director of Educational Services of
the MicroAge Computer Store in Columbus.
146 Microcomputing, April 1982
dividual instruction goes on in most
of our schools. This is because of the
excessive student-to-teacher ratios
imposed by economics, particularly
in the public school systems. Re-
search suggests that once the student/
teacher ratio exceeds about ten- or
12-to-one, it becomes hard, if not im-
possible, to attend to the individual
needs of students.
To cope, our schools lump groups
of students together into classes, and
then treat each class as a unit. Teach-
ers strive, under the banners of "en-
richment" and "remediation," to
keep their students' performance lev-
els clustered tightly around the
mean. Advanced students get "activi-
ties" to keep them occupied while
the teacher helps other students
"catch up.' Students who vary too
much from the norms are removed to
"special" classes.
Efforts to individualize teaching run
into the argument (valid, as far as it
goes) that such techniques create
classroom management problems. In
fact, the history of instructional tech-
nology shows that systems which
have prospered— those that include
such tools as film, slides and overhead
projectors— are typically used in a
class of 30 or so students. Other elec-
tronic tools, like videotape, instruc-
tional TV, and the earlier teaching ma-
chines, are only effective with smaller
groups, which means that the class
must be broken up. Systems which
can't be used with the entire class
tend to wind up covered with dust in
some closet or visual-aids locker.
Any attempt to individualize in-
struction must deal with this mana-
gerial issue first, or be doomed. This
is the logic behind computer- managed
instruction (CMI).
Another problem is the way we
evaluate education— with numbers.
Test scores, percentile rankings, ab-
senteeism rates and budgets are the
measuring rods of educational quali-
ty. But we don't yet know how to
measure some kinds of learning nu-
merically. Simulation, one of the
most exciting uses of the instructional
computer, is a wonderful way to de-
velop an intuitive grasp of processes
too complex to deal with analytically.
But precisely because it is so sophisti-
cated, such learning is often viewed
as less "significant" than other, sim-
pler forms which show up on stan-
dardized tests.
There are also problems having to
do with the anxieties of teachers and
administrators. Some educators wor-
ry about the dehumanization of edu-
cation. Others fear for the future of
older skills like reading and multipli-
cation, when competing with televi-
sion, calculators and computers.
Many simply feel inadequate in their
grasp of new techniques, and prefer
to stick with the methods they know.
Generally speaking, education in
America is not terribly well-funded.
Some schools have money for experi-
mentation and growth, but many are
hard-pressed to provide buildings
and books, let alone computers. Sad-
ly, the schools most needful of the ef-
fectiveness and efficiency of micro-
computers are usually the ones least
likely to get them. With reduced fed-
eral spending, the grant programs
which have paid for many schools'
micros may soon dry up.
And finally, there is the "back to
basics" movement. While this philos-
ophy has had limited impact in most
schools (mainly because there's little
agreement as to what the basics really
are), it has made many administrators
cautious about introducing anything
that might be seen as a frill. More
than one school superintendent in the
past lost his job at least partly because
of a backlash against the new math.
Hardware
But not all the problems are with
the institutions. Some spring from the
design of the current crop of micro-
computers.
Today's micros are generally scale
models of the large computers of the
past, with a single central processor,
keyboard input, CRT or printer out-
put and programming languages bor-
rowed from the mainframes and
minis. This suggests an assumption
that the form of a computer is inde-
pendent of its size, which is like argu-
ing that a station wagon should be de-
signed like a tractor-trailer rig.
In fact, the flexibility of the general-
purpose programmable microcomput-
er is one of its greatest liabilities, be-
cause flexibility costs money. Schools
are asked to pay for multipurpose
computers for what are often single-
purpose applications. Despite the tre-
mendous drop in the cost of hard-
ware in the past decade, there is still
little chance for schools to buy a com-
puter for each student, or even for
each hundred students. Most in-
school microcomputers now support
(theoretically) the needs of several
hundred students.
Educators try to pare down this ab-
surdly high student/computer ratio
by restricting access to the machine
to some part of the student body— for
example, a computer class, a gifted
students program or a special ed pro-
gram. For the microcomputer to be-
come an important part of the general
instructional system, it will have to
drop in price by another factor of 10
or 100.
^See List of Advertisers on page 178
This will happen mostly by elimi-
nating unneeded features- once we
learn which ones those are. Because
of their flexibility, today's microcom-
puters provide ideal "test beds" for
developing new instructional meth-
ods. Once we know what works and
what doesn't, we can implement the
successful techniques in smaller, less-
expensive units for general use. The
ultimate educational computers will
probably be more like Texas Instru-
ments' Speak & Spell than like the
current micros.
A critical issue for instructional
technologists in the near future is the
role and impact of various input and
output systems. The typewriter- style
keyboard is difficult for very young
students, for students with some
kinds of disabilities and for purposes
like simulation of driving, flying or
other activities which use nontextual
control systems. Likewise, visual out-
put by CRT or printer must some-
times yield to speech and music syn-
thesis, and perhaps even eventually
to systems using touch, smell or taste.
Another issue is mobility, or the
lack of it. Several companies in the
U.S. and in Japan are working on
portable terminals the size of text-
books, using liquid-crystal displays.
Perhaps we will see the clay and wax
tablets carried by the students of an-
tiquity returning in electronic form.
As I have already pointed out, one
of the concerns about instructional
computers is that they do not provide
for social interaction among students.
Group learning is a very important
process, both in terms of instruction
and of socialization. We need instruc-
tional microcomputer systems which
can be shared.
Software
It's a commonplace in this field that
the lack of good software is the big-
gest barrier to the growth of educa-
tional computing. As a result, educa-
tional institutions and users are hard
at work developing instructional pro-
grams for the major microcomputers.
The problem today is not the quantity
of software, nor its availability, but
rather its quality. There is a great deal
of bad educational software on the
market today.
One reason is that developing good
instructional materials requires three
different kinds of skills. First, techni-
cal expertise is needed, to identify
ways the computer can teach. Next,
instructional design skills are re-
quired, to ensure that the potential of
the micro is used effectively and to
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Microcomputing, April1982 147
provide a workable interface between
computerized instruction and the rest
of the educational program. Finally,
expert knowledge of the subject mat-
ter is an obvious necessity.
Most instructional software today
is accurate enough in its content. But
much of it is deficient either techni-
cally or in instructional design. Soft-
ware written by programmers tends
to be technically sophisticated but in-
structionally defective. Software de-
veloped by teachers tends to be edu-
cationally valid, but weak in its use of
the computer's potential.
Rarely does one person have all
three sets of skills. Well-rounded
courseware is usually the result of co-
operation between specialists in each
critical area. This poses a problem in
organizational design and recruitment
which few software suppliers have
solved.
Another flaw of most existing in-
structional software is its lack of scope
and sequence. Most educational soft-
ware on the market addresses one
narrow set of learnings in a rifle-shot
approach. Thus, the instructor must
assemble a computerized curriculum
piecemeal. It's as though there were
no text for the course, but only a li-
brary full of individual chapters and
sections, each separately bound.
Individual teachers are not in a po-
sition to undertake a project the size
of a complete microcomputer-based
instructional sequence, any more
than they can create textbooks single-
handedly. A number of universities
have received funds to develop in-
structional software, but so far much
of their work has been either too ad-
vanced, or sometimes too rudimenta-
ry, to improve the present situation.
The natural candidates for course-
ware development are the existing
commercial publishers and materials
developers. But in the past few years
many of the major firms have looked
at this field and backed away. Why?
Mostly because of the cost of soft-
ware development, which is very
large, and worse, very unpredictable.
Programming is a skilled-labor-inten-
sive task, and the productivity of pro-
grammers varies widely. A lot of re-
search and testing is needed to find
the best methods to use in this new
medium, and once the software ex-
ists, it must be tested, and revised
and tested again, and perhaps revised
once more.
Publishers are accustomed to con-
NETWORKING
If you like to communicate with others, the CompuServe
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we have the largest customer base of any videotex system in North
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"Talk" to other CompuServe subscribers via CB simulation (it's the
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manufacturers, Special Interest Groups and publishers.
Play a variety of networking games with your own group or
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Ask for a demonstration at a Radio Shack K Computer Center.
Videotex software is available for various brands of personal
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CompuServe
^ 371
siderable returns on their assets.
Most of them have been unwilling to
spend limited resources to develop
products of indeterminate cost and
untested marketability, when they
know they can make a dependable
profit in print. That is why, although
many publishers have announced
ventures in software development, lit-
tle of this software has actually come
to the market.
One Notable Success
Microcomputers have had early
and impressive success penetrating
education in the area called computer
literacy. In this field the microcom-
puter is used as a piece of lab equip-
ment, on which students undertake
projects designed to teach them about
computers. The reasons for this suc-
cess bear examining.
For one thing, making computer lit-
eracy part of the curriculum (usually
in the math program) provides a
chance for teachers to become com-
puter literate themselves. Judging
from the boom in attendance at edu-
cational computing fairs and semi-
nars, this is a need felt by many edu-
cators. Also, many schools already
have some sort of course about com-
puters, so that introducing the micro-
computer does little to disrupt the
status quo.
Another beauty of computer litera-
cy is that it doesn't require any soft-
ware. Usually the students develop
their own programs. Since most
schools spend their whole microcom-
puting budget on hardware, and
since the current software environ-
ment is deficient in many areas, com-
puter literacy sometimes becomes
the main justification for investing in
a micro. Many schools have bought a
computer planning to use it for com-
puter-assisted instruction, then set-
tled for teaching computer literacy
until they find money and software to
pursue their original plans.
Computer literacy also avoids (to
some extent) the problems posed by a
high student/computer ratio. Since
the computer is a piece of lab gear in-
stead of a primary means of instruc-
tion, the time each student needs
with the machine can be considerably
reduced. Thus, with careful schedul-
ing, many more students can use
what is usually the only microcom-
puter in the school.
But although parents and educators
agree that today's students should—
indeed, must— be taught about com-
puters, there is disagreement as to
what they should be taught.
148 Microcomputing, April1982
One point of view is that the micro-
computer should be used to demon-
strate and simulate the operation of
larger computers. Another approach
teaches microcomputer programming
as the state of the art. Still another
holds that progress will soon render
current technologies and techniques
obsolete, and that only the relatively
timeless concepts of information sci-
ence are durable enough to be profit-
ably taught.
Regardless, computer literacy has
provided an important foot in the door
for microcomputers in our schools.
The Prospects
The single most important develop-
ment in educational microcomputing
so far has been the introduction of
computer- managed instruction (CMI).
CMI turns over to the computer the
painstaking and time-consuming tasks
of individualization which overwhelm
teachers in today's classrooms.
For example, in an ideal school
Johnny's teacher might notice that he
has trouble with certain multiplica-
tion problems. This ideal teacher
would give Johnny a diagnostic test to
find which elements of these prob-
lems are giving him trouble. Then the
teacher could suggest that Johnny
read a section of a textbook, or view a
filmstrip, or run an instructional pro-
gram on the microcomputer. After
Johnny completed the learning units,
the teacher would retest him, and if
the problem remained, the teacher
would try different approaches to
teaching the missing skills.
Since most teachers don't have
time for such detailed individual
analysis and recordkeeping, it makes
sense to use a computer. CMI is no
newcomer to instructional comput-
ing, but on microcomputers it's still
in the early stages. Science Research
Associates (an IBM-owned education-
al materials publisher) has released
CMI packages for Apple and Atari
micros for instruction in mathematics
which give diagnostic tests directly to
the student at the keyboard. Evans
Newton, Inc., of Phoenix has gone a
step further with its Project BASIC
system, which can be used in any
subject with user- specified objectives
and learning resources.
Project BASIC uses a batch-mode
approach, in which students respond
to test items on pencil-marked cards
which are fed into the computer
through a mark-sense card reader.
Since the time-consuming testing pro-
cess occurs off-line, a single micro can
support the needs of an entire school.
(Evans Newton recently agreed with
Holt, Rinehart and Winston, a CBS-
owned textbook publisher, to market
a version of Project BASIC already
configured for use with the firm's
new elementary math texts.)
As I've suggested, some sort of
computer management of instruction
seems necessary before there can be
general acceptance of computerized
education. Indeed, CMI might be the
key to the long-sought ideal of truly
individualized instruction for the ma-
jority of America's schoolchildren.
Some believe that the most signifi-
cant thing about the educational com-
puter is the impact it has on the way
children think. The leader in this
field is probably Seymour Papert of
MIT, whose work with the Logo pro-
gramming language suggests that the
computer can have a profound effect
on learning about learning. Since
Papert' s work lies close to the already
booming field of computer literacy
(although it is by no means the same
thing), we may see it bearing fruit in
our schools in the near future.
Meanwhile, the drill-and-practice
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Microcomputing, April 1982 149
systems which now dominate educa-
tional applications will continue to be
important, especially in remedial and
special education, and in subjects like
law and medicine where large
amounts of rote learning are re-
quired. But we must take care to
avoid "shakespeare-izing" comput-
ers. Many of today's adults suffered a
joyless, forced-march introduction to
Shakespeare, and some never fully re-
covered. We must not turn the micro-
computer into a tool of oppression in
our children's eyes, lest the next gen-
eration resent and fear computers be-
cause of childhood memories, instead
of because of today's occasional multi-
million dollar electric bill and imper-
sonal "personalized" form letter.
Naturally, still newer technologies
will shape the role of educational
computing. The microcomputer-con-
trolled intelligent videodisk is today
the darling of instructional technolo-
gists. While the videodisk will offer a
tremendous improvement of the
graphic and audio capabilities of to-
day's micros, it is not yet clear that it
will do anything basically different.
But as a digital data-storage medium
the optical disk could have far-reach-
ing impact. Because tremendous
amounts of data can be packed onto
each disk, it may soon be practical to
have a complete copy of the catalogue
of the Library of Congress on-line in
every school library. The videodisk
might be the storage breakthrough
we need to make the microcomputer
truly valuable to the school librarian.
Data communication is another area
of tremendous technological growth.
The uses of existing "information
utilities" like CompuServe and The
Source are limited on one hand by the
costs of terminal equipment and on
the other by the limited data-trans-
mission rate possible over dial-up
phone lines, but new approaches like
teletext and coaxial (cable TV) data
links could open new realms of appli-
cation in the next few years.
Finally, it's worthwhile to consider
the effect that these new methods
could have on our educational sys-
tem. Just as schools today are an ex-
pression of the needs and techniques
of their history, so microcomputers,
if they become a significant part of
our education, can be expected to
leave their mark. A few observations
illustrate some kinds of change we
can expect:
•Control Data Corporation, unsuc-
cessful for many years in marketing
its highly-developed but expensive
PLATO instructional system to the
educational establishment, has moved
outside the system to create its own
CDC Learning Centers.
• A substantial portion of the existing
market for instructional software is
the "at-home" sector, where the pro-
grams are being used to enhance the
learning of both children and adults.
• In an effort to bolster productivity,
corporations are taking increased re-
sponsibility for the education, both
basic and continuing, of their em-
ployees; many of these firms are
turning to computers.
•The military (long a major user of
instructional technology) no longer
stresses adventure in its recruitment
ads; the emphasis now is on educa-
tional opportunities.
Clearly, the American educational
system is becoming more multifacet-
ed than ever before. Microcomputers,
in some ways the most American of
learning technologies, can make a val-
uable contribution, if proper attention
is paid to the realities of our schools. ■
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.See List of Advertisers on page 1 78
Microcomputing, April 1982 1 51
F^DEflLER DIRECTORY^
El Monte, CA
Eagle II and M/ACOM-t
business computer specialist. Serving
greater Los Angeles area with all
your business computer needs. In-
house service, custom programming,
terminals, printers, etc . Open 9 AM-6
I'M. Computer Challenge Corp.,
3380 Flair Drive, El Monte, CA
91731.
N. Hollywood, CA
Wholesale prices to dealers and com-
puter club members! Anadex, Cen-
tronics, Corvus, Delta, Diablo, Ep-
son, Godbout, Hayes, IPS, C. Itoh,
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ta, Zenith and others. Patio Com-
puter Sales Co., Suite 204, 5451
Laurel Canyon Blvd., N. Holly-
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Riverside, CA
Visit our Computer Support Center
for the Inland Empire's largest selec-
tion (.->( ICs, books and computer ac-
cessories. Open daily. Check our
prices and friendly service. Inland
Electro-Mart, 8624 California
Ave., Riverside, CA 92504. 687-
3776.
Westminster, CA
Commodore Basic business program
development. Federal <S*. CA state
tax programs, 1040, 1040 A, 540,
540A, schedule- C, D, E, G, 2210,
2441, 56^5, etc Don Henderson,
9330 Bolsa Ave, Westminster
CA 92683. 893-3909, 894-0073.
Bridgeport, CT
Excellent service and prices on Apple,
Zenith, NEC, Atari, Xerox, HP com-
puters. Also hoards and accessories by
Microsoft, Hayes, Epson, IDS and
others; software too. For best service
call for appointment. Mon-Sat. 10
AM-6 PM. Conn, lnfosystems, 218
Huntington Rd., Bridgeport, CT
06608. 579-0472.
Nokomis, FL
We are the leading area computer
store. We carry Cromemco, Apple,
Vector Graphic; printers and termi-
nals. We offer full software support
including G/L, A/R, payroll and
word processing. Computer Cen-
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Nokomis, FL 33555. 484-1028.
Sarasota, FL
Your personal and business comput-
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HP-85, Atari and Epson. Structured
Systems and Micro-Pro software.
Computer furniture and books by
Osborne or Hayden. Sales, service
and supplies. Computer Cross-
roads, 3800 S. Tamiami Trail,
Sarasota, FL 33579. 349-0200.
Aurora, IL
Microcomputer systems for home or
business; peripherals, software,
books and magazines. Apple, Hew-
lett-Packard Series 80 Systems, HP
calculators, IDS, Qume, Starwriter
printers. Farnsworth Computer
Center, 1891 N. Farnsworth
Ave., Aurora, IL 60505.
851-3888.
Noblesville, IN
Nationally known microcomputer
software systems at discount prices.
PLUS free delivery and installation
in Indiana. Write, call or stop in for
free price list. Harbourtown Sales,
14- W Harbour Town Shoppes, Box
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Pasadena, MD
Altos, Apple, Osborne, Atari — sys-
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service problem solving center for
small businesses. Computer Cross-
roads, Inc., 9143G Red Branch
Rd., Columbia, MD; 8220
Ritchie Hwy., Pasadena, MD.
730-5513/647-7111.
Dealers: Listings are $15 per month in prepaid quarterly payments, or one
yearly payment of $150, also prepaid. Ads include 25 words describing your
products and services plus your company name, address and phone. (No area
codes or merchandise prices, please.) Call Marcia at 603-924-9471 or write
Microcomputing, Ad Department, Peterborough, NH 03458.
Lodi, NJ
Computer hardware: North Star, Ze-
nith, Atari, CBM/PET, Qume, Ep-
son and others. Software: EduWare,
Professional Software, Zenith, North
Star, Programma, Personal Software
and others. Factory trained service
dept. Books, magazines, etc. Full
product line on display. Comtek
Electronics, Inc., Rt. 46 West,
Lodi, NJ. 472-2440.
River Edge, NJ
Discount software — up to 25 percent
off business, utility, recreational,
educational and home programs.
Apple, Atari, TRS-80 and PET.
Atari computers always on sale.
Software City, 111 Grand Ave.,
River Edge, NJ 07661.
Chautauqua, NY
Retail book store featuring the Disas-
sembled Handbook for TRS-80 Vol-
umes 1, 2, 3. English, German and
French language editions. 9 AM- 5 PM
weekdays. Come and visit us. Rich-
craft Computer Book Store, 1
Wahmeda Ave., Chautauqua,
NY 14722. 753-2654.
Staten Island,
Brooklyn, NY
Computer hardware: North Star, Ze-
nith, Atari, CBM-PET, Qume, Ep-
son and others. Software: EduWare,
Professional Software, Zenith, North
Star, Programma, Personal Software
and others. Factory trained service
department. Books, magazines, etc.
Full product line on display. Com-
tek Electronics Inc., Staten Is-
land Mall, Staten Island, NY.
698-7050; Coney Island Ave.
and Ave. X, Brooklyn, NY. 332-
5933.
Montreal, Quebec
We do expert service on all micro-
computers and peripherals (CRT,
printer, floppy disk). North Star,
Hazeltine, Cromemco, Centronics,
Shugart, Siemens, Apple, TRS, Ep-
son, S 100. Montreal Data Cen-
tre, 120 Ricard, Legardeur,
Montreal, Quebec. 585-8801.
Woodbridge, VA
Computer/ word-processing systems
for business, school, home. Software,
disk drives, printers. Books, maga-
zines, supplies. Authorized CBM/
PET dealer, service. Consulting,
training, maintenance contracts.
MWF noon-8 PM, Saturday 9 AM-3
PM. Virginia Micro Systems,
Inc., 14415 Jefferson Davis
Highway, Woodbridge, VA
22191. 491-6502. Washington
Metro 643-1063.
Spokane, WA
SS-50 users: Expand present system
to maximum or build from ground
up. We provide PCBs for mother-
hoards, interfaces, etc. Write for
specs and information. Quality Re-
search Company, PO Box 7207,
Spokane, WA 99207.
MICRO QUIZ
(from page 1 45)
Answer
CT is incremented whenever I divides
J evenly.
I = 20- J = 400. 380, 360, . .
,20 =
. 20
I = 40 — J = 400, 360. 320, . .
.40 =
« 10
I = 60 -* J = 360, 300. 240, .
. .60
= 6
I = 80 - J = 400. 320, 240, .
. ,80
= 5
I = 100 - J = 400, 300. 200,
100
- 4
I = 120 - J = 360. 240, 120
=
3
I = 140 through 200 - 2 each (I, 2*1
I)
I = 220 through 400 -* 1 each (I)
We have: 20+10 + 6 + 5 + 4
+ 3 +
4*2
+ 10*1
152 Microcomputing, April1982
BUY
DIRECT
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UPON REQUEST
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• Supports th«
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prototyping arcs
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MC6801 APPLICATIONS PROTOTYPE BOARD
Tha APB it i *m«n board which support* the MCM01 family of microcomputers it is
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The APB is an excellent educetlonal aid which allows for evaluation and familiarization
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Besides being so practical it is a fun little board Order yours today 1
' TM of Motorola Semiconductor Products mc
APB-1 Bare board witn documentation $ 19
APB-2 Above assembled with all parts less microcomputer and memory $ 69
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I APB-4 Above with tour 21 14L RAM* $129
[ For the 88- M Bus
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CI-66A Control Interface 8 opto-isoiated inputs 6 reed relay outputs - $79 kit. $96 A&T
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4
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Please send the items checked below
KB8
JAWS-IB kit:
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Zip
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333 Litchfield Road, New Milford, CT 06776
Main/Frames
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from
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8" Floppy Main/Frame
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Write or call for our
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We accept Bank Amer (card /Visa
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»W7
sSee List of Advertisers on page 1 78
Microcomputing, April1982 153
Wayne Green Books
A COURSE
IN DIGITAL
ELECTRONICS
wfcCT T O U
build jour
H man*
*C?
* TRS 80 is a trademark of
Radio Shack Division of Tandy Corp
Annotated BASIC— A New Technique for Neophytes.
BASIC programming was supposed to be simple — a beginner s programming
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Annotated BASIC explains the complexities of modern BASIC It includes com-
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Order Both Volumes and Save! BK738402 $18.95
Kilobaud Klassroom-
A practical course in digital electronics
by George Young and Peter Stark
I parning electronics theory without practice isn t easy And it S no fun to build an
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isbn 088006027 1 BK7386 $14.95
The New Weather Satellite Handbook
By Dr. Ralph E. Taggart WB8DQT
Here is the completely updated and revised edition of the best-selling Weather
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Wpather Satellite contains Operational Satellite Systems. Antenna Systems. Weather Satellite Receivers A
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FOR TOLL-FREE ORDERING CALL 1 -800-258-5473
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Use the order card or itemize your order on a separate piece of paper and mail to Wayne Green Books Att Sales • Peterborouqh NH 03458
Be sure to include check or detailed credit card information (Visa. Master Charge or American Express accepted )
No CO D orders accepted All orders add $1 50 for the first book, postage and handling. $1 00 each additional book. $10 00 per book foreign air mail
Please allow 4 6 weeks after publication for delivery Questions regarding your order'' Please write to Customer Service at the above address
154 Microcomputing, April 1982
microcomputing book nook
PROGRAMMING
■"•*-* ^'cookbook
Z-80
TRS-80 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE-by Hubert S Howe
Jr. This book incorporates into a single volume all the
pertinent facts and information you need to Know to
program and enjoy the TRS-80. Included are clear
presentations of all introductory concepts, completely
tested practical programs and subroutines, details of
ROM and RAM and disk operating systems, plus com-
prehensive tables, charts and appendices. Suitable for
the first time user or more experienced users. BK1217
$9.95.*
INSIDE LEVEL II — For machine language program-
mers. This is a comprehensive reference guide to the
Level II ROMs, allowing easy utilization of the
sophisticated routines they contain It concisely ex
plains set-ups, calling sequences, variable passage
and I/O routines. PartTl presents an entirely new com
posite program structure which unloads under the
SYSTEM command and executes in both BASIC and
machine code with the speed and efficiency of a com-
piler Special consideration is given to disk systems.
BK1 183 51* 95 *
PROGRAMMING THE Z-80-by Rodnay Zaks. Here is
assembly language programming for the Z-80 present-
ed as a progressive, step by-step course. This book is
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reference book, useful to both the beginning and the
experienced programmer who wish to learn about the
Z 80 Exercises to test the reader are included. BK1 122
$15.95.*
Z 80 SOFTWARE GOURMET GUIDE AND COOKBOOK
—by Nat Wadsworth Scelbi's newest cookbook! This
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Z-80 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING by
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BK1 177 $16.99 *
VOL. I COMPONENT TESTERS- How to build tran
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VOL. Ill RADIO FREQUENCY TESTERS- Radio fre-
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VOL IV IC TEST EQUIPMENT Become a tfuuDle
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6502
BASK. (;i)[)INU SHEfcT
MCPOCOMPUTMG
..
n=3:
PET/CBM PERSONAL COMPUTER GUIDE by Adam
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TION This is the book that will show you what the Com
modore PET or CBM can do and how to get yours up
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SOME COMMON BASIC PROGRAMS, APPLE II EDI
TION — by Lon Poole et al A powerful collection of fi
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UNDERSTANDING YOUR VIC VOL. 1 BASIC PROGRAM
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BK 1234 $11 95
6502 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING — by
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BK1176$16 99 *
THE APPLE II USERS GUIDE by Lon Poole Martin
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Well organized and easy to use BK1220 $15.00 '
PROGRAMMING THE 6502 (Third Edition)— Rodnay
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6502 APPLICATIONS BOOK Hodnay Zaks presents
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6502 SOFTWARE GOURMET GUIDE AND COOK
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r-HictS SUbjt^; ,o cHANGfc WIIMOUI NG'lct
MICROCOMPUTING CODING SHEETS Microcomput
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68000/6809
6809 MICROCOMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND IN-
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68000 MICROPROCESSOR HANDBOOK — by Gerry
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68000 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING -by
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—COOKBOOKS—
CMOS COOKBOOK by Don Lancaster Details the
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suitable tor most applications presently dominated by
TIL Required readme, toi c-veiy serious digital ex-
perimenter! BK101 1 $10 50 '
TTL COOKBOOK by Don Lancaster Explains what
iTL is how it works and how to use it. Discusses
practical applications such as a digital counter
and display sysh .ents counter, electronic stop-
watch digital voltmeter and a digital tachometer
BKl0t>j$9.50 •
TVT COOKBOOK by Don Lancaster Describes the
use of a standard television receiver as a micropro-
cessor CRT terminal Explains and describes charac
ter generation cursoi control and interface informa-
tion in typical easy to understand Lancaster style
BK1064$9 95
'Use the order card in this magazine Oi itemize your cde ■ Mparate pi«Ci Of paper and mail to Microcomputing Book Department • Peterborough NH 03458 Be sure
to include checK or detailed ced.l [card information NoCuD orders accepted All orders add $1 50 for first book $1 00 each additional book $10 00 per book foreign air-
mail Please allow 4 6 weeks tor delivery Questions regarding your order'' Please write to Customei Service at this address
FOR TOLL FREE ORDERING CALL 1 800 258 5473
Microcomputing. April 1982 155
BASIC & PASCAL
new
ANNOTATED BASIC- A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR NEO-
PHYTES.— BASIC programming was supposed to be
simple— a beginner's programming language which
was so near to English that is could be easily
understood. But, in recent years, BASIC has become
much more powerful and therefore much more difficult
to read and understand. BASIC simply isn't basic
anymore.
Annotated BASIC explains the complexities of
modern BASIC. It includes complete TRS-80* Level II
BASIC programs that you can use. Each program is an-
notated to explain in step-by-step fashion the workings
of the program. Programs are flowcharted to assist
you in following the operational sequence. And— each
chapter includes a description of the new concepts
which have been introduced.
Annotated BASIC deals with the hows and whys of
TRS-80 BASIC programming. How is a program put
together? Why is it written that way? By observing the
programs and following the annotation, you can devel-
op new techniques to use in your own programs— or
modify commercial programs for your specific use.
Annotated BASIC Volume 1 BK7384 $10.95
Annotated BASIC Volume 2 BK7385 $10.95
Order Both Volumes and Save! BK738402 $18.95
INTRODUCTION TO TRS-80 LEVEL II BASIC AND
COMPUTER PROGRAMMING — by Michael P. Zabin-
ski. Written by an experienced educator, this is the
book for those beginners who want to learn about com-
puters without having to become an expert. It has prac-
tical programs, useful line-by-line comments, excel-
lent flowcharts accompanied by line numbers and over
200 exercises which help the reader assess progress,
reinforce comprehension, and provide valuable prac-
tical experience. BK1219 $10 95*
50 BASIC EXERCISES— by J. P. Lamoitier. This book is
structured around the idea that the best way to learn a
language is through actual practice. It contains 50
completely explained exercises: statement and
analysis of the problem, flowcharts, programs and ac-
tual runs. Program subjects include mathematics,
business, games, and operations research, and are
presented in varying levels of difficulty. This format
enables anyone to learn BASIC rapidly, checking their
progress at each step. BK1192 $12.95*.
THE BASIC HANDBOOK — SECOND EDITION — by
David Lien. This book is unique. It is a virtual
ENCYCLOPEDIA of BASIC. While not favoring one
computer over another, it explains over 250 BASIC
words, how to use them and alternate strategies. If a
computer does not possess the capabilities of a need-
ed or specified word, there are often ways to ac-
complish the same function by using another word or
combination of words. That's where the HANDBOOK
comes in. It helps you get the most from your com-
puter, be it a "bottom-of-the-line" micro or an oversized
monster. BK1 174 $19.95.*
LEARNING LEVEL II— by David Lien. Written especial-
ly for the TRS-80, this book concentrates on Level II
BASIC. It explores every important BASIC language
capability. Updates are included for those who have
studied the Level I User's Manual. Sections include:
how to use the Editor, dual cassette operation, printers
and peripheral devices, and the conversion of Level I
programs to Level II. BK1 175 $15.95*
BASIC BASIC (2ND EDITION)— by James S Coan. This
is a textbook which incorporates the learning of com-
puter programming using the BASIC language with the
teaching of mathematics. Over 100 sample programs
illustrate the techniques of the BASIC language and
every section is followed by practical problems. This
second edition covers character string handling and
the use of data files. BK1026 $10.50.*
ADVANCED BASIC— Applications including strings and
files, coordinate geometry, area, sequences and series,
simulation and graphing and games BK1000 $10.75.*
INTRODUCTION TO PASCAL— by Rodnay Zaks. A
step-by-step introduction for anyone wanting to learn
the language quickly and completely. Each concept is
explained simply and in a logical order. All features of
the language are presented in a clear, easy-to-
understand format with exercises to test the reader at
the end of each chapter. It describes both standard
PASCAL and UCSD PASCAL— the most widely used
dialect for small computers. No computer or program-
ming experience is necessary. BK1 189 $14.95.*
PROGRAMMING IN PASCAL-by Peter Grogono. The
computer programming language PASCAL was the
first language to embody in a coherent way the con-
cepts of structured programming, which has been
defined by Edsger Dijkstra and CAR. Hoare. As such,
it is a landmark in the development of programming
languages. PASCAL was developed by Niklaus Wirth
in Zurich; it is derived from the language ALGOL 60 but
is more powerful and easier to use. PASCAL is now
widely accepted as a useful language that can be effi-
ciently implemented, and as an excellent teaching
tool. It does not assume knowledge of any other pro-
gramming language and therefore suitable for an in-
troductory course. BK1140 $12.95.*
GAMES
40 COMPUTER GAMES FROM KILOBAUD MICROCOM
PUTING— Forty games in all in nine different categories
Games for large and small systems, and even a section
on calculator games. Many versions of BASIC used and
a wide variety of systems represented. A must for the
serious computer gamesman. BK7381 $7.95.*
BASIC COMPUTER GAMES— Okay, so once you get
your computer and are running in BASIC, then what?
then you need some programs in BASIC, that's what.
This book has 101 games for you from very simple to
real buggers. You get the games, a description of the
games, the listing to put in your computer and a sam-
ple run to show you how they work. Fun. Any one game
will be worth more than the price of the book for the fun
you and your family will have with it. BK1074 $7.50.*
MORE BASIC COMPUTER GAMES— Edited by David
H. Ahl. More fun in BASIC! 84 new games from the peo-
ple who brought you BASIC Computer Games. In-
cludes such favorites as Minotaur (battle the mythical
beast) and Eliza (unload your troubles on the doctor at
bargain rates). Complete with game description, list-
ing and sample run. BK1182 $7.50 *
WHAT TO DO AFTER YOU HIT RETURN -PCC's first
book of computer games... 48 different computer
games you can play in BASIC. . .programs, descrip-
tions and many illustrations. Lunar Landing, Ham-
murabi, King, Civel 2, Qubic 5, Taxman, Star Trek,
Crash, Market, etc. BK1071 $16.50.*
PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE
—BUSINESS—
THEORY Z— How American Business Can Meet the
Japanese Challenge— by William Ouchi. Why are the
Japanese catching up and surpassing American In-
dustrial productivity? What allows Japanese in-
dustrialists to offer guaranteed lifetime employment
to their workforce? This book will help you understand
the Theory Z managerial philosophy and its implica-
tions for the American corporate future. Examples are
given of the American industrial giants already
operating under Z-style management, and the impact
of this style on the quality of \heu executives and
workers is explored. A must for the alert businessman,
large or small. BK1226 $12.95*
SO YOU ARE THINKING ABOUT A SMALL BUSINESS
COMPUTER— by Richard G. Canning and Nancy C.
Leeper. For a well-organized manual on the process of
selecting the right computer system for your small
business, this text can't be excelled. Designed to in-
troduce the novice in data and word processing to the
real benefits of computerization, the book is filled with
money- and time-saving tips, photos of equipment,
lists of suppliers, prices, explanations of computer ter-
minology, and helpful references to additional sources
of information. Everyone contemplating a first com-
puter installation should have this book. BK1222
$14.00*
PAYROLL WITH COST ACCOUNTING— IN BASIC- by
L. Poole & M. Borchers, includes program listings with
remarks, descriptions, discussions of the principle
behind each program, file layouts, and a complete
user's manual with step-by-step instructions, flow-
charts, and simple reports and CRT displays. Payroll
and cost accounting features include separate pay-
rolls for up to 10 companies, time-tested interac-
tive data entry, easy correction of data entry errors,
job costing (labor of distribution), check printing
with full deduction and pay detail, and 16 differ-
ent printed reports, including W-2 and 941 (in CBASIC).
BK1001 $20.00.*
SOME COMMON BASIC PROGRAMS— Published by
Adam Osborne & Associates, Inc. Perfect for non-
technical computerists requiring ready-to-use pro-
grams. Business programs, plus miscellaneous pro-
grams. Invaluable for the user who is not an experi-
enced programmer. All will operate in the stand-alone
mode. BK1053 $14.99
PIMS: PERSONAL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM— Learn how to unleash the power of a per-
sonal computer for your own benefit in this ready-to-
use data-base managementprogranrLBK1009 $1 1.95.*
How to Se
Anythin
to
MONEYMAKING
HOW TO MAKE MONEY WITH COMPUTERS— In 10 in-
formation-packed chapters, Jerry Felsen describes
more than 30 computer-related, money-making, high
profit, low capital investment opportunities.
BK1003 $15.00.*
HOW TO SELL ANYTHING TO ANYBODY— According
to The Guinness Book of World Records, the author,
Joe Girard, is "the world's greatest salesman." This
book reveals how he made a fortune— and how you
can, too. BK7306$2.25.*
THE INCREDIBLE SECRET MONEY MACHINE-by
Don Lancaster. A different kind of "cookbook" from
Don Lancaster. Want to slash taxes? Get free vaca-
tions? Win at investments? Make money from some-
thing that you like to do? You'll find this book essential
to give you the key insider details of what is really in-
volved in starting up your own money machine.
BK1 178 $5.95.*
*Use the order card in this magazine or itemize your order on a separate piece of paper and mail to Microcomputing Book Department • Peterborough NH 03458. Be sure
to include check or detailed credit card information. No COD. orders accepted. All orders add $1 .50 for first book, $1 .00 each additional book, $10.00 per book foreign air-
mail. Please allow 4-6 weeks for delivery. Questions regarding your order? Please write to Customer Service at this address.
FOR TOLL FREE ORDERING CALL 1-800-258-5473
1 56 Microcomputing, April 1982
microcomputing book nook
INTRODUCTORY
fell r4X J
HOBBY
COmPUTERS
UNDERSTANDING AND PROGRAMMING MICRO-
COMPUTERS — A valuable addition to your computing
library. This two part text includes the best articles that
have appeared in 73 and Kilobaud Microcomputing
magazines on the hardware and software aspects of
microcomputing. Well known authors and well struc-
tured text helps the reader get involved. BK7382 $10.95 *
SOME OF THE BEST FROM KILOBAUD/MICRO-
COMPUTING—A collection of the best articles that
have recently appeared in Kilobaud/MICROCOMPUT-
ING. Included is material on the TRS-80 and PET
systems, CP/M, the 8080/8085/Z80 chips, the ASR-33
terminal. Data base management, word processing,
text editors and file structures are covered too. Pro-
gramming techniques and hardcore hardware con-
struction projects for modems, high speed cassette
interfaces and TVTs are also included in this large for-
mat, 200 plus page edition. BK7311 $10 95.*
DON'T (or How to Care for Your Computer)— by Rod-
nay Zaks. In plain language, with numerous illustra-
tions, this book tells all the do's and don't's of the care,
preservation and correct operation of the small com-
puter system. Specific chapters cover each piece of
hardware and software, as well as safety and security
precautions and help for problem situations. Have
your computer work right the first time and keep it
working. No technical background required. For all
computer users. BK1237 $11.95.
YOUR FIRST COMPUTER— by Rodnay Zaks Whether
you are using a computer, thinking about using one or
considering purchasing one, this book is indispen-
sable. It explains what a computer system is, what it
can do, how it works and how to select various compo-
nents and peripheral units. It is written in everyday lan-
guage and contains invaluable information for the nov-
ice and the experienced programmer. (The first edition
of this book was published under the title "An In-
troduction to Personal and Business Computing")
BK1191 $8.95*
MICROPROCESSOR INTERFACING TECHNIQUES—
by Austin Lesea & Rodnay Zaks— will teach you how to
interconnect a complete system and interface it to all
the usual peripherals. It covers hardware and software
skills and techniques, including the use and design of
model buses such as the IEEE 488 or S-100. BK1037
$17 95 *
SPECIAL INTERESTS
HJ. fVMH< M«//»ll
TttS+M 101 Sli
«fcOTHrR\\YSTrKll
TRS-80 DISK AND OTHER MYSTERIES- by Harvard C
Pennington. This is the definitive work on the TRS-80
disk system. It is full of detailed "How to use." infor-
mation with examples, samples and in-depth explana
tions suitable for beginners and professionals alike.
The recovery of one lost file is worth the price alone.
BK1181 $22.50 *
MICROSOFT BASIC DECODED AND OTHER MYSTER-
IES — by James Farvour. From the company that
brought you TRS-80 DISK AND OTHER MYSTERIES
Contains more than 6500 lines of comments for the dis-
assembled Level II ROMs and six additional chapters
describing every BASIC subroutine, with assembly Ian
guage routines showing how to use them. Flowcharts
For all major routines give the reader a real in
sight into how the interpreter works. BK1186 $29.50.*
THE CUSTOM TRS-80 AND OTHER MYSTERIES— by
Dennis Kitsz. More than 300 pages of TRS-80 customiz-
ing information. With this book you'll be able to ex-
Slore your computer like never before. Want to turn an
track into a mass storage unit? Individual reverse
characters? Replace the BASIC ROMs? Make Music?
High speed, reverse video, Level I and Level II? Fix it if
it breaks down? All this and much, much more. Even if
you have never used a soldering iron or read a circuit
diagram, this book will teach you how! This is the
definitive guide to customizing your 80! BK1218
$29.95.*
BASIC FASTER AND BETTER AND OTHER MYS-
TERIES— by Lewis Rosenfelder. You don't have to
learn assembly language to make your programs run
fast. With the dozens of programming tricks and
techniques in this book you can sort at high speed,
swap screens in the twinkling of an eye, write INKEY
routines that people think are in assembly language
and add your own commands to BASIC. Find out how
to write elegant code that makes your BASIC really
hum, and explore the power of USR calls. BK1221
$29 95 *
THE CP/M HANDBOOK (with MP/M)— by Rodnav Zaks
A complete guide and reference handbook for CP/M —
the industry standard in operating systems. Step-by-
step instruction for everything from turning on the
system and inserting the diskette to correct user
discipline and remedial action for problem situations.
This also includes a complete discussion of all ver-
sions of CP/M up to and including 2.2, MP/M and
CDOS BK1187 $14.95.*
HOW TO DEFEND YOURSELF AGAINST RADAR -by
Bruce F. Bogner and James R. Bodnar, a lawyer and
radar expert This book gives you the ammunition to
challenge the radar "evidence" that usually leads to a
speeding conviction. The major part of the book details
the inner workings of radar — you'll become more of an
expert than most police officers and judges. The re-
mainder of the book outlines how to defend yourself
against a speeding ticket — the observations, mea-
sures and testimony you must obtain to defend your-
self without the help of a lawyer. The price is a lot less
than a fine! BK1201 $6.95.*
HHICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE
HOBBY COMPUTERS ARE HERE!— If you want to come
up to speed on how computers work— hardware and
software— this is an excellent book. It starts with funda-
mentals and explains the circuits and the basics of pro-
gramming, along with a couple of TVT construction proj-
ects, ASCII, Baudot, etc. This book has the highest rec-
ommendations as a teaching aid. BK7322 $4.95.*
THE NEW HOBBY COMPUTERS— This book takes it
from where Hobby Computers Are Here! leaves off, with
chapters on Large-Scale Integration, how to choose a
microprocessor chip, an introduction to programming,
low-cost I/O for a computer, computer arithmetic, check-
ing memory boards... and much, much more! Don't
miss this tremendous value! BK7340 Only $4.95.*
AN INTRODUCTION TO MICROCOMPUTERS, VOL.
—The Beginner's Book— Written for readers who know
nothing about computers— for those who have an in-
terest in how to use computers— and for everyone else
who must live with computers and should know a little
about them. The first in a series of 4 volumes, this book
will explain how computers work and what they can do.
Computers have become an integral part of life and
society. During any given day you are affected by com-
puters, so start learning more about them with Volume
0. BK1 130 $7.95.*
AN INTRODUCTION TO MICROCOMPUTERS, VOL. 1
—2nd Edition completely revised. Dedicated to the
basic concepts of microcomputers and hardware theo-
ry. The purpose of Volume I is to give you a thorough
understanding of what microcomputers are. From
basic concepts (which are covered in detail), Volume I
builds the necessary components of a microcomputer
system. This book highlights the difference between
minicomputers and microcomputers. BK1030 $12.99.*
KILOBAUD KLASSROOM — by George Young and Peter
Stark. Learning electronics theory without practice isn't
easy. And it's no fun to build an electronics project that
you can't use. Kilobaud Klassroom the popular series
first published in Kilobaud Microcomputing, combines
theory with practice. This is a practical course in digital
electronics. It starts out with very simple electronics
projects, and by the end of the course you'll construct
your own working microcomputer!
Authors Young and Stark are experienced teachers,
and their approach is simple and direct. Whether you're
learning at home or in the classroom, this book provides
you with a solid background in electronics— and you'll
own a computer that you built yourself! BK7386 $14.95
HOW TO BUILD A MICROCOMPUTER— AND REALLY
UNDERSTAND IT— by Sam Creason. The electronics
hobbyist who wants to build his own microcomputer
system now has a practical "How-To" guidebook. This
book is a combination technical manual and program-
ming guide that takes the hobbyist step-by-step through
the design, construction, testing, and debugging of a
complete microcomputer system. Must reading for
anyone desiring a true understanding of small computer
systems. BK7352 $9.95.*
TOOLS A TECHNIQUES FOR ELECTRONICS— by A. A.
Wicks is an easy-to-understand book written for the
beginning kit-builder as well as the experienced hob-
byist. It has numerous pictures and descriptions of the
safe and correct ways to use basic and specialized tools
for electronic projects, as well as specialized metal-
working tools and the chemical aids which are used in
repair shops BK7348 $4.95.*
*Use the order card in this magazine or itemize your order on a separate piece of paper and mail to Microcomputing Book Department • Peterborough NH 03458. Be sure
to include check or detailed credit card information. NoC.O.D. orders accepted. All orders add $1.50 for first book, $1.00 each additional book, $10.00 per book foreign air-
mail. Please allow 4-6 weeks for delivery. Questions regarding your order? Please write to Customer Service at this address.
FOR TOLL FREE ORDERING CALL 1-800-258-5473
Microcomputing, April 1982 1 57
mm
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74LS375
74LS386
74LS393
74LS399
74LS670
81LS95
81LS97
.45
.45
.45
.55
.55
.50
.50
.45
.45
.45
.45
.45
.45
.55
1.25
.50
.45
.50
.50
.75
.79
.79
.79
.79
74S
74S124
74S133
74S134
74S135
74S136
74S138
74S139
74S140
74S151
74S153
74S157
74S158
74S160
74S174
74S175
74S188
74S194
74S195
74S196
74S240
74S241
74S242
3.95
.55
.69
1.19
1.75
1.35
1.35
.79
1.35
1.35
1.35
1.35
2.95
1.59
1.59
2.95
1.95
1.95
1.95
2.95
2.95
3.25
74S243
74S244
74S251
74S253
74S257
74S258
74S260
74S280
74S287
74S288
74S373
74S374
74S387
74S471
74S472
74S473
74S474
74S475
74S570
74S571
74S572
74S573
74S940
74S941
.79
.69
.89
.89
.89
.89
.89
.89
1.25
2.79
1.95
4.95
1.39
.99
.89
.79
.79
1.49
.79
2.25
.79
2.49
2.49
1.25
1.25
.89
.89
.89
.69
.89
.89
1.49
1.49
1.25
.99
1.96
.79
1.49
3.95
3.95
.69
.69
.69
.69
1.49
1.49
Bulova Quartz
Watches
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.19
1.19
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
2.95
1.19
1.19
1.19
.99
.99
.89
.69
.69
.69
1.95
.89
.89
.99
.99
1.25
1.29
1.29
.69
.69
.69
.69
1.95
1.95
.89
.69
2.49
2.49
2.49
1.95
1.95
3.25
3.25
1.45
1.45
1.35
1.35
.79
2.95
3.25
2.75
3.49
3.49
2.95
10.95
10.95
10.95
12.95
12.95
5.95
5.95
9.95
9.95
3.15
3.15
ONE YEAR FACTORY WARRANTY
UM LCD IKounOl r>g<tai Gamini
QOW WIH> Laattta* Strap
tumtv Sugg. Mai tV
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S1SO00
Ladtaa LCD (Roundi Digital Gamtni
Gold with Goto Link Malal Snap
■23M-3Y Sugg Aala.l t1M 00
Ladtas LCD rSqoar*, Oigttai Qamni
OoW with Laathar Strap
•2MMY Sugg Rami » 150 00
Your Choice — $69.95 ea. any Model
CALL OR SEND ORDER IN REFERENCING TO THIS AD FOR SPECIAL PRICE
Because of Limited Supply, please provide a second and third choice
UTRONIX Stick Display Sale
MUITI DIGIT HEf LECTOR ARRAYS FOR CLOCKS
SALE!
H/l*' -I L/r-stVM"
t>aVM"Ml"aVt*"
»l/s.".i"..V.V
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2 FOR
SALE
*i*m
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All
MULTI DIGIT REFLECTOR ARRAYS
Onuaf.
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c a. Max I a>a I otait ■no.
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Jam.
NATIONAL Stick Display Sale
LED NUMERIC ARRAYS
SALE!
MFD
WVDC
COMPUTER GRADE CAPACITORS
PRICE MFD WVDC PRICE MFD
IM
200
1
»
M
II
IM
33
It
29
M
M
2S
M
M
1.M
101
240
10.1
M
11.1
IM
11.
2M
11.
2 OS
11
3 95
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2 OS
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10
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29
105
20
3 05
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440
23
241
21.
4M
23
IS
10
10
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IS
10
20
»
11
7
10
20
WVDC PRICE
Part No. Function Pries
7045IPI CMOS Precision Timer 14.95
704SEV/Klt* Stopwatch Chip. XTL 24.95
7106CPL 3Vi Digit A/D (LCD Drive) 16.95
7106EV/Klt* IC. Circuit Board, Display 34.95
7107CPL 3Vi Digit A/D (LED Drive) 15.95
7107EV/Klt* IC, Circuit Board, Display 29.95
7116CPL 3Vi Digit A/D LCD Dls. HLD. 18.95
7117CPL 3W Digit A/D LEO Dls. HLD. 17.95
7201 1 DR Low Battery Volt Indicator 2.25
7205IPG CMOS LED Stopwatch/Timer 12.95
720SEV/Klt* Stopwatch Chip. XTL 19.95
7206CJPE Tone Generator 5.15
7206CEV/Klt* Tone Generator Chip, XTL 12.95
7207 At PD Oscillator Controller 6.50
7207AEV/KU* Freq. Counter Chip, XTL 13.95
7208IPI Seven Decade Counter 17.95
7209IPA Clock Generator 3.95
7215IPG 4 Func. CMOS Stopwatch CKT 13.95
7215EV/Klt* 4 Func. Stopwatch Chip, XTL 19.95
7216AIJI 8-Diglt Univ. Counter C. A. 32.00
7216CIJI 8-Okgit Freq. Counter C. A. 26.95
7216DIPI 8-Diglt Freq. Counter C.C. 21.95
7217IJI 4- Dig It LED Up/Down Counter 12.95
7218CUI 8-Dlglt Univ. LED Drive 10.95
7224IPL LCD 4Vi Digit Up Counter DRI 11.25
7226AIJL S-Digit Univ. Counter 31.95
7226AEV/Klt* 5 Function Counter Chip, XTL 74.95
7240IJE CMOS Bin Prog. Timer/Counter 4.95
7242IJA CMOS Dlvide-Dy-256 RC Timer 2.05
7250IJE CMOS BCD Prog. Timer/Counter 6.00
7260IJE CMOS BCD Prog. Timer/Counter 5.25
7555IPA CMOS 555 Timer (8 pin) 1.45
7556IPD CMOS 556 Timer (14 pin) 2.20
76UBCPA CMOS Op Amp Comparator SMV 2.25
7612BCPA CMOS Op Amp Ext. Cmvr. 5MV 2.95
7621BCPA CMOS Dual Op Amp Comp. 5MV 3.95
7631CCPE CMOS Trl Op Amp Comp. 10MV 5.35
7641CCPO CMOS Quad Op Amp Comp. 10MV 7.50
7642CCPD CMOS Quad Op Amp Comp. 10MV 7.50
7660CPA Voltage Converter 2.95
8038CCPD Waveform Generator 4.95
8048CCPE Monolithic Logarithmic Amp 21.60
8069CCQ SOppm Band GAP Volt Ret. Diode 2.50
8211CPA Volt Ref/lndicator 2.95
8212CPA Volt Ret/Indicator 2.95
74C00
74C02
74C04
74C08
74C10
74C14
74C20
74C30
74C42
74C48
74C73
74C74
74C85
74C86
74C89
74C90
74C93
2 05
24 000
3M
27.0M
40S
32.ua
3 40
MOM
5 05
43 000
2M
50 000
2 95
52 000
3 00
55 000
IM
M.OM
2 05
IS M0
3M
73.MI
3 05
NM
IM
00 000
2M
1M.M0
1 05
700 000
20
10
25
25
II
21
21
It
21
II
I
If
II
II
3
2 95
2M
4 IS
5 95
SM
7M
5 95
SM
SM
7M
7M
9 95
IM
IM
12 IS
OVER 200 OTHER VALUES AVAILABLE - CALL OR WRITE FOR YOUR REQUIREMENT
r
LOW PROFILE
(TIN) SOCKETS
1-24
25-49
50-100
8 pin LP
14 pin LP
16 pin LP
18 pin LP
20 pin LP
22 pin LP
24 pin LP
28 pin LP
36 pin LP
40 pin LP
.17
.20
.22
.29
.34
.37
.38
.45
.60
.63
.16
.19
.21
.28
.32
.36
.37
.44
.59
.62
.15
.18
.20
.27
.30
.35
.36
.43
.58
.61
IT"m
8 pin SG
14 pin SG
16 pin SG
18 pin SG
24 pin SG
28 pin SG
36 pin SG
40 pin SG
SOLDERTAIL (GOLD)
STANDARD
1-24
25-49
50-100
.39
.49
.54
.59
.79
1.10
1.65
1.75
.35
.45
.49
.53
.75
1.00
1.40
1.59
.31
.41
.44
.48
.69
.90
1.26
1.45
riff NT
SOLDERTAIL
STANDARD (TIN)
1-24
25-49
50-100
14 pin ST
16 pin ST
18 pin ST
24 pin ST
28 pin ST
36 pin ST
40 pin ST
.27
.30
.35
.49
.99
1.39
1.59
.25
.27
.32
.45
.90
1.26
1.45
.24
.25
.30
.42
.81
1.15
1.30
WIRE WRAP SOCKETS
(GOLD) LEVEL #3
1-24
25-49
50-100
8 pin
10 pin
14 pin
16 pin
18 pin
20 pin
22 pin
24 pin
28 pin
36 pin
40 pin
WW
WW
WW
WW
WW
WW
WW
WW
WW
WW
WW
.59
.69
.79
.85
.99
1.19
1.49
1.39
1.69
2.19
2.29
.54
.63
.73
.77
.90
1.08
1.35
1.26
1.53
1.99
2.09
.49
.58
.67
.70
.81
.99
1.23
1.14
1.38
1.79
1.89
.39
.39
.39
.39
.39
.75
.39
.39
1.39
1.95
.79
.79
1.95
.99
6.95
1.29
1.29
74C
74C95
74 C 107
74C151
74C154
74C157
74C160
74C161
74C162
74C163
74 C 164
74C173
74C174
74C175
74C192
74C193
74C19S
1.59
1.89
2.95
3.95
2.25
1.69
1.60
1.49
1.69
1.59
1.39
1.39
1.19
1.69
1.69
1.59
74C221
74C240
74C244
74C373
74C374
74C901
74C903
74C911
74C912
74C915
74C917
74C922
74C923
74C925
74C926
80C9S
80C97
1.95
2.25
2.25
2.49
2.59
.69
.69
10.95
10.95
1.69
10.95
5.49
5.75
7.50
7.50
.79
.79
LH0002CN
LM10CLH
LM11CLH
LH0070-OH
TL071CP
TL072CP
TL074CN
LH0082CD
TL082CP
TL084CN
LH0094CD
LM300H
LM301CIN
LM302H
LM304H
LM305H
LM307CN
LM308CN
LM309H
LM309K
LM310CN
LM311/CN
LM312H
LM317MP
LM317T
LM317K
LM318CN
LM319N
LM320K-5
LM320K-12
LM320K-15
LM320T-5
LM320T-12
LM320T-15
LM323K
LM324IN
LM329DZ
LM331N
LM334Z
LM335Z
LM336Z
LM337T
LM337MP
LM338K
LM339N
LM340K-5
LM340K-12
LM340K-15
6.85
4.50
4.75
4.95
.79
1.39
2.49
35.80
1.19
2.19
36.80
.99
.35
1.95
1.95
.99
.45
1.00
1.95
1.25
1.75
.90
2.49
1.15
1.75
3.95
1.95
1.95
1.35
1.35
1.35
1.25
1.25
1.25
5.95
.99
.65
3.95
1.30
1.40
1.75
1.95
1.15
6.95
.99
1.35
1.35
1.35
LINEAR
LM340T-5
LM340T-12
LM340T-15
LM341P-5
LM341P-12
LM341P-15
LM342P-5
LM342P-12
LM342P-15
LM34SN
LM350K
LF351N
LF353N
LF355N
LF356N
LM358N
LM359N
LM370N
LM373N
LM377N
LM380N
LM381N
LM382N
LM384N
LM386N-3
LM387N
LM389N
LM392N
LF398N
LM399H
TL494CN
TL496CP
NE510A
NE529A
NE531H
NE536H
NE540H
NE544N
IN 1 550 A
NE556V
LM556N
NE564N
LM565N
LM566CN
LM567V
NE570N
1.25
1.25
1.25
.75
.75
.75
.69
.69
.69
1.25
5.75
.60
1.00
1.10
1.10
1.00
1.79
4.49
3.25
2.95
1.25
1.95
1.79
1.95
1.29
1.45
1.35
.69
4.00
5.00
4.49
1.75
6.00
4.95
3.95
6.00
6.00
4.95
1.30
.39
.99
3.95
1.25
1.95
1.25
4.95
LM702H
LM703CN
LM709N
LM710N
LM711N
LM723N
LM733N
LM739N
LM741CN
MC1741SCG
LM747N
LM748N
LM1014N
LM1310N
LM1458CN
LM1488N
LM1489N
LM1496N
LM1556V
LM1800N
LM1871N
LM1872N
LM1877N-9
LM1889N
LM 1896 IN
LM2002T
LM2877P
LM2878P
LMas.P-1
LM3189N
LM3900N
LM3905CN
LM3909N
LM3914IN
LM3915N
LM3916N
RC4136N
RC41S1NB
RC4194TK
RC4195TK
LM450UA
ICL8038B
LM13080N
LM136O0N
75138 IN
75450 N
75451CIN
75492
.79
.89
.29
.79
.79
.69
1.00
1.19
.35
3.00
.79
.59
2.75
1.95
.59
1.25
1.25
1.95
1.75
2.95
5.49
5.49
3.25
3.20
1.75
1.49
2.05
2.25
2.25
2.95
.69
1.25
1.15
3.95
3.95
3.95
1.25
3.95
6.95
5.49
3.25
4.95
1.29
1.49
1.95
.89
.39
.89
CA3010H
CA3013H
CA3023H
CA3035H
CA3039H
CA3046IN
CA3059N
.99
2.15
3.25
2.49
1.35
1.30
3.25
CA-LINEAR
CAJ060IN
3.25
CA3080H
1.25
CA3081N
2.00
CA3082IN
2.00
CA3083N
1.60
CA3086N
.85
CA3089N
CA3096N
CA3130H
CA3140H
CA3160H
CA3401IN
CA3600N
3.75
3.95
1.39
1.25
1.25
.59
3.50
1/4 WATT RESISTOR ASSORTMENTS -5%
CAPACITOR CORNER
ASST. 1 5ea.
10 Ohm
27 Ohm
12 Ohm
33 Ohm
15 Ohm
39 Ohm
18 Ohm
47 Ohm
22 Ohm
56 Ohm
50 pes. $1.95
50 VOLT CERAMIC DISC CAPACITORS
CD4000
CD4001
CD4002
CD4006
CD4007
CD40O9
CD4010
CD4011
CD4012
CD4013
CD4014
CD4015
CD4016
CD4017
CD4018
CD4019
CD4020
CD4021
CD4022
CD4023
CD4024
CD4025
CD4026
CD4027
CD4028
CD4029
CD4030
CD4034
CD4035
CD4040
.39
.39
.39
1.19
.25
.49
.49
.39
.25
.49
1.39
1.19
.59
1.19
.99
.49
1.19
1.39
1.19
.29
.79
.23
2.95
.69
.89
1.49
.49
3.49
.99
1.49
CD-CMOS
CD4041
CD4042
CD4043
CD4044
CD4046
CD4047
CD4048
CD4049
CD4050
CD4051
CD4052
CD4053
CD4056
CD4059
CD4060
CD4066
CD4068
CD4069
CD4070
CD4071
CD40/2
CD4073
CD4075
CD4076
CD4078
CD4081
CD4082
CD4093
1.49
.99
.89
.89
1.79
2.50
1.35
.49
.69
1.19
1.19
1.19
2.95
9.95
1.49
.79
.39
.45
.55
.49
.49
.39
.39
1.39
.55
.39
.39
.99
CD 4098
CD4506
CD4507
CD4508
CD4510
CD4511
CD4612
CD4514
CD4515
CD4516
CD4518
CD4519
CD4520
CD4526
CD4528
CD4529
CD4543
CD4562
CD4566
CD4583
CD4584
CD4723
CD4724
MC14409
MC14410
MC14411
MC14412
MC14419
MC14433
MC 14538
MC14541
2.49
.75
.99
3.95
1.39
1.29
1.49
3.95
2.95
1.49
1.79
.89
1.29
1.79
1.79
1.95
2.79
11.95
2.79
2.49
./5
1.95
1.95
17.95
18.95
15.95
15.95
7.95
15.95
2.49
1.95
ASST. 2
5m.
68 Ohm 82 Ohm 100 Ohm 120 Ohm 150 Ohm
180 Ohm 220 Ohm 270 Ohm 330 Ohm 390 Ohm
50 pes.
$1.95
ASST. 3
5 m.
470 Ohm
1.2K
560 Ohm
1.5K
680 Ohm
l.SK
820 Ohm
2.2K
IK
2.7K
50 pes.
$1.95
ASST. 4
5m.
3.3K
8.2K
3.9K
10K
4.7K
12K
5.6K
15K
6.8K
18K
50 pes.
$1.95
ASST. 5
5m.
22K
56K
2/K
68K
33K
82K
39K
100K
4/K
120K
50 pes.
$1.95
ASST. 6
5m.
150K
390K
180K
470K
220K
S60K
270K
680K
330K
S20K
50 pes.
$1.95
ASST. 7
5 m.
IM
2.7M
1.2M
3.3M
1.5M
3.9M
1.8M
4.7M
2.2M
5.6M
50 pes.
$1.95
Value
10 pf
22 pf
47 pt
100 pf
220 pf
470 Pf
1-9
.08
.08
.08
.08
.08
.08
10-99
.06
.06
.06
.06
.06
.06
100*
.05
.05
05
.05
.05
.05
Value
.OOImF
.004 7u(-
.01«F
.022u F
.047uF
■ IMF
1-9
.08
.08
.08
.09
.09
.16
10-99
.06
.06
.06
.07
.07
.12
100 VOLT MYLAR FILM CAPACITORS
.OOlmf
.0O22mf
.0047mf
.Olrnf
.12
.12
12
.12
.10
.10
.10
.10
.07
.07
.07
.07
.022m f
.047mf
.lmf
.22mf
.13
.21
.27
.33
.11
.17
.23
.27
100+
.05
.05
.05
.06
.06
.10
.08
.13
.17
.22
+20% DIPPED TANTALUMS (Solid) CAPACITORS
ASST. 8R
Includes Resistor Assts. 17 (350 pes.) $10.95 ea.
$10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds Only
California Residants Add 6% Salaa Tax
Postaga — Add 5% plus $1.50 Insurance
Send S.A.S.E. for Monthly Sale Flyer!
Spec Sneets — 25c
Send 88c Postage for your
FREE 1982 JAMECO CATALOG
Prices Subject to Change
Mail Order Electronics • Worldwide
I
ameco
ELECTRONICS
^41
4/82
1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002
PHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 592 8097
.1/35V
. 15/35 V
.22/35V
. 33/35 V
.47/35V
.68/35V
1.0/35V
MINI.
.39
.39
.39
.39
.39
.39
.39
.34
.34
.34
.34
.34
.34
.34
.29
.29
.29
.29
29
.29
.29
1.5/35V
2.2/35V
3.3/25V
4. 7/25 V
6.8/25V
15/25 V
22 /6V
.41
.51
.53
.63
.79
1.39
.79
.37
.45
.47
.56
.69
1.25
.69
.29
.34
.37
.45
.55
.95
.55
ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS
Axial
.47/50V
1.0/50V
3. 3/50 V
4.7/25V
10/25V
10/50V
22/25 V
22/50V
47/25V
47/50V
100/25 V
100/50V
220/25 V
220/50V
470/25V
1000/16V
2200/ 16 V
1-99 100-499
.16
.19
.17
.18
.18
.19
.19
.24
.25
.29
.28
.41
.39
.49
.54
.79
.89
500+ Radial
1-99 100-499
.14
.10
.47/25V
.16
.12
.47/50V
.15
.11
1.0/16V
.15
.11
1.0/25V
15
.11
1.0/50V
.16
.12
4. 7/16 V
.16
.12
4. 7/25 V
.20
18
4.7/50V
.21
.19
10/16V
.25
.23
10/25V
.24
.22
10/50V
37
.34
47/50V
.34
.33
100/ 16 V
.45
.41
100/25 V
.49
.45
100/50V
.69
.61
220/16V
.79
.69
1 470/25V
.15
.16
.15
.16
.17
.15
.16
.17
.15
.16
.17
.25
.21
.25
.37
.25
.35
.13
.14
.13
.14
15
.13
.14
.15
.13
.14
.15
.21
.17
.23
.34
.21
.31
500 +
.12
.13
.12
.13
.14
.12
.13
.14
.12
.13
.14
.19
.14
.21
.31
.19
•27.
1 58 Microcomputing, April 1982
UTIC
MINI STEREO
FM RECEIVER
WITH HEADPHONES
For Joggers, Cyclists,
and Skaters!
FEATURES: Lightweight headphones. Left/right
balance control. Full fidelity stereo sound. Addi-
tional black soft carrying case & shoulder strap. Belt
clip (hands free). Operates on 3 AA cell batteries (not
incl.). Compact size: 3V * 4%" * 1"- Wt. 6 oz.
Model 1810 List Price $89.95 $29.95
SPEAKERS
1 29
Part#A0201 1.25 .99
2V4 M Round — 8 Ohm
.25 Watt (4" Leads)
Size: 2'/<" x %"
„ ns** «
1 2-9
Part* SF-25016 1.39 1.25
2 y 2 " Square— 16 Ohm
.25 Watt (4 mount, holes)
Large Ceramic Magnet
Size: 2%" x 2%" x y 4 "
MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS
2 National Semiconductor
& RAM SALE
W
STATIC RAMS
MM2114N-2 4K(200NS) $2.49 each
(8 EACH $16 95/lot) (100 EACH $195 95/lot)
MM2114N-2L 4K (200NS) Low Power .... $2.95 each
(6 EACH $19 95/lot) (100 EACH $225 00/lot)
MM2147N 4K(70NS) $4.95 each
(8 EACH $34 95/lot) (100 EACH $419 95/lot)
MM6116P-4 16K(200NS) $14.95 each
(B EACH $99 95/lot) (100 EACH $1195 00/lot)
DYNAMIC RAMS
MM4164N-20 64K(200NS) $14.95 each
(8 EACH $99.95/lot) (100 EACH $1195 00/lot)
MM5290N-2 16K(150NS)4116 $2.95 each
(8 EACH $19 95/lot) (100 EACH $225. 00/lot)
MM5290N-4 16K (250NSJ4116 $1.95 each
'8 EACH $14 95/lot) (100 each $175.00/Iot)
EPROM Erasing Lamp
• Erases 2708. 2716, 1702A. 5203Q, 5204Q. ate.
• Erases up to 4 chips within 20 minutes.
• Maintains constant exposure distance of one inch.
• Special conductive foam liner eliminates static build-up.
• Built-in safety lock to prevent UV exposure.
• Compact - only 7-5/8" x 2-7/8" x 2"
• Complete with holding tray for 4 chips.
UVS-11EL Replacement Bulb $16.95
UVS-11E $79.95
JOYSTICKS
JS*K
JS-5K 5K Linear Taper Pots $5.25
JS-100K 100K Linear Taper Pots $4.95
JVC 40 40K (2) Video Controller in case . . . $4.95
MUFFIN® FAN
The dependable, low cost, largest selling
fan tor commercial cooling applications.
• I05cfm free air delivery
• 4 68" sq. x 1.50" depth. Weight - 17 oz.
• acoustical rating as low as NC-38
• more than 10 yrs. cont. duty at 10*C
• impedance protected
• for ambients to 70 *C
• UL yellow card recognized &
CSA approved
115V, 50760Hz, 14 Watts, 105cfm —
Ultrasonically cleaned £ tasted.
MU2A1 $9.95ea.
NEW
r^T^
JE215 Adjustable
Dual Power Supply
General Description: The JE215 is a Dual Power
Supply with independent adjustable positive and nega-
tive output voltages. A separate adjustment for each
of the supplies providesthe user unlimited applications
for IC current voltage requirements. The supply can
also be used as a general all-purpose variable power
SUPPlV. FEATURES
• Adjustable regulated power supplies,
pos. and nag. 1 2VDC to 15VDC.
„ • Power Output (each supply):
5VDC @ 500mA, lOVDCCiP 750mA,
12VDC@ 500mA, and
15VDC@ 175mA.
• Two, 3 terminal adj. IC regulators
with thermal overload protection.
• Heat sink regulator cooling
• LED "on" indicator
• Printed Board Construction
• 120V AC input
• Size: 3 1/2"w x 5 1/16"L x 2"H
JE21 5 Adj. Dual Power Supply Kit (■$ shown) . . $24.95
(Picture not shown but similar in construction to above)
JE200Reg. Power Supply Kit (5VDC, lamp) . . $14.95
JE205 Adapter Brd. (to JE200) ±5,i9 & 12V $12.95
JE210Var.Pwr.Sply. Kit, 5 15VDC. to 1.5amp. $19.95
8080A/8080A SUPPORT DEVICES
INS80SOA- CPU
DPS212 8 Bit Input/Output
DPS214 Priority Interrupt Control
DPS216 Bl- Directional Bus Driver
DPS224 Clock Generator/Driver
DPS226 But Driver
DPSZ2S System Controller/Bus Driver
DPS21S System Controller
INSS243 t/O t x pander lor M Series
INSSZM Asynchronous Comm. Element
DPS2S1 Prog. Comm. I/O (USART)
OPS2S) Prtxj. Interval Timer
DP8X5 Proe. Peripheral I/O (PPI)
DPS257 Proe. DMA Control
DP42W Prog. Interrupt Control
DPszA Prog. CRT Controller
DP8279 Prog. KeyDoard/Dlsplay Interface
DPSJtM System Timing Element
DPUM t-Blt Bi Directional Receiver
DPS307 1-Bit Bl-Dlrectlonal Receiver
DPS30S (-Bit Bi Directional Receiver
DP8.J10 Octal Latched Peripheral Driver
DPS311 Octal Latched Peripheral Driver
6800/6800 SUPPORT DEVICES —
MC6800 MPU
MCM02CP MPU with Clock and RAM
MCM10API 12»»l Static RAM
MCM21 Peripheral inter. Adapt (MCCS20)
MCU2I Priority Interrupt Controller
MC6S30LS 1024xl-Bit ROM (MCMA30-S)
MC68S0 Asynchronous Comm. Adapter
MC6SS2 Synchronous Serial Data Adapter
MC6860 0-6006PS Digital MODEM
MC6K2 2400bps Modulator
MCeltOA Quad 3-State Bus. Trent. (MCITX)
MICROPROCESSOR CHIPS
ZM (7S0C) CPU (MKJsSvIN) (2MH2)
Z80A (710-1) CPU (MK3H0N-4) («MMi)
CDPM02 CPU
2650 MPU
I DM2901 ADC CPU— 4-Bit Slice (Com. Temp. Grade
4.95
3.2S
S.9S
3.4*
}.»
149
4.9S
S.96
9.9S
16.9S
6.95
8.95
5.95
9.95
9.95
J9.95
9.95
6.95
3.95
1M
3.95
5J5
5.25
7.95
14.95
4.95
7.49
17.95
14.95
6.95
C.9S
10.95
12.95
2.25
MCS6502 MPU w/Clock (65K Bytes Memory)
INS8035N-6 MPU— (-Bit (IMHl)
INS8039N-6 CPUSgl. Chip 1-Bit (12IPy tet RAM)
INS8040N-6 CPU (256 Bytes RAM)
INSI070N CPU— 64 Bytes RAM
INSS073N CPU w/Basic Micro Interpreter
psoas cpu
TMS9900JL MPU— It-Bit
11.95
13.95
19.95
16.95
) 19.96
11.96
7.95
9.95
24.95
24.95
29.96
9.95
39.95
[ 1173AN-1 30 Tyne Mutical MPU Chip"
895
■SHIFT REGISTERS
MMSOOH Dual 25-Blt Dynamic
MMS03H Dual 50-Blt Dynamic
MMSOSH Dual 100-Bit Static
MM510H Dual MBit Accumulator
MM1402N 256-Bit Dynamic
MM5013N 1024- Bu Dynamic/Accumulator
MM5016H 500/512-Bit Dynamic
MM50MN Octal 10-Bit
MM503SN Octal SO-BIt
2SO4V(1404A) 1024 Bit Dynamic
251IN Hex 32-Blt Static
2522V Dual 132-Bit Static
2S24V 512-Bit Dynamic
2525V 1024-Bit Dynamic
2527V Dual 256 Bit Static
2521V Dual 250-Bit Static
2S29V Dual 240-Bit Static
2S32N Quad to-Bit static
3341PC. Fifo (Dual M»
DATA ACQUISITION
.50
.SO
.50
JO
2.95
1.95
1.95
9.95
9.95
1.95
3.95
2.95
.99
2.95
2.95
4.00
4.00
2.95
695
AF100-1CN universal Active Filter 2.5% 5.95
AF121-1CJ Touch Tone Low Band Filter 19 96
AF122-1CJ Touch Tone High Bend Filter 19.95
LM30SCH Super Gain Op Amp 1.15
LM334Z Constant Current Source 1.30
LM33S2 Temperature Transducer 1.40
LF3SSN JFET Input Op Amp 1.10
LFJMN Sample A Hold Amplifiers 196
LM399H Temp. Comp. Prec. Ref. (.Sppm/C*) 6.00
AOCOSMLCN « BU A/O Converter (1 LSB) 4.95
DACOtOtLCN • Bit o/A Converter (0 .71% Lin.) 2.25
DATA ACQUISITION (CONTINUED)
ADC0S09CCN I Bit A/D Converter (t-Ch. Multl.) 5.2S
ADC0S17CCN t-Blt A/D Converter (16-Ch. Multl.) 10.95
DAC1000LCN 10-Bit D/A Conv. Micro. Comp. (0.05%) 13.95
DAC10MLCN 10 Bit O/A Conv. Micro. Comp. (0.20%) (.9S
DAC1O20LCN 10 Bit D/A Converter (0.05% Lin.) 1.49
DAC10Z2LCN 10-Blt D/A Converter (0.20% Lin.) 5.95
DAC1222LCN 12-Blt D/A Converter (0.20% Lin.) 9.95
CD4051N t-Channel Multiplexer 1.19
AY-51013 30K BAUD UART 6.95
RAM'S
1101 256x1 Static
1103 1024x1 Dynamic
2101 (1101) 256x4 Static
2102 1024x1 Static
21L02 1024x1 Static
2111 (till) 256x4 Static
2112 256x4 Stetlc MOS
2114 1024x4 Static 450ns
21ML 1024x4 Static 460ns Low Power
2114-2 1024x4 Static 200ns
2114L-2 1024^4 Static 200ns Low Power
74S2O0 2SSx. Static
4116N-4(UPD416) 16K Dynamic 250ns (MM5290N-4)
4164N-3 64K Dynamic 200ns
MM2147N 4095x1 Fast 70nt
5101 256x4 Static
MM5261 1024x1 Dynamic Fully Decoded
MM5262 2Kxl Dynamic
MM52W/2107 4096x1 Dynamic
MM5290N-2 (4116) 16K Dynamic 150ns (UPD416C-3)
MM529U-3A
MM 61 16-4
t2S25
UPD414/MK4027
TMS4044-4SNL
TMS4045
tK Dyn. 200ns (lower va of MM5290J)
16K (2Kxt) Static 200ns
64 Bit RAM (16x40C)
4K Dynamic tt-pln
4K static
1024x4 Static
-PROMS/EPROMS
1.49
99
its
1.75
1.95
195
4.95
2.25
2.49
2.49
2.95
6.95
1.96
14.95
4.95
7.9$
.99
.49
4.95
2.95
1.95
14.95
1.49
4.9$
9.95
9.95
1702 A
2701
TMS2716
2716lntel(251t)TI
2732lntel Tl
2751
2764Q
5203
t2S23(74Sltt)
82 S 115
t2S123(74S;
t2Slt6
2K UV Erasable PROM 5.95
tK EPROM 2.95
UK EPROM <-«V. *5V. ♦ 12V) 9.95
16K EPROM (Single *5V) 8.95
32K EPROM 17.9S
tK EPROM (4S0ns) (Single +SV) 7.49
64K EPROM (Hitachi HN462764) 49.95
20W PROM 14.95
32x1 PROM (Open Collector) 3.95
4096 Bipolar PROM 14.95
Bxl Trl- State Bipolar PROM 3.95
IK PROM 16.95
— Over 30 More PROMS Listed in Our Catalog —
ROM'S
i)
2513(2140)
2513(3021)
Character Generetor (upper Case)
Character Generator (Lower Case)
9.96
9.95
NMOS READ ONLY MEMORIES
MCMH710P 121x9x7 ASCII Shifted w/G reek 13.50
MCM66740P 121x9x7 Math Sympol I Pictures 13.50
MCM667S0P 121x9x7 Alpha. Control Char. Gen. 13.50
MICROPROCESSOR MANUALS'
M-ZM user Manual 7.50
M-CDP1I02 User Manual 7.50
m 2650 user Manual 5.00
SPECIAL FUNCTION
DS0025CN Dual MOS Clock Driver (SMZ) 1.50
DSO026CN Dual MOS Clock Driver (5MZ) 1.91
INS1771N-1 Floppy Disc Controller 24.95
INS2651N Communication Chip 19.91
MM5IU7N Microprocessor Real Time Clock 1 96
MM5I174N Microprocessor Compatible Clock 11.95
COP402N Microcontroller with 64-Digit RAM 6 95
and Direct LED Drive
COP402MN Microcontroller with M-Olglt RAM 7.49
1 Direct LEO Drive w/N Buss Int.
COP470N 32-Seg VAC Fluor. Driver (20-plnpkg.) 3.25
-TELEPHONE/KEYBOARD CHIPS
AV-5-9100 Push Button Telephone Dialer 14.95
AY-5-9200 Repertory Dieler 14.95
AY-5-9SO0 CMOS Clock Generator 4.95
AY s 2376 Keyboard Encoder (tl keys) 11
HD016S-S Keyboard Encoder (It keys) 7.91
74C922 Keyboerd Encoder (It keys) 5.49
74C923 Keyboard Encoder (20 keys) 5.75
MM53190N Push Button Pulse Dialer 7.91
MM57499N 96/ 144- Key Serial Keyboard Encoder 8.95
Conllgurition
EECO Rocker DIP Switch — "Mini-DipiM" 2400 Series
THE MOST UNIQUE DIP SWITCH AVAILABLE!
MINI DIP is designed to retrofit all major brands of Dip switches Unique features include locking
rod design to prevent accidental actuation and gold self-wiping contact One-piece housing and
press-tit terminals prevent contamination 2-10 station Form "A" and 1-5 station Form "C."
• Terminals on .100 I .300 (2.54 I 7.62) canters • PCB or dip socket mountable • Positive
cleaning/wiping action with geld contact • Total seal and bottom tail
Socket Prlca Put Ma. fat. Configuration Socket
2400-2
2400-3
2400-4
2400-ABCD
2400-SC
12
123
1234
ABCD
C54321
8 pin .79
I pin 89
Spin 99
8 pin 99
14 pin 109
10/ 6 95
10/ 70S
10/ 8 95
10/ 8.99
10/ 9 95
2400-6
2400-7
24008
2400-9
2400-10
6
7
S
9
10
123456
1234567
12345678
123456789
0123456789
14 pin
14 pin
16 pin
18 pin
20 pin
109
1 19
1.29
1.39
1.49
10/ 9 95
10/10.95
10/11.95
10/1295
10/1395
GRAB BAG
SPECIALS
CAPACITORS
Ft Shi. P—m
CB10O 100 Men Ceramic One ItOpf- tmfl
GBI01 60 MCh Mylar
GB102 to each Electrolytic*
GBI03 40 Men Tantalum itutHjier 8 dipped!
OBITS 40 each Dipped Micas IIOpI I000p< • lOO^BOOVI
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
GBI08 60 each TIL Sexes - marked
17400. 74107. 74123. etc I
GB10S 10 each Linear marked
ILM301.307. 741. 308. etc. I
GB148 30 each Eear - marked
IXR320. 1310. 4136. etc I
GB160 20 each Shift Negaters - markad
12510. 2518. 2632. 2S33. etc I
GB167 50 each DTLSer.es marked
IOMS30. S32. 936 946. ale.)
OBI 68 6 pa "wuirre Voltage Reouletors (TO-3 easel . .
17108.06. 12. 15. 18. 24. etc I Linear marked
GB169 6 pes Neoat.ve Voltaae Regulators ITO-3 easel
17906.06. 12. 16. 18. 24. etc I Linear markad
GB170 2SaachAtsorted74LSTTLSer.es
G8172 10 pa 78M Positive Volt Ree, (TO-5 caail . ...
I78M06. 8. 12. 15. 20. 24. etc I L.neer marked
LEDS - LAMPS - READOUTS
GB1 10 100 each Aatorted LECH (colors 4 sues!
IXCUB. XC524..U I
GB111 40 each NE 1 Neon Type Lamps
GB112 30 ea Multiple neadouts. calculators. sticks.
timers. LEOS to Penapie* - netnr. used and resects
G8162 90 each 7 Segment Displays
lyarious colors and west
POTENTIOMETERS
30 each Miniature Trimmers 1100 ohm 1 Megl .
Pr«a
S3 00
4 00
4 00
4 00
4 00
84.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
3 00
4.26
4 00
4 00
6.00
300
400
r.Blu
GB134
24 each 3/8" square single-turn PC Mount
(untested - 10 ohm to 600 ohmi marked
GB136 24 each 3/8" square smrjle turn PC Mount
(untested 1 K to SOK I mar kad
GB1 34 34 each 3/8" square tingle turn PC Mount
(untested 100K to S Magi marked
G8173 lOOea 3/8" sq single turn IU Test* Sorsl
GB174 36ee % watt thumtrwrheel single turn ibOOohm-6 I
DIODES
GB1 71 80 each Assorted Germanium
IIN34. IreSS. IN2TOI
GB107 lOOeech Srlicon IIN814/IN4148)
GB164 200 each markad. unmarked rectiliers e fersera.
C.BI/S 100 ea lamp 3 amp (cathode bend) silicon rectifi
MOO
3 00
3 00
3 00
600
gl 3 00
300
300
jOO
QB180 (Pictured Above)
RESISTORS
.8116
38117
GB118
GB164
f.BI /B
200 each 1 /4 nrett resistor assortment
300 each 1 /2 wratt resistor eesortment
30 ea Wire Wound S 10. 30W I 1100 ohm)
100 each 1 and 2 strati resistor aaaortment
SOO each 1/4. 1/2. 1 treat! Imarked/unmerkedl
S3 00
200
400
200
400
-SWITCHES
GB120 2SeacnM.ri.atureti.de 83 00
GB1 32 30 aa Read relays with coil and magnet - glass tuba - 5 00
GB166 40 asst toggle, rocker, pushbutton 10 00
GB178 20 each Dip Syyilches least positions! 995
-HARDWARE
GB138 40 each Terminal Stripe 63 X
solder and screw types 13 to 8 term, nets)
GB140 160 each Spacers, ttandoti. insulators 2.00
(metal, nylon and plastic)
GB141 300 each Washers and Spacers Inylon and teflon I 2 00
GB142 50 aa Chassis mounting feet Iruboer and plastic I 2.00
GB144 200 each Solder lugs (small I 2 00
GB145 100 each Lugs tump on Isome insulated) 2 00
GB146 100 each Grommett. tord strain reliefs 3 00
and hole plugs
GB147 500 each Hardware mi. (nuts bolts, screws, lugsl S 00
GB166 48 Threaded metal arid plastic spacers C. 2" long) 2 00
GB167 300 pes sheet metal and metal tepprng screws 2 00
GB168 200 PCS angle bkts. clrp insulators, etc 3 00
GB168 100 pes tie wraps and harness dipt 134") 3 00
GB1B0 100 pes Robot /SSot Car gears, shafts, wheals, motor* . 9 0S
MISCELLANEOUS
G81 23 30 each Heel Sinks assorted sires
GB 1 24 8 each aatorted calculator type keyboards
GB126 90 each Opto Isolators IL1 Series luntestedl
GB1 27 100 each Transistors plastic and power
GB128 30 each Torord Cores iron and tape
GB129 50 each Photo Transistors (LPT)
G8130 1 each Tape Or. ye - 6V motor with read/write
erase tread and 2 cassette tapes (no amplifier!
GB131 30 each 6" shrink tubing, east sires and colors .
GB137 SO each Cnokee. coils and inductors
(molded wire ediusteble)
GSI38 2 eech Speakers 2'i 8 ohm. Ira watt
GB166 300 each mined resistors, capacitors
ttiodet. trensrsiors. chokes
GB160 Printed Circuit Board
Contains SO 75 components on each board
GBI63 30 ea. Sockets (Asst IC and transistor I
GB177 200 each 1 Shrink tubing, asst colors and sires
83 00
BOO
300
3 00
400
400
600
400
300
186
300
400
300
$10.00 Minimum Ordei — U.S. Funds Only
California Residents Add 6% Sales Tax
Postage — Add 5% plus $1.50 Insurance
Sand S.A.S.E. tor Monthly Sala Flyer!
Spec Sheets — 25c
Send 88c Postage for your
FREE 1982 JAMECO CATALOG
Prices Subject to Change
Mail Order Electronics • Worldwide
I
ameco
ELECTRONICS
■41
4/82
1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002
PHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 592 8097
BOOKS
National Semiconductor — Intersil - Intel
30001 National CMOS Data Book 06 96
(640 pages) 74C, CD4000. and A/D Converters
30002 National Interface Data Book 16.96
(704 pages) DP. DS8000. DS36O0. DS75000. etc.
30003 National Linear Data Book M.96
(1376 pages) LM, LF. ADC, DAC. LH Series
30004 National Series 80 — Board Level Computer (224 pages) . . M.SS
30006 National TTL Logic Data Book $8.96
(624 pages) 7400,LS,L.H,S, and DM8000 Series
300O8 Buy above 13) 30001.3.6 es a set . . . . ♦19.86/ lot
30008 Intersil Data Book (1074 pages) 98.86
010400 Intel Component Data Catalog 810 00
Full data sheets for Intel's products incl. memory devices,
microproc . peripherals & indust . / mil products (1328 pages)
206610 Intel Peripheral Deeign Hendbook $7 50
Full data sheets, eppl notes for Intel peripheral device
components (644 pages)
" AC and DC Wall Transformers
'"^Br*' lo] With Universal Plug and
^^•aB^..^^^^^^^^ 9V Battery Snap
' V^a A Selective voltages: 6.9,1 2 VDC
favfj ■ Polarity selection ( + /-). six foot
■jm ^aa ^BJ Bw i ine f rom adapter to plugs — six-
1^\ inch line from adapter to battery
^ V 4SBssBBBB B B eW snap 120V/60HZ. 300mA
Part No. Input Output Price
AC 250 117V/60HZ 12VAC 250mA $3 95
AC 500 117V/60HZ 12V AC 500mA $4 95
AC1000 117V/60HZ 12VAC 1 amp $5 95
AC1700 117V/60HZ 9V AC 1.7 amp $395
DC 800 120V/60HZ 8VDC 400mA (batt charger) $2 49
DC69 12 (above) 120V/60HZ 6,9, 12VDC 300mA $9 95
DV9200 117V/60HZ 9V DC 200mA $3 25
DC900 120V/60HZ 9VDC 500mA $3 95
DC 1200 120V/60HZ 12 VDC 300mA $3.95
CONNECTORS
>;.Ji... :■■>:■ ■«..■•■ JUA,|rVat.AJ»-ai
I
lea
DB25P D Subminiature Plug $2.95
DB25S D Subminiature Socket S3.50
D20418-2 Screw Lock Hdwr. (2) DB25S/P 2/S.99
DB51226 Cover for DB25P/S $1.75
22/44SE P.C. Edge (22/44 Pin) $2.95
UG88/U BNC Plug $1.79
UG89/U BNC Jack $3.79
UG175/U UHF Adapter $ .49
S0239 UHF Panel Recp $129
PL258 UHF Adapter $1.60
PL259 UHF Plug $1.60
UG260/U BNC Plug $1.79
UG1094/U BNC Bulkhead Recp $1.29
TRS-80
16K Conversion Kit
Expand your 4K TRS-80 System to 16K
Kit comes complete with:
• 8 ea. MM5290 (UPD416/4116) 16K Dyn. Ram (*ns)
• Documentation for conversion
TRS-16K2 # 150ns 19.95
TRS 16K3 *200ns 16.95
TRS-16K4 *250ns 14.95
KEYBOARDS
i, mite? I
Ouenl"! ,
Datanectics 74-Key Keyboard
Uses EA 20134 Chip (Electronic Arrays). Size: 16V«"L x 5V» "W x
1-3/8 "H. White, black, blue, grey key caps. (No Data Sheet) —
Part No. KB354 $29.95 ea.
Micro Switch 69-Key Keyboard
Uses AMI SW20350K Chip. Size: 16-3/8'L x 5Va "W x 1-5/8'H Metal
Frame. Light & dark grey key caps (No Data Sheet)
Part No. KB69SD12-2 $19.95 ea.
Boschert Multi-Voltage Power Supply
5VDC, 12VDC and 24 VDC
FEATURES: Voltages*: 5VDC it 25amps, 12VDC @ 4amps. a 24VDC &
4amps Reg. Load: + 5V out ±1%, +12 * 24V out ±5% (20-100%
load). Overvolt & overcurr. protection. 115 or 230V AC Input. Wt. 4 lbs.
Size: 4.95" x 2.50" x 15.00"
'Total average output shall not exceed 200 watts.
General Description: The Boschert" Power Supply was originally
designed tor application with ITT Advance Terminal Controller (ATC).
This open frame switching power supply provides user with high cur
rent requirements common in use with computer systems. Its compact
size provides versatility for mounting into electronic enclosures. Each
supply has 6 threaded fasteners (pern nut type) for mounting.
Specification requirements to be used with ATC enclosed.
Part No. 200-3010 $69.95 each
— MANY OTHERS AVAILABLE • WRITE FOR INFORMATION —
JE600
Hexadecimal
Encoder Kit
FULL 8-BIT
LATCHED OUTPUT
19-KEY KEYBOARD
The JE600 Encoder Keyboard Kit provides two separate
hexadecimal digits produced from sequential key entries
to allow direct programming for 8 bit microprocessor
or 8-bit memory circuits. Three additional keys are pro-
vided for user operations with one having a bistable
output available The outputs are latched end monitored
with 9 LEO readouts. Also included ise key entry strobe.
Features: Full 8-bit latched output for microprocessor
use. Three user-define keys with one being bistable
operation. Oebounce circuit provided for all 19 keys.
9 LEO readouts to verify entries. Easy interfacing with
standard 16-p'tn IC connector. Only +5VDC required
for operetion. Size: 3'/» "H x 87«"W x 8%"D
JE600/DTE-HK as pictured above) ■ • ■ - $99.95
■ r-enn t^i* W" K «y Hexadec. Keyboard. a cq Q( -
JbOUU Kit PC Board t Cmpnts. (no case) . . JpOy.yO
K19 19-Key Keyboerd (Keyboard only) .... $14.95
DTE-HK (case only -3V>"Hx8««"vVx8%"D) $44.95,
^See List of Advertisers on page 178
Microcomputing, April 1982 1 59
FULL LINE ALL PARTS & COMPUTER PRODUCTS
ELECTRONICS
^44 P.O. Box4430S
Santa Clara, CA 95054
Will calls: 2322 Walsh Ave.
(408) 988-1640
Same day shipment. First line parts only. Factory tested Guaranteed
money back Quality IC's and other components at factory prices.
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Phone orders only (800) 538-8196
7400TTI
74O0N
7402N
7404N
7409N
7410N
74 UN
7420N
7430N
7442N
7445N
7447N
7448N
7474N
7475N
748&N
7490N
7495N
74100N
74107N
74123N
74125N
74 MSN
74150N
74151N
741 54N
74157N
74161N
74162N
74163N
741 74N
741 75N
74190N
74192N
74193N
74221 N
74298N
74365N
74366N
74367N
19
19
22
19
19
55
19
19
49
69
69
69
35
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74LS02N
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74LS04N
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74LS05N
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74LS08N
35
74LS10N
25
74LS13N
45
74LS14N
99
74LS20N
25
7*LS22N
25
74LS28N
35
74LS30N
25
74LS33N
55
74LS38N
35
74LS74N
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74LS75N
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74LS90N
60
74LS93N
65
74LS95N
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74LS107N
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74LS112N
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74LS113N
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74LS132N
75
74LS136N
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74LS151N
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74LS155N
79
74LS157N
75
74LS162N
95
74LS163N
95
74LS174N
95
74LS190N
1 00
74LS221N
1 19
74LS258N
69
74LS367N
69
LM317T
IM317K
LM318
LM320K5
LM320K 12
LM320K 15
LM320T 5
LM320T8
LM320T 12
IM320T 15
LM323K 5
LM324N
iMil*
LM340K5
LM340K8
LM340K 12
LM340K 15
LM340K24
LM340T 5
LM340T8
LM340T 12
LM340T 15
LM340T 18
LM340T 24
LM350
LM377
LM30ON
LM381
IM382
LM709H
LM723H N
LM733N
LM741CH
LM741N
LM747HN
LM748N
LM1303N
LM1304
LM1305
LM1307
IM1310
LM1458
LM1812
LM1889
LM2111
LM2902
LM3900N
LM3905
MC 1458V
N! HON
NE555V
NE556A
NE565A
N6566V
NE567V
NE570B
78L05
78L08
'MtOS
75108
75491 CN
75492CN
75494CN
1 65
3 75
1 49
1 35
1 35
1 35
85
85
85
85
4 95
59
99
1 35
1 35
1 35
1 35
1 35
75
75
75
75
75
75
550
229
1 00
1 60
1 60
59
49
85
35
35
75
50
1 75
1 10
1 27
1 10
2 75
55
8 25
2 49
1 75
2 25
59
1 25
95
55
1 30
39
65
1 00
1 50
1 00
4 75
60
60
85
1 49
50
55
89
A to CONVERT!*
LINEAR
CA3045
CA3046
CA3081
CA3082
CA3089
LM301ANAH
LM305M
LM307N
LM308N
LM309K
LM311HN
90
1 10
1 80
1 90
3 40
34
87
35
98
1 25
64
8038B
8700CJ
8701CN
8750CJ
LD130
9400CJVf
ICL7103
ICL7107
CMOS
CD4000
CD4001
10400?
C04006
C04007
CD4008
CO4O09
C04010
LD4011
CD4012
CO4013
C04014
CD4015
C04016
4 50
13 95
22 00
13 95
9 95
7 40
950
14 25
25
35
35
95
25
95
45
45
35
25
45
95
95
45
CD4017
CD4018
C04019
CD4020
CD4021
C04022
CD4023
CD4024
CD4025
LD40?b
C04027
CO4028
CO4029
C04030
C04035
CD4040
C04042
C04043
C04044
CD4046
CD4049
CD4050
C04051
CD4060
CCI4066
C04068
CD4069
C04070
CO4071
CD4072
CD4073
CD4075
C04076
C04078
C04081
CD4082
C04116
CD4490
C04507
C04508
CO4510
C04511
CD4515
C04516
CD4518
Cu4520
CD4527
CD4528
CD4553
C04566
C04583
CD4585
CD40192
74CO0
74C04
74C10
74C14
74C20
74C30
74C48
74C74
74C76
74C90
74C93
74C154
74C160
74C175
74C192
74C221
74C905
74C906
74C914
74C922
74C923
74C925
74C926
74C927
INTERFACE
8095
MM
8097
MM
8T09
8110
81 13
8120
8T23
8T24
8125
1 05
94
45
95
95
1 10
28
75
23
1 65
65
80
95
45
85
95
75
85
85
95
45
55
95
1 42
71
39
35
35
30
30
35
30
95
30
30
30
47
550
99
1 95
95
94
2 25
1 10
1 25
1 02
1 51
1 25
350
2 45
2 35
95
300
35
35
35
75
35
35
1 95
85
80
1 25
l 25
3 25
1 69
1 19
1 65
1 90
600
75
1 95
500
5 50
6 75
6 95
6 95
65
65
65
65
1 25
1 75
1 40
4 95
1 75
1 75
3 20
8126
8128
8197
8T9B 99
MOS MEMORY RAM
2101 1 1 95
2102 1 85
2102AL4 125
2102AN 21 1 65
.'104A 4 4 95
2107B4 3 75
21111 2 99
21122 299
2114 2 24
21141300ns 2 50
21 141 450ns 2 37
4116 200ns 2 50
8 4116 200ns 15 40
UARTFIFO
AYS< 1013
AY5 1014
3341
PROM
1702A
2532
2708
271611
3 95
695
6 95
4 50
17 SO
2 95
8 SO
DE9S 1 95
0A15P 2 10
OA15S 3 10
Complete Set 9 50
Slopwjtth Kit 26 95
Avto Clock Kit 17 H
Olfltal Clock Kit It 75
RESIS10RS v. witt 5%
2716 5 Volt 5 50
8 2716 5 Volt 39 00
MMS280
300
MMS321
995
MM5330
594
P5101I
8 95
4200A
11 50
9368
350
4100
10 00
416
2 50
TMM2016
16 95
HM6116
16 50
CLOCKS
MMS311
49b
MM5312
390
MMS314
390
MMS369
195
MMS841
14 45
MM5865
7 95
CT7010
895
C17015
895
MMS37SAAN
390
MMS 3 75 AG n
490
7205
16 SO
7207
750
7208
1595
7209
4 95
2732 16 50
2758 7 49
8741A 39 95
8748 39 95
8748 8 34 95
8755A 49 95
N82S23 2 95
N82S123 3 95
N82S126 5 75
N82S129 4 75
N82S131 4 95
N82S136 8 75
N82S137 8 75
0M8577 2 90
8223 3 50
CONNECIORS
30 pin edge 2 50
44 ptn edge 2 75
86 pm edge 4 00
100 ptn edge 3 95
100 pin edge * * 4 95
IC SOCKE1S
Solder Tin Low Prohle
OS
015
012
0085
8 95
1981
IC
MASTER
CLOSEOUT
$59 95
I
14
lb
18
20
lUf
13
14
16
20
29
2?
H
28
N
41
1UP
30
30
40
58
49
WIRE WRAP LEVEL 3
MICROPROCESSOR
6502
6502A
6504
6522
6530
6532
6551
6800
6802
6820
6850
8080A
8085A
280A
2806
/80P10
280A P10
180 CTC
280A CTC
280 DAR1
280A OART
Z80 OMA
280A OMA
280S100
Z80A S10
280 blO '
Z80A S10 1
280 blO 2
280AS10 2
2806 CIC
280B P10
8212
8214
8216
8224
8228
8251
8253
8255
8257
8259
1802CE pUs
1802E pus
1861P
6 95
9 50
6 95
8 75
9 50
14 95
11 85
5 70
11 95
4 95
3 50
3 95
8 50
600
18 95
6 50
5 95
5 95
8 65
15 25
18 75
17 50
27 50
23 95
28 95
15 00
23 90
23 95
28 95
17 95
17 95
1 85
3 75
1 80
250
4 95
4 75
8 95
4 75
8 75
690
13 95
17 95
595
14 55 24
16 57 28
18 67 40
2 level 14 ptn «r *
93
1 00
1 59
20
10 per type
100 per type
1000 per type
5000 per type
350 piece pack
5 per type
'<> wall 5% per type 05
DIP SWITCHES
4 position 85
5 position 90
6 position 90
7 position 95
8 position 95
KEYBOARDS
56 key ASCII keyboard kit $74 95
Fully assembled 84 50
Enclosure Plastic 19 95
Metal Enclosure 69 95
LEOS
RedTOIB , 15
Green Yellow T018 20
Jumbo Red 25
Green Orange Yellow Jumbo 25
Cliplite LED Mounting Crips 4 80
(spec red amber green yellow, clear)
CONTINENTAL SPECIALTIES in stock
Complete line ol breadboard test equip
OK WIRE WRAP TOOLS to stock
Complete line ol AP Products m stock
SPECIAL PRODUCTS
2 5 MM/ Freq Counter Kit 37 50
30 MM/ Freq Counter Kit 47 75
CRYSTALS
1 MH;
4 50
2 MH;
3 95
4 MH/
395
5 MH/
3 95
10 MH/
3 95
18 MH/
390
20 MH/
390
32 MH/
390
32768 Hz
400
1 8432 MH/
4 50
3 5795 MH/
1 20
2 0100 MH/
1 95
2 097152 MH/
3 95
2 4576 MH/
3 95
3 2768 MH/
3 95
5 0688 MH/
3 95
5 185 MH/
3 95
5 7143 MH/
3 95
6 5536 MH/
3 95
14 31818 MH/
3 95
18 432 MM/
3 95
22 1184 MM/
3 95
KEYBOARD ENCODERS
AY52376
11 95
AYS 3600PR0
17 95
74C922
5 49
74C923
5 50
MOO 165 5
795
AC TRANSFORMERS
FRAME
6V 500 ma
6 3V CT 600 ma
12V 250 ma
12 6V CI 600 ma
12 6V CI 2 amps
12 6V CI 4 amp
12 6V CI 8 amp
24V CI 100 ma
24V CI 600 ma
S4 00
460
1 95
4 95
5 95
860
10 80
395
495
WALL PLUG
10V 2 amp $7 95
12V 250 ma 2 95
12V CI 250 ma 3 75
12V 500 ma 4 50
12V 1 amp
12V 2 amp
6 9 12V0C
300 ma 8 95
9 VOC 500 ma 3 75
5 95
7 95
Constant Voltage Transformers W H amp
5V 23 amp 24V 11 amp 15 00
Connectors RS232
DB25P 2 95
OB25S 3 50
Cover 1 25
DISPLAY LEOS
MAN 72 74
OL704
OL7O7OL707R
OL727 728
DL747 750
FN0359
FND500 507
FND503 510
FNO600 807
10 digit display
7520 Clairen photocells
TIL311 He>
MAN4610
MAN4640
MAN4710
MAN4 740
MAN6640
MAN6710
MAN6740
TELEVIOEO TERMINAL
Model 950
CACA
CC
CA
CACC
CACC
CC
CCCA
CCCA
CCCA
300
300
300
500
600
357
500
500
800
75
1 25
1 00
1 90
1 49
70
99
90
2 20
1 25
39
9 50
99
1 20
95
1 20
99
99
99
S-JHO 00
4116 200ns Dynamic RAM 8 $15 40
ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS KITS
Apple Peripheral Kits
SERIAL I/O INTERFACE to 30.000 baud,
D.T.R., Input & output from monitor or basic, or
use Apple as intelligent terminal, Bd only (P/N 2)
(14.95. Kit (P/N 2A) $51.25, Assembled (P/N
2C) $62.95.
PROTOTYPING BOARD (P/N 7907) $21.95.
PARALLEL TRIAC OUTPUT BOARD 8 triacs,
each can switch 110V, 6A loads. Bd only (P/N
210) $19.20, Kit (P/N 210A) $119.55.
OPTO-ISOLATED INPUT BOARD 8 inputs, can
be driven from TTL logic, Bd only (P/N 120)
$15.65, Kit (P/N 120A) $69.95.
Interface Kits
SERIAL/PARALLEL INTERFACE Bidirectional,
Baud rates from 110 to 19.2K, sw selectable
polarity of input and output strobe, 5 to 8 data
bits, 1 or 2 stop bits, parity odd or even or none,
all characters contain a start bit, +5 & -12V
required. Bd only (P/N 101) $11.95, Kit (P/N
101A) $42.89.
RS-232/TTL INTERFACE Bidirectional, re-
quires ±12V, Kit (P/N 232A) $9.95.
RS-232 20mA INTERFACE Bidirectional, 2
passive opto-isolated circuits. Kit (P/N 7901A)
$14.95.
PROM Eraser
Will erase 25 PROMs in 15 minutes. Ultraviolet,
assembled. 25 PROM capacity $37.50 (with
timer $69.50) 6 PROM capacity OSHA/UL ver-
sion $78.50 (with timer $108.50)
NiCad Battery Fixer/Charger Kit
Opens shorted cells that won't hold a charge and
then charges them up, all in one kit w/full parts
and instructions No PC board. $8.95
Z80 Microcomputer
16 bit 1/0, 2 MHz clock, 2K RAM, ROM Bread-
board space. Excellent for control. Bare Board
$28.50. Full Kit $99.00. Monitor $20.00. Power
Supply Kit $35.00. Tiny Basic $30.00.
Modem Kit $60.00
State of the art, ong . answer No tuning neces-
sary. 103 compatible 300 baud. Inexpensive
acoustic coupler plans included Bd only
$17.00. Article in June Radio Electronics
60 Hz Crystal Time Base Kit $4.40
Converts digital clocks from AC line frequency to
crystal time base. Outstanding accuracy.
Video Modulator Kit $9.95
Convert TV set into a high quality monitor w/o
affecting usage. Com p. kit w/full instruc.
Multi-volt Computer Power Supply
8v 5 amp, ±18v .5 amp, 5v 1.5 amp, -5v
5 amp, 12v 5 amp. 12v option. ±5v, ±12v
are regulated Basic Kit $35.95. Kit with chassis
and all hardware $51.95. Add $5 00 shipping Kit
of hardware $16.00. Woodgram case $10.00.
$1 50 shipping
Type N- Talk by Votrax
Text to speech synthesizer with unlimited vocabu-
lary, built-in text to speech algorithm, 70 to 100
bits per second speech synthesizer. RS232C
interface $359.00. Speech IC $79.95.
1802 16K Dynamic RAM Kit $149.00
Expandable to 64K. Hidden refresh w/clocks up to
4 MHz w/no wart states. Addl 16K RAM $25.00.
S-100 4-slot expansion $ 9.95
Super Monitor VI I Source Listing $15.00
fib
eTBTix
■■■■■■
'*(■■■
RCA Cosmac 1802 |
Super Elf Computer $106.95
The Super Elf is a small single board computer that
does many big things. It's an excellent computer
for training and for learning programming with its
machine language and yet it's easily expanded
with additional memory, Full Basic, ASCII
Keyboards, video character generation, etc.
ROM monitor; State and Mode displays; Single
step; Optional address displays; Power Supply;
Audio Amplifier and Speaker; Fully socketed for all
IC's; Full documentation
The Super Elf includes a ROM monitor for pro-
gram loading, editing and execution with SINGLE
STEP for program debugging which is not in-
cluded in others at the same price. With SINGLE
STEP you can see the microprocessor chip oper-
ating with the unique Quest address and data bus
displays before, during and after executing in-
structions. Also, CPU mode and instruction cycle
are decoded and displayed on 8 LED indicators
An RCA 1861 video graphics chip allows you to
connect to your own TV with an inexpensive video
modulator to do graphics and games There is a
speaker system included for writing your own
music or using many music programs already
written The speaker amplifier may also be used to
drive relays for control purposes.
A 24 key HEX keyboard includes 16 HEX keys plus
load, reset, run, wait, input, memory protect,
monitor select and single step Large, on board
displays provide output and optional high and low
address There is a 44 pin standard connector slot
Quest Super Basic V5.0
A new enhanced version of Super Basic now
available Quest was the first company worldwide
to ship a full size Basic for 1802 Systems A
complete function Super Basic by Ron Cenker
including floating point capability with scientific
notation (number range ♦ 17E 38 ), 32 bit integer
♦ 2 billion, multi dim arrays, string arrays, string
manipulation, cassette I/O. save and load, basic,
data and machine language programs, and over
75 statements, functions and operations
New improved faster version including re-
number and essentially unlimited variables.
Also an exclusive user expandable command
library
Serial and Parallel 10 routines included
Super Basic on Cassette $55.00.
for PC cards and a 50 pin connector slot for the
Quest Super Expansion Board. Power supply and
sockets for all IC's are included plus a detailed
127 pg. instruction manual which now includes
over 40 pgs. of software info including a series of
lessons to help get you started and a music pro-
gram and graphics target game Many schools
and universities are using the Super Elf as a
course of study. OEM's use it for training and
R&D
Remember, other computers only offer Super Elf
features at additional cost or not at all. Compare
before you buy. Super Elf Kit $106.95, High
address option $8.95, Low address option
$9.95. Custom Cabinet with drilled and labelled
plexiglass front panel $24.95. All metal Expansion
Cabinet, painted and silk screened, with room for
5S-100 boards and power supply $57.00. NiCad
Battery Memory Saver Kit $6.95. All kits and
options also completely assembled and tested
Questdata, a software publication for 1802 com-
puter users is available by subscription for $12.00
per 12 issues. Single issues $1 .50 Issues 1-12
bound $16 50
Moews Video Graphics $3.50, Games and Music
$3.00, Chip 8 Interpreter $5.50, Starship 4K cas-
sette $14.95. Exciting and challenging space
game Complete manual included
Free 14 page brochure
of complete Super Elf system.
Super Expansion Board with Cassette Interface $89.95
This is truly an astounding value! This board has
been designed to allow you to decide how you
want it optioned. The Super Expansion Board
comes with 4K of low power RAM fully address-
able anywhere in 64K with built-in memory pro-
tect and a cassette interface. Provisions have
been made for all other options on the same board
and it fits neatly into the hardwood cabinet
alongside the Super Elf. The board includes slots
for up to 6K of EPR0M (2708, 2758, 2716 or Tl
2716) and is fully socketed. EPROM can be used
for the monitor and Tiny Basic or other purposes
A 1K Super ROM Monitor $19.95 is available as an
on board option in 2708 EPROM which has been
preprogrammed with a program loader/editor and
error checking multi file cassette read/write
software, (relocatable cassette file) another exclu-
sive from Quest. It includes register save and
readout, block move capability and video graphics
driver with blinking cursor. Break points can be
used with the register save feature to isolate pro-
gram bugs quickly, then follow with single step If
you have the Super Expansion Board and Super
Monitor the monitor is up and running at the push
of a button
Other on board options include Parallel Input and
Output Ports with full handshake They allow easy
connection of an ASCII keyboard to the input port.
RS 232 and 20 ma Current Loop for teletype or
other device are on board and if you need more
memory there are two S-100 slots for static RAM
or video boards Also a 1K Super Monitor version
2 with video driver for full capability display with
Tiny Basic and a video interface board Parallel
1/0 Ports $9.85. RS 232 $4.50, TTY 20 ma l/F
$1.95, S-100 $4.50. A 50 pin connector set with
ribbon cable is available at $18.95 for easy con-
nection between the Super Elf and the Super
Expansion Board.
Power Supply Kit for the complete system (see
Multi- volt Power Supply below)
Rockwell AIM 65 Computer
6502 based single board with full ASCII keyboard
and 20 column thermal printer 20 char alphanu-
meric display ROM monitor., fully expandable
$419.00. 4K version $449.00 4K Assembler
$35.00 8K Basic Interpreter $65.00
Special small power supply 5V 2 A 24V 5A
assem in frame $59.00. Molded plastic
enclosure to fit both AIM 65 and power supply
$52.50. AIM 65 1K in cabinet with power supply
switch, fuse, cord assem $559.00. 4K $579.00.
A65 40 5000 AIM 65/40 W/16K RAM and monitor
$1295.00. RAM Board Kit (16K. $195) (32K
$215) VD640 Video Interface Kit $119.00. A&T
$149.00. Complete AIM 65 in thin briefcase with
power supply $518.00. Special Package Price 4K
AIM. 8K Basic, power supply, cabinet $629.00
AIM 65/KIM/SYM/Super Elf 44 pin expansion
board, board with 3 connectors $22.95
•"•^
Elf II Adapter Kit $24.95
Plugs into Elf II providing Super Elf 44 and 50 pin
plus S-100 bus expansion. (With Super Ex-
pansion). High and low address displays, state
and mode LED s optional $18.00.
Super Color S-100 Video Kit $129.95
Expandable to 256 x 192 high resolution color
graphics 6847 with all display modes computer
controlled Memory mapped 1K RAM expand-
able to 6K S-100 bus 1802. 8080. 8085, Z80,
etc Dealers: Send for excellent pricing/margin
program.
TERMS: $5.00 min. order U.S. Funds. Calif, residents add 6% tax. Prices
$10.00 min. VISA and MasterCard accepted. $1.00 insurance optional. subject
Shipping: Add 5%; orders under $25.00—10%. to chan 9 e
FREE: Send for your copy of our NEW 1982
QUEST CATALOG. Include 88c stamp.
160 Microcomputing, April 1982
B.6. MICRO
P.O. Box 280298 Dallas, Texas 75228
(214) 271-5546
Visa • MasterCard • American Express
STATIC RAM
TTL
74LS
*21L02-1KX1 250 n.s.
Low Power 95
7400
7402
7404
7406
7408
7410
7438
7440
.19 7474
.19 7486
.19 74109
.19 74125
.19 74154
.19 74175
.22 74367
.19
.29
.29
.45
.49
1.19
.79
.59
LSOO
LS02
LS04
LS05
LS08
LS10
LS14
LS20
LS27
LS30
LS32
LS42
LS74
LS85
LS86
LS90
LS109
LS123
.24
.24
.24
.24
.24
.24
.89
.24
.24
.24
.36
.49
.44
.95
.39
.69
.39
.99
LS125
LS138
LS139
LS151
LS153
LS154
LS157
LS161
LS164
LS166
LS175
LS181
LS192
LS193
LS221
LS240
LS241
LS242
.95
.79
.79
.79
.79
1.75
.79
.99
.99
.99
.89
1.99
.89
.89
1.10
.99
.99
1.49
LS243
LS244
LS245
LS257
LS266
LS283
LS290
LS293
LS298
LS367
LS368
LS373
LS374
LS375
LS377
LS390
LS393
LS399
1.49
.99
1.95
.79
.59
.99
.99
1.75
.89
.79
.79
.99
1.49
1.19
1.49
1.19
1.19
.99
2114L-3 1KX4 300 n.s.
Low Power 2.75 8/17.95
HM6116P-4-2KX8 + 5v-200 n.s.
CMOS Low Power 2716
Style Pin Out .... 13.50 8/95.00
6514 J -5 1KX4-CMOS Super
Low Power 350 n.s. Similar
to 2114 Same Pin Out 2.95
TMM2016-2KX8 ♦ 5v-NMOS
200 n.s. - 2716 Style Pin
Out 13.50 8/95.00
74-S
74S04
74S138
74S240
74S244
.39
.95
1.99
1.99
MK4104J-4 250NS
4K x 1 STATIC 18 PIN CERAMIC
Computer Mfg. Surplus. PRIME. Fully
Static. Easy to Use. HasSamePinOut
as TMS4044, but slightly different
timing. With Specs. (Mostek)
8 for 12.00 32 for 39.95
VERY LOW POWER!
SPECIAL!
8748 - M.P.U. - Intel
15.95
CMOS
CD4001
CD4011
CD4012
CD4013
CD4017
CD4023
CD4042
.25
.25
.20
.29
.85
.20
.60
CD4049
CD4050
CD 4066
CD4511
CD4520
74C903
.40
.40
.65
.60
.70
.20
DYNAMIC RAM
2107B-4 (MM5280N-5)
4KX1 22 Pin 1.59
4027-4KX1-250 n.s 1.75
M116-16KX1-300 n.s. .. 8/12.95
♦4116-16KX1-200 n.s. . . 8/15.95
HM4164- +5v 64K Dynamic
. . . 12.95 8/95.00
Z-80
MISCELLANEOUS
*TR1602-UART same as
AY5-1013 1.99
*IM6402-+5v High speed
UART-AY5-1013
pin out 2.00
*MC1488-1489-RS232 Receiver
and drive H.# 1.19
AY3-8910-Sound Chip with 60
page data manual 12.95
82S1 23-32X8 Tri State Bi polar
PROM 3.99
4.916MHZ Baud Rate
Crystal 1.99
1771 Single Density Floppy
Disc Controller 22.50
1791 Double Density FDC . 29.95
DM8131 6 Bit Unified Bus
Comparator 2.99
8 Pin Dip Jumpers 3/1.00
82S129 Tri State Bi Polar
Prom SPECIAL 2.59
EPROM
* Asterik Denotes Super Specials
*1 702 A 256X8 1 us .... 2.50
2708 1KX8 450 n.s 2.95
27A08 1KX8 350 n.s. .. 3.95
*2716 2KX8+5V 450 n.s. 5.95
*2716-1 2KX8+5V 350 n.s.
... 9.95
*2732 4KX8 450 n.s.
Intel Pin Out 9.95
*2532 4KX8 450 n.s.
T.I. Pin Out 9.95
2732A-3 4K x 8 350 n.s.
Intel Pin Out
Low Power 12.95
80 80 SUPPORT
8080A CPU 2.50
8216 Buffer 1.95
8251 USAR 4.95
8253 Baud Rate Gen. 5.95
Z80A-4MHZ CPU 8.95
Z80PIO - Parallel 5.95
Z80SIO/O 2 Chan. Ser 24.95
Z80ASIO/O 29.95
*Z80DMA-DMA
Controller 9.95
Z80 2.5 MHZ CPU 6.95
SOCKETS
Low Profile Solder Tail
VOLTAGE REGULATORS
8 pin 15/1.00 20 pin 7/1.00
14 pin 10/1.00 24 pin 6/1.00
16 pin 8/1.00 28 pin 6/1.00
18 pin 8/1.00 40 pin 5/1.00
Buy $10 Get $1.00
7805 .99
7905 .99
7812 .99
7912 .99
7815 .99
7915 .99
7824 .99
7924 .99
LM317T - To 220
*LM323K-+5v-3A.
1.75
To-3 3.95 3/10.00
LAS 1412-+12V-3A To-3 3.95 3/10.00
FREE CHOICE
TERMS: Add $1.50 postage, we pay balance. Orders over $50.00 add 85* for insurance. No C.O.D. Texas Res. add 5% Tax. 90 Day
Money Back Guarantee on all items. All items subject to prior sale. Prices subject to change without notice. Foreign order - US
funds only. We cannot ship to Mexico. Countries other than Canada, add $3.50 shipping and handling.
See List of Advertisers on page 178
Microcomputing, April 1982 1 61
PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS
S- 100 CPU
ONE
PART NO.
CPU Z - GODBOUT
2/4 MHZ Z80 CPU 24_Bit Address ing
DESCRIPTION
LIST PRICE
PRICE | \
)900V
ON N PRICE
$19900
$37500
K0GBT 130A A & 1 $295 00
KOfiBT 100C CSC 3-6 MHZ $39500
DUAL PROCESSOR 8085 8088 - GODBOUT
6 or 8 MZ Provides true 16 Bit Power with a standard 8
bit S-100 bus.
ROGBT I6I2A A & I 6 MHZ $425 00 $399 00
ROOBT I012C CSC 6/8 MHZ $525 00 $400 00
SOUD STATE DISK DRIVE, 3500% FASTER!
Not Really, But the Next Best Thing For Godbout
8085/88 Users Call for Details on MDrive See Page
340 of November BYTE
ROBOT MO I20K $1,550 00
K00BT HID 2MB S3 000 00
2810 ZBO CPU CA COMP SYST.
2/4 MHZ Z80A CPU with RS232C Serial I/O Port
complete with Monitor PROM tor 2422 Disk Controller
K0CCS2010A A 8.1 $350 00 $200.00
CB2 ZBO CPU • S.S.M.
2/4 MHZ will accept 2716, or 2 732, or RAM
RUN/STOP and single step switches
RDSSMCB2R Kit $200 00
K0SSMCB2A A & J $344 00 $310 00
K0SSMZ00M SSMZ80 Monitor $00.00
CBIA 8080 CPU - S.S.M.
8080 CPU, 1K RAM, Holds 1 2 708,
1 Bit parallel input port.
K0SSMCB1K Kit $133 00
RDSSMCB1A A&T $252 00 $225 00
R0SSM8080M SM 8080 Monitor $50.00
S-lOO I/O BOARDS
SYSTEM SUPPORT 1 • GODBOUT
Serial port (software prog baud), 4K EPROM OR RAM
provision, 15 levels of interrupt, real time clock,
optional math processo r
I PANT NO. 0ESCBIPTI0N UST PBICE O NN PRICE"!
R06BT102A Assembled & Tested $399 00 $300.00
K06BTI02C CSC $495 00 $400 00
RD6BTB23I Math Chip $105.00
K06BT8232 Math Chip $105.00
R000T102ANJ1 A&T with 8231 Math Chip $555.00
R06BTI02CM1 CSC with 823 1 Math Chip $055.00
K06BT162AM2 A&l with 8232 Math Chip $555.00
K060TI02CM2 CSC with 8232 Math Chip $855.00
MPX CHANNEL BOARD GODBOUT
I/O Multiplexer, using 8085A-2 CPU on board
With 4K RAM
R0GBTI0BA4 A&T $495.00 $445.00
RD6BT16SC4 CSC $59500 $535 00
With 16KHAM
R06BTIB6AI0 A&T $649 00 $585 00
KD6BT16BCIS CSC $749 00 $875 00
INTERFACER I • GODBOUT
Two Serial I/O
K06BT133A A& J $249 00 $210 00
RD8BT133C CSC $324 00 $208 00
INTERFACER II • GODBOUT
Three parallel, one serial I/O board
KD6BT150A A & J $249 00 $210 00
R06BTI50C CSC $324 00 $209.00
INTERFACER III - GODBOUT
Eight channel multi-use serial I/O board
R00BT1740A A&T $699 00 $629 00
R06BT1740C CSC 200 hr Bum In $849 00 $750.00
INTERFACER 3 WITH 5 SERIAL PORTS
M6BT1745A A&T $599 00 $559 00
KD6BTI745C CSC 200 hr Bum In $699 00 $629.00
MULT1 I/O • MORROW DESIGNS
Ihree Serial, J wo parallel
R0M0SM03200 A & 1 $359 00
SWITCHBOARD - MORROW DESIGNS
Two serial I/O, tour parallel I/O.
one status port, one strobe port
R0M0SSB241I $299 00
I/04 - SSM
Two serial I/O two parallel I/O
RDSSMI04K Kit
R0S3MI04A A&T $290 00
I/O 5 SSM
2 Serial, 3 Parallel including 1 Centronics
RDSSMIObl A&T $329 00 $309 00
I/O 8 - SSM
8 Port Serial I/O with Inner
K0SSMI00A A&T $550 00 $495 00
2710 4 PORT SERIAL CCS
4 Full handshaking RS232 ports and optional 2K ROM
R0CCS27100I At, I $36000 $310 00
2719 2 SERIAL 8> 2 PARALLEL CCS
2 RS232 C ports. 2 8 bit uuiullul uorts. & optional 2 K ROM
R0CCS27I90I A & I $3b0 UU $325 00
2720 4 PORT PARALLEL CCS
4 8 bit parallel ports and optional 2K ROM
R0CCS27200I A&l $250 00 $225 00
$328 00
$269 00
$21000
$260 00
S- 100 10 MHZ STATIC RAM
NEW LOW PRICES!
RAM 20 - 32K
SALE $299.00
■ ':■>•:•:■:■:■'
32K STATIC RAM - GODBOUT
RAM 20 10 MHZ, 4K byte block disable, bank select
or 24 bit addressing availab le 8 16, 24 or 32 K
IPART NN. DESCRIPTION
LIST PRICE
ONR PllCd
RDBBT1B4AM 8K A&T
$210 00
$100.00
R060TI04AC0 8K CSC
$280 00
$260.00
R0SBT164AAI6 16KA&1
$285.00
$260.00
RD6BT184AC1B 16KCSC
$355.00
$325.00
R06BT184AA24 24 K A&T
$355 00
$325.00
R06BT164AC24 24 K CSC
$42500
$2i9 b 0°0
R06BT1S4AA32 32 K A&l
$425 00
RD60T164AC32 32K CSC
$49500
$450.00
CMOS STATIC RAM
For a complete analysis of the advantages of CMOS
memory, see the "Product Description "on page 41 6 of
the January Issue of BTTE.
64K CMOS STATIC RAM GODBOUT
RAM 17, 10 MHZ, 2 Watt, DMA Compatable
24 Bit Addressing
48KA&T $650 00 $019.00
48KCSC200hr $75000 $710.00
64 K A&l $795.00 $755.00
64K CSC 200hr $895 00 $050.00
NEW! 32K x 16 BIT CMOS STATIC RAM • GODBOUT
RAM 16 10 MHZ, 32K x 16 or 64K x 8
IEEE/696 16 BIT 2 Watt, 24 Bit Addressing
RDB0T100A 64KA&1 $895.00 $050.00
R06BT1S0C 64KCSC $995 00 $045.00
NEW! 128K NMOS STATIC RAM • GODBOUT
RAM 21 10MHZ 128K X 8 OR 64K x 16
IEEE/696 8 or 16 Bit 1 2 Amps 24 Bit Addressing
K06BT107A 128KA&T $1695 00 $1010.00
RD60T167C 128KCSC $1895 00 $1785.00
R0BBT175A40
RDBBT175C48
R000TI75A84
RD6BT175CM
S-100 PROM
PBI PROM PROGRAMMER - SSM
Programs 2708 or 2716 s, operates as a
4K/8K EPROM BOARD AS WELL.
R0SSNJPB1R Kit $179.00
R0SSMPB1A A&l $265 00 $220.00
ECONOROM 2708 - GODBOUT
16K x 8 EPROM Board using 2708. Power on
jump to any 256 byte
R06B1125A A&T $135 00 $120.00
R060T125C CSC $195 00 $175.00
MB8A - SSM
1 K/1 6K 2708 EPROM board, disable in 1 K increments
RDSSMMB8AR Kit $114.00
R0SSMMB8AA A&T $179 00 $158.00
S-100 VIDEO BOARDS
SPECTRUM GODBOUT
Color Graphics board with Parallel I/O
K0601144A A&l $399 00 $340 00
R060T144C CSC $449 00 $308.00
RD6BT20 Sublogic Universal $35.00
Graphics Interpreter Software
VB - 3 S.S.M.
80 x 25 or 50 character video display Memory
Mapped. Parallel Keyboard port
R0SSMVB3R24 80 x 24 Kit $425.00
R0SSMVB3A24 80 x 24 A&T $499 00 $440 00
R0SSHVB30P 80 x 50 Line Upgrade $ 38.00
VB2 S.S.M.
I/O Mapped Video Board, with Parallel Keyboard port
64 x 16
R0SSMVB2R Kit $108 00
R0S3MVB2A A&T $269 00 $228.00
VBBB S.S.M
Memory Mapped Video Board 64 x 16 character
display or 64 x 16 graphics display
R0SSMVBIR Kit $178 00
RDSSMVB1A A&l $242 00 $220 00
S-100 MOTHERBOARDS • GODBOUT
Active termination 6 12-20 slot
RD60T153A A&T b slot. 2 lbs $14000 $126.00
HDBBTI53C CSC 6 slot. 2 lbs $190 00 $175.00
R0BBT154A A& 1 12 slot. 3 lbs $17500 $155.00
R06BTI54C C5C 12 slot 3 lbs. $240 00 $220.00
R0BOT155A A& T 20 slot. 4 lbs $265 00 $235.00
RD6TBI55C CSC 20 slot. 4 lbs $340 00 $310.00
S-100 DYNAMIC RAM
THE EXPANDABLE 1
PRIORITY 1 ELECTRONICS
THE EXPANDABLE 1 " 64K Dynamic Ram board
provides your S- 1 00 system with 64 K of reliable, high-
speed dynamic RAM. Compatable with most of the
major S-100 systems on the market, including those
with front panels, it supports DMA operations and
requires no Wait states with current microprocessors.
• User expandable from 16 to 64K • Supports DMA
• Designed to IEEE proposed S-100 bus standards • 2 or
4 MHz operation • Operates with either an 8080 or Z-80
based S-100 system, providing processor-transparent re-
freshes with both • Supports IMSAI-type front panels
• Jumper-selectable Phantom input • Uses Popular
41 16 RAMS • All ICs in sockets • Any 16K block can be
made bank-independent • Fully buttered address and
data lines • Fail-safe refresh circuitry for extended Wait
states • Board configuration with reliable, easy-to-con-
figure Berg jumpers
R0PRIEXP110 16K Assembled & Tested $288.00
R0PRIE1P132 32K Assembled & Tested $330.00
RDPRIEXP14R 48K Assembled & Tested $378.00
RDPRIEXP164 64K Assembled & Tested $408.00
S-100 DISK CONTROLLERS
2422A • CA. COMP. SYST.
I/O Mapped, controls 8". single or
double density A& T with CPM 2.2 8" S.D
I U8T PRICE ONR PiiCp
R0CCS2422A $475.00 $375 00
DISK JOCKEY 2D • MORROW
Memory Mapped, controls 8", single or
double density, serial I/O
R0M0IDJ2208 A&T with CP/M 2.2 $399.00 $375.00
S-lOO DISK SUBSYSTEMS
DJ2B DISCUS SINGLE SIDED MORROW
8 DBL Density drives with cabinet, power supply
controller, with CP/M 2.2 and Microsoft Basic
R0NJ03F12I0 Single Drive System $1095.00 $850.00
R0B0SFI220 Dual Drive System $1875.00 $1598.00
DJ2B DISCUS DOUBLE SIDED - MORROW
8" DBL Density/sided drives with cabinet Power
supply controller, with CP/M 2.2 and Microsoft Basic
R0NJDSF221R Single Drive System $1395.00 $1250.00
K0M0SF2228 Dual Drive System $2495.00 $2050.00
S-100 HARD DISK - MORROW
5.25" 5MB, 8" 10 & 20MB, 14 26MB formatted
hard disk complete with cabinet, PS., Controller,
CP/M 2 2 and MicrgsoU_M BASIC 80
[LIST PBICE
R0M0CMAM5 5 MB $2495 OO
RDM0SAM0S 10 MB $3695 00
RDM0SM20S 20 MB $4795.00
R0MDSM26S 26 MB $449b00
S ALE WUCTj
„, $1995.00
( $2850.00
«ft«l $»«•••
* $3405.00
OUTPERFORMS MONITORS OF TWICE THE PRICE
USI has the competition buckling at their knees!
You can have a professional performing Video
Monitor for a friction el Ike cost! lhe USI EV2 131N is a
12 Green, high resolution data display compatable
with 80 x 24 computer formats
KDUSIEV2I3IN 24 lbs. $149.00
PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS
GODBOUT DMA DISK 1
WITH FREE CP/M 2.2
SALE $450.00
S- 100 MAINFRAMES
SAVE $220.00
Priority 1 Electronics is pleased to offer the GODBOUT
DISK 1 High Performance Disk Controller at our reg-
ular low price with CP/M 2.2 and BIOS at no additional
cost. That's a savings of $220.00 of the manufacturer's
list price.
• Third generation INTEL 8272/NEC 765A LSI floppy
disk controller.
• High speed cycle stealing DMA interface for proc-
essor independent data transfer between system
memory and flexible disk.
• Handles up to four 8 or 5.25 inch floppy disk drives
• Single or double density/single or double sided
capability.
• Supports IBM 3740 soft sectored formats.
• 24 bit DMA addressing with data transfer across
64 K boundaries for data transfer throughout the
16Mbyte memory map.
| PART NO.
DESCRIPTION
LIST PRICE OU
K0P0B171ACPM
KDBBT171C
KDGBTCPIMO*
KD6BT0AS8S
K06BTOAS8M
A&T w/CP/M 2.2 & BIOS $670.00
CSC $595.00
CP/M 2.2 for Z80/8085 with
manuals & BIOS 8" S/D disk
Oasis 8 bit single user 8" S/D disk
Oasis 8 bit multiuser, 8" S/D disk
»
$555.00
$175.00
$500.00
$850 00
S-100 SYSTEMS
SUPERSIXTEEN - GODBOUT
HERE IS WHAT EACH PACKAGE INCLUDES:
KD6BT1612A 6 MHz 8085/8088 Dual Processor Board
K06BT171A High Speed DMA Disk Controller
KDGBT162A System Support 1 Multi-Function Board
KD6BT133A Interfacer 1 Dual Serial I/O
KD128K 10*1 Hz Low Power Static Ram
KDGBTCP/M 86 76 Bit Operating System Ready to Load & Go
Cables and DecumeirtatJea Three interfacer cables one disk I/O
cable, complete documentator for all hardware, and manuals
for both CP/M operating systems.
Comiv Pra's famous 1 Tear limited warranty.
Now to the best part of all. If purchased separately, these
quality components would list for $4,344.00. BUT SuperSixteen i
low package price Is an amazing $3,495.00. Yob save SMO.OOIffor
boards qualified under the Certified System Component
high-reliability program - with extended 2 year warranty,
200 hour burn-in and 6/8MHz processors - add $600.00 to
the package price. Sh. Wt. 15 lbs.
K0PDB6BTSJ SuperSixteen A&T $3495 00
KDPDBGBTSI SuperSixteen CSC $4095.00
PRINTERS
BEST
PRICE 1 -
MICROLINE - OKIDATA
WITH FRICTION AND TRACTOR FEED
• BI-DIRECTIONAL - 120 CPS • Parallel and Serial I/O
• 9x9 Matrix (Alphanumeric) • 100 Thru 1200 Baud
• 6x9 or 12 Matrix for Graphics • Self Test
• 5,8.3, 10, 16Charactrsp/lnch • Out of Paper Switch
• 6 or 8 Lines per Inch • Friction or Tractor Feed
• 80 CPL @ 10 CPI for 82A • 3" to 14" Top of Form
• 132 CPL (S> 10 CPI for 83A (Switch Selectable)
• 10 Different Character Sets
PART NO. DESCRIPTION UST PRICE SALE PRICE
KD0KIDAT82AT(26lks)8 80CPL @10CPI$ 799.00 $539.00
KD0KIDAT83AT (37 N*)732 CPL @ 10 CPI $1 195.00 $750.00
K00KISER2KBF 9600 baud with 2K Serial $150.00
Buffer upgrade with X-on Y-off
KDOKIGRAPH High Resolution Graphics Prom $99.00
CALL FOR THE NEW MICROLINE 84
MX80 — EPSON
NEED WE SAY MORE?
K0EPNMX8O Tractor Feed 1 7 lbs $645.00 $450.00
KDEPNB B100 732 Co l. Tractor Feed 24 lbs $725.00
PRINTER INTERFACES - MICROBYTE
RS232 Serial Conversion for MX80
KDMBSSEI1 A&T $55.00
Apple Centronics 8 bit parallel interface
for Centronics, Epson & OKIDATA printers
KDMBSAEI1 A&T $55.00
KDMBSAEC1 Cable for above $14.95
Printer interfaces & cables sold only with printer purchase
S-lOO MICROFRAME - TEI
110V 60HZ CVT Mainframes, the best money can buy!
12 Slot ±8V 17A±16V @ 2A
22 Slot ±8V (q> 30A± 16V @ 4A
OUR PRICE
PART NO. LIST PRICE 1-8 10-24
KOTEIIRCS 112 72 Slot Desk $685.00 $61 5.00 $570.00
KDTEIMCS 122 22 Slot Desk $825.00 $760.00 $705.00
K0TEIRM 12 72 Slot Rackmount J 725.00 $720.00 $619.00
KDTEIRN22 22 Slot Rackmount $8 75.00 $850.00 $750.00
Shipping Weight: On 12 Slot Mainframe 45 lbs.
On 22 Slot Mainframes 55 lbs.
TEI S-lOO FRAMES
3 - 5" DISK CUTOUTS
±8V @ 17±16V @ 1.2A, Internal Cables
1-9 10-24
KDTEITF12 12 Slot desk $6 75.00 $625.00 $580.00
K0TEIRF12 12 Slot Rackmount $795.OO$715.00 $685.00
Shipping Weight: On 12 Slot Desk 40 lbs.
On 12 Slot Rackmount 45 lbs.
DUAL 8" DISK DRIVE CHASSIS - TEI
ForShugart 800/80 1 R or850/85 1 R with internal power
cables provided
+24V @> 1.5A+5V @ 1.0A - 5V (5) 25A
1-9 10-24
K0TEBCFB6 Desk Top $535.00 $485.00 $455.00
KOTEIRFDO Rack Mount $ 720. 00 $670.00 $636.00
RDPDBDFD0S1 DFDO with 1 Shugart 801 R $$970.00
K0PBBDF00S2 DFDO with 2 Shugart 801 Rs $1375.00
K0P0BRFD0S1 RFDO with 1 Shugart 801 R $1095.00
KDPDBRFD0S2 RFDO with 2 Shugart 801 Rs $1495.00
KDPRI50PGCE2 Internal Data Cable .50 pin $34.95
plug connector to 2 Card Edge
Due to UPS shipping regulations, disk drives will be shipped
separately from the cabinet. Don't forget to include shipping
for each drive. (Shipping Weight, 16 lbs each.)
CALL FOR NEW TEI PRICES APRIL 1st
S-lOO MAINFRAME - GODBOUT
110V 60HZ CVT Mainframe uses famous 20 slot
GODBOUT Motherboard. 55 lbs.
K06BTENC20RM 20 Slot Rack Mount $895.00 $825.00
K0GBTENC20DK 20 Slot Desk Top $825.00 $760.00
S-lOO MAINFRAME - CCS
12-slot motherboard with removable termination card
K0CCS220001 Office Cream 35 lbs $575.00 $535.00
KDCCS220002 Blue 35 lbs $575.00 $535.00
SOFTWARE - MICROPRO
All software is supplied on 8" Single Density IBM
3740 CP/M Compatable Diskettes
WORDSTAR
Screen-Oriented, integrated word processing system
specifically designed for non-technical personnel
KDNJPRWR0STA1 $495.00 $300.00
MAIL MERGE WORD STAR OPTION
Powerful file merging tool
KDMPRMLMRGAI (Requires Word Star 2.1 or later)$ 250.00 $100.00
SPELLSTAK WORD STAR OPTION
One Step "Proofreader" with compressed 20,000 word
dictionary and user-created supplemental dictionaries
KDMPRSPLSTA1 (Requires Word Star 3.0 or later) $250.00 $150.00
SUPERSORT
Sophisticated program that will select and re-arrange
variable length information from data files
KDRPRSPRSRA1 $250.00 $150.00
CALCSTAR
Sophisticated, easy-to-use, electronic spread
sheet and financial planner
KDMPRCLCSTA1 $295.00 $200.00
DATA STAR
Office-Oriented Data Entry, retrival, and
updating system
KDMPR0ATSTA1 $350.00 $200.00
mdste' hai )<
^277
FLOPPY DISC DRIVES
Tandon TM-800 Thinline is
exactly half the size
of conventional 8"
floppy disk drives
ONE
Exactly one-half the height of any other model.
Propietary, high-resolution, read-write heads
patented by Tandon
D.C. only operation - no A.C. required
Industry standard interface.
Three millisecond track-to-track access time 9 lbs.
K0TNBTMS461 Single Sided $425.06 2 or more $385.66
K0TNDTM8462 Double Sided $575.06 2 or more $550.00
KOTNBTMSM Manual - not included with drive S 16.00
80IR - SHUGART
Single sided double density most popular 8" drive
KDSHU80IR $425.00 ea or 2 or more (16 lbs) for $385.00ea.
KDSHUSA80IRM Manual for 80IR drives $ 10.00
DT-8 - €UJME
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DT-8 - QUME
2 OR
MORE
$499.00
Data track 8 double sided, double density 8"
KDQMEDT8WH Sh.Wt.16lbs. $525 00 ea
2 or more $499.00 each
KDQMEDT8B1 Manual for DT-8 % 10.00
5V4" DRIVES • TANDON
K0TNDTM100T Single Sided, 250KB (5 lbs)
K0TNDTPJ1002 Double Sided, 500KB
K0TNDTM1003 Single Sided, 500KB
KDTNDTN1004 Double Sided, 1000KB
KDTN0TM5M Manual, not included with drive
DISK CABINETS
PRIORITY
V- 100 - VISTA
• Desk or rack moun table • Internal power and data cables
• Drives pull out for easy service and maintenance
K0VISVI00 Disk Drive Cabinet (43 lbs) $495.00 $448.06
SINGLE 8" - GLT.
Single 8" cabinet with power supply
KDQTCDDC8 (22 lbs) $249.00 $225.00
DUAL 8" - ALT.
Dual 8' cabinet with power supply
KDQTCDDC88 (24) $395.00 $349.66
:»»
KOVIS 6601
ROW IS 9802
CABINETS • VISTA
Single 5" with PS.
Dual 5" with PS.
$75.00
$95.90
TERMINALS
VIEWPOINT - ADDS
Detachable keyboard, RS232 interface and auxiliary
port, 80 x 24 display, tillable screen SALE
K0A00VWPR Shipping Weight 40 lbs $699.00 $525.00
VT200 — VISUAL TECHNOLOGY
THE MOST RELIABLE TERMINAL WE'VE EVER USED!
Detachable keyboard, RS232C or 20MA interface,
110 to 19200 baud, 12" non glare 80 x 24 display,
RS232 Aux. port and composite video out.
KDISL200 Shipping Weight 55 lbs. $005.00
ELECTRONICS |||| J—J
9161-K DEERING AVE • CHATSWORTH, CA 91311 ^^ lyJJJ
ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922 CA, AK, HI CALL (213) 709-5464
Terms U.S. VISA MC. BAG Check. Money Order. US. Funds Only CA residents add 6% Sales Tax MINIMUM PREPAID ORDER S 1 5.00
Include MINIMUM SHIPPING & HANDLING of $2.50 lor the first 3 lbs. plus 25c for each additional pound Orders over 50 lbs sent
freight collect. Just in case, please include your phone no. Prices subject to change without notice. We will do our best to maintain
prices through April. 1982 Credit Card orders will be charged appropriate freight See November BYTE for 60 page Catalog or
send S 1 .00 for your copy today Sale prices are for prepaid orders only.
CALL TOLL FREE
1800Z28 4097
Electronics Center is Proud to Offer Name
Brand Equipment at Discount Prices. Call Today
for your Computer Needs and Unadvertised Specials
S^ 1
MCii'ffcU**.^
Fmzxs,mwx\ t% ti%
S^f^^^^^^H^^^I
/VEC
PC-8023A Printer
A dot-matrix, bi-directional, logic-seeking, friction or
tractor feed, impact printer.
EPSON Printers
CALL FOR PRICE
1 Tf
DC Hayes Micromodem
CALL FOR PRICES
Commodore VIC- 20
Call Toll Free For Price
ATARI
iiiiMiiiiiiMMii i i iiniiiimmmmnmuu
ATARI &&&
NEC Monitors
Atari Computers Our Atari Prices Can't Be Beat!
PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND AVAILABILITY
9 NEC Monitor $139.95
12 NEC Monitor $179.95
12" Green Screen CALL
13" NEC Color Monitor With Tuner $499.95
19 NEC Color Monitor $499.95
master charge
mi .••••••• MM
y©m
f LCCTRONICS PLAXGftOUND
1840 "O" Street Lincoln, Nebraska 68508
In Nebraska Call (402) 476-7331
164 Microcomputing, Apri/1982
SD Systems ExpandoRAM III
Single User System
SBC-200. 64 K ExpandoRAM II, Versaf loppy II, CPM2.2
$1095.00
4 MHz Z-80A CPU, 64K RAM, serial I/O port,
parallel I/O port, double-density disk controller,
CP/M 2.2 disk and manuals, system monitor,
control and diagnostic software.
Add $100.00 for upgrade to ExpandoRAM III 64K
(expandable to 256 K)
-All boards are assembled and tested-
SBC-200
2 or 4 MHz single board computer
• S-100 bus compatible • PowerfuUMHz Z-80A
CPU • Synchronous/asynchronous serial I/O
port with RS-232 interface and software
programmable baud rates up to 9600 baud •
Parallel input and parallel output port • Four
channel counter/timer • Four maskable, vectored
interrupt inputs and a non-maskable interrupt •
IK of onboard RAM • Up to 32K of onboard
ROM • System monitor PROM included
The SBC-200 is an excellent CPU board to base a
microcomputer system around. With on-board
RAM, ROM, and I/O, the SBC-200 allows you to
build a powerful three-board system that has the
same features found in most five-board
microcomputers. The SBC-200 is compatible with
both single-user and multi-user systems.
CPU-30200A A & T with monitor $299.9 5
Versafloppy II
5'/4" & 8" double density controller
■o »
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urn
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• S-100 bus compatible • IBM 3740 compatible
soft sectored format • Controls single and double-
sided drives, single or double density, 5V4" and 8"
drives in any combination of four simultaneously
• Drive select and side select circuitry • Analog
phase-locked loop data seperator • Vectored
interrupt operation optional • Standard CP/M 2.2
disk operating • Control/diagnostic software
PROM included
The Versafloppy II is faster, more stable and
more tolerant of bit shift and "jitter" than most
controllers. All control and diagnostic software
included.
IOD-1 160A A&T $359.95
For CP/M 2.2 and manual set add $99.95
ExpandoRAM III
64K to 256K expandable RAM board
i %
1 r
SD Systems has duplicated the famous
reliability of their ExpandoRAM I and II boards
in the new ExpandoRAM III, a board capable of
containing 256K of high speed RAM. Utilizing the
new 64K x 1 dymanic RAM chips, you can
configure a memory of 64K, 128K, 192K, or 256K,
all on one S-100 board. Memory address decoding
is done by a programmed bipolar ROM so that the
memory map may be dip-switch configured to
work with either COSMOS/MPM-type systems or
with OASIS-type systems.
Extensive application notes concerning how to
operate the ExpandoRAM III with Cromemco,
Intersystems, and other popular 4 MHz Z-80
systems are contained in the manual.
MEM-65064A 64K A&T $495.00
MEM-65128A 128K A & T $639.95
MEM-65192A 192K A & T $769.95
MEM-65256A 256K A&T $879.95
ExpandoRAM II
16K to 64K expandable RAM board
• S-100 bus compatible • Up to 4MHz operation •
Expandable from 16K to 64K • Uses 16 x 1 4116
memory chips • Page mode operation allows up to
8 memory boards on the bus • Phantom output
disable • Invisible on-board refresh
The ExpandoRAM II is compatible with most S-
100 CPUs. When other SD System' series II
boards are combined with the ExpandoRAM II,
they create a microcomputer system with
exceptional capabilities and features.
MEM-16630A 16K A & T $345.00
MEM-32631A 32K A&T $365.00
MEM-48632A 48K A&T $385.00
MEM-64633A 64K A&T $399.9 5
PROM-100
Versatile EPROM Programmer
• S-100 bus compatible • Programs 2708, 2758,
2716, 2732, 2516 EPROMs • DIP switch selection
of EPROM type • 25 VDC programming pulse
generated onboard • Very fast programming and
verification • Zero insertion force socket •
Programming software included on 8" diskette
MEM-99520K Kit w software $189.95
MEM-99520A A & Tw software $249.95
Multi-User System
SBC-200, 2S6K ExpandoRAM III. Versafloppy II. MPC4
COSMOS Mult i User Operating System, C BASIC II
$1 995. 00
Two Z-80A CPUs (4 MHz), 256K RAM, 5 serial I/O
ports with independently programmable baud
rates and vectored interrupts, parallel input port,
parallel output port, 8 counter/timer channels,
real time clock, single and double sided/single or
double density disk controller for b x A" and 8"
drives, up to 36K of onboard ROM, CP/M 2.2
compatible COSMOS interrupt driven multi-user
disk operating system, allows up to 8 users to run
independent jobs concurrently, C BASIC II,
control and diagnostic software in PROM
included.
-All boards are assembled and tested-
MPC-4
Intelligent communications interface
• Four buffered serial I/O ports • On-board Z-
80A processor • Four CTC channels •
Independently programmable baud rates •
Vectored interrupt capability • Up to 4K of on-
board PROM • Up to 2K of onboard RAM • On-
board firmware
This is not just another four-port serial
I/O board! The on-board processor and firmware
provide sufficient intelligence to allow the MPC-4
to handle time consuming I/O tasks, rather than
loading down your CPU. To increase overall
efficiency, each serial channel has an 80 character
input buffer and a 128 character output buffer.
The onboard firmware can be modified to make
the board SDLC or BISYNC compatible. In
combination with SD's COSMOS operating
system (which is included with the MPC-4), this
board makes a perfect building block for a multi-
user system.
1OI-1504A A & T with COSMOS .. $495.00
Place Orders Toll Free
Continental U.S. Inside California
800-42 1-5500 800-262- 1710
Eor Technical Inquires or Customer Service call:
213-973-7707
►^48
Computer Products
4901 W. Rosecrans, Hawthorne, Ca 90250
TERMS of SALE: Cash, checks, credit cards, or
Purchase Orders from qualified firms and institutions.
Minimum Order $15.00. California residents add 6%
tax. Minimum shipping & handling charge $3.00.
Pricing & availihilitv subject to change
Computer
Products
Sunnyvale • Woodland Hills • Hawthorne • San Diego
Printers
Accessories for Apple | Single Board Computer
BETTER THAN EPSON ! - Okidata
Microline 82A 80/132 column, 120 CPS, 9 x 9 dot
matrix, friction feed, pin feed, adjustable tractor feed
(removable), handles 4 part forms up to 9.5" wide, rear &
bottom feed, paper tear bar, 700% duty cycle/ 200, 000, 000
character print head, bi directional/ logic seeking, both
serial & parallel interfaces included, front panel switch &
program control of 10 different form lengths, uses
inexpensive spool type ribbons, double width & condensed
characters, true lower case descenders & graphics
PRM-43082 with FREE tractor .... $544.95
Microline 83A 132/232 column, 120 CPS, handles
forms up to 15" wide, plus all the features of the 82A.
PRM-43083 with FREE tractor .... $774.95
Microline 84 132/232 column, 200 CPS, full dot
graphics built in, handles forms up to 15" wide, plus all the
features of the H3A.
PRM-43083 with FREE tractor ... $1249.95
PRA-27081 Apple card $39.95
PRA-27082 Apple cable $19.95
PRA-27087 TRS-80 cable $24.95
PRA-43081 Hi speed 2K serial board $169.95
PRA-43080 Extra ribbons pkf>. of 2 ... $9.95
INEXPENSIVE PRINTERS - Epson
MX-70 80 column, 80 CPS, 5 x 7 dot matrix, adjustable
tractor feed, & graphics
PRM-27070 List $459 $399.95
MX-80 80 column, 80 CPS, bi-directional /logic seeking
printing, 9x9 dot matrix, adjustable tractor feed, & 64
graphics characters
PRM-27080 List $645 $469.95
MX-80FT same as MX-80 with friction feed added.
PRM-27082 List $745 $559.95
MX-1 00 132 column, correspondence quality, graphics,
up to 15" paper, friction feed & adjustable tractor feed, 9x9
dot matrix, 80 CPS.
PRM-27100 List $945 $759.95
PRA-27084 Serial interface $69.95
PRA-27088 Serial intf & 2K buffer .. $144.95
PRA-27081 Apple card $74.95
PRA-27082 Apple cable $22.95
PRA-27086 IEEE 488 card $52.95
PRA-27087 TRS-80 cable $32.95
PRA-27085 Graftrax II $95.00
PRA-27083 Extra ribbon $14.95
Modems
SMARTMODEM - Hayes
Sophisticated direct-connect auto-answer /auto-dial modem,
touch-tone or pulse dialing, RS-232C interface, programmable
IOM-5400A Smartmodem $249.95
IOK-1500A Hayes Chronograph ... $199.95
CAT MODEMS - Novation
CA T 300 baud, acoustic, answer / orginate
IOM-5200A List $189.95 $149.95
D-CA T 300 baud direct connect, answer /orginate
IOM-5201A List $199.95 $169.95
AUTO-CAT Auto answer orginate, direct connect
IOM-5230A List $299.95 $239.95
Apple-CAT - Novation
Software selectable 1200 or 300 baud, direct connect, auto-
answer autodial, auxiliary 3 wire RS232C serial port for
printer.
IOM-5232A Save $50.00!!! $325.00
16K MEMORY UPGRADE
Add IRK of RAM to your TRS-80, Apple, or Exidy in just
minutes. We've sold thousands of these 16K RAM
upgrades which include the appropriate memory chips (as
specified by the manufacturer), all necessary jumper
blocks, foolproof instructions, and our 1 year guarantee.
MEX-16100K TRS-80 kit $25.00
MEX-16101K Apple kit $25.00
MEX-16102K Exidy kit $25.00
16K RAM CARD - for Apple II
Expand your Apple to 64K, 1 year warranty
MEX-16500A Save $70.00!!! $129.95
Z-80* CARD for APPLE
Two computers in one, Z-80 & 6502, more than doubles the
power & potential of your Apple, includes Z-80* CPU card,
CP/M 2.2, & BASIC-80
CPX-30800A A & T $299.95
8" DISK CONTROLLER
New from Vista Computer, single or double sided, single or
double density, compatible with DOS 3.2/3.3, Pascal, & CPM
2.2, Shugart & Qume compatible
IOD-2700A A&T $499.95
2 MEGABYTES for Apple II
Complete package includes: Two 8" double-density disk
drives, Vista double-density 8" disk controller, cabinet, power
supply, & cables, DOS 3.2/3.3, CP/M 2.2, & Pascal
compatible.
1 MegaByte Package (Kit) $1495.00
1 MegaByte Package (A&T) $1695.00
2 MegaByte Package (Kit) $1795.00
2 MegaByte Package (A&T) .... $1995.00
DISK DRIVES - Micro Sci
Inexpensive disk drives for your Apple
A2 Direct replacement for Apple Disk II, works with
Apple II controller as first or second drive.
MSM-123101 Micro Sci A2 $429.95
A40 40 track drive for Apple II. Improved storage
capacity and speed over Apple Brand drives - requires
Micro Sci controller.
IOD-2340A Micro Sci A40 $399.95
A70 70 track drive for Apple II. Twice the storage
capacity and three times faster than Apple Brand drives -
requires Micro Sci controller
1OD-2370A Micro Sci A70 $499.95
Micro Sci Controller Disk controller for up to two
Micro Sci A40 or A 70 disk drives, DOS 3.2, 3.3, Pascal, and
Z-80 SoftCard compatible, includes utility disk and 40 70
track patch.
IOD-2300A Micro Sci controller $95.00
VISION 80 - Vista Computer
80 column x 24 line video card for Apple II, 128 ASCII
characters, upper and lower case, 9 x 10 dot matrix with 3 dot
descenders, standard data media terminal control codes,
CP/M Pascal & Fortran compatible, 50/60 Hz
IOV-2400A Vista Vision 80 $375.00
AIO, ASIO, APIO - S.S.M.
Parallel & serial interface for your Apple (see Byte fig 11)
IOI-2050K Par&Serkit $139.95
IOI-2050A Par&SerA&T $169.95
IOI-2052K Serial kit $89.95
IOI-2052A Serial A&T $99.95
IOI-2054K Parallel kit $69.95
IOI-2054A Parallel A&T $89.95
CPS MULTICARD - Mtn. Computer
Three cards in one! Real time clock calendar, serial interface,
& parallel interface - all on one card.
IOX-2300A A&T $199.95
Z-80 STARTER KIT - SD Systems
Complete Z-80 microcomputer with RAM, ROM, I^O,
keyboard, display, kludge area, manual, & workbook
CPS-30100K KIT $299.95
CPS-30100A A&T $469.95
SYM-1 - Synertek Systems
Single board computer with I K of RAM. 4Kof ROM, key pad.
LED display. 20ma & cassette interface on board.
CPK-50020A A& T $249.95
VIC 20 - Commodore
Complete personal computer with 5K RAM, full color, 61 key
keyboard, 4 dual special- function keys, serial ports, cassette
port, composite video output (connects to standard color TV
set), BASIC language. & expansion port.
COM-VIC20 VIC 20 Under $300.00
PERSONAL COMPUTERS
Also available from Jade - Call for Price and Info
AIM-65, Altos, Apple II, Atari,
Commodore, California Computer Sys
Hewlett-Packard, Intersystems
Jade, NEC, Novell, SD Systems
SYM-1, Xerox, and more...
Video Monitors
HI-RES 12" GREEN - Zenith
15 MHz bandwidth, 700 lines inch, P31 green phosphor,
switchable 40 or 80 columns, small, light-weight & portable.
VDM-201201 List price $150.00 .... $118.95
12" GREEN SCREEN - NEC
20 MHz, P31 phosphor video monitor with audio,
exceptionally high resolution ■ A fantastic monitor at a
very reasonable price
VDM-651200 Special Sale Price $199.95
12" COLOR MONITOR - NEC
Hires monitor with audio & sculptured case
VDC-651212 Color Monitor $479.95
$1045.00
NEC-1202D RGB color monitor .
Leedex / Amdek
Reasonably priced video monitors
VDM-801210 Video 100 12" B&W . . $139.95
VDM-801230 Video 100-80 12" B& W $179.95
VDM-801250 12" Green Phospor .... $169.95
VDC-801310 13" Color I $379.95
VDC-801320 Color II $895.00
IOV-2300A DVM board for Apple . . $199.95
Video Terminals
TELEVIDEO910
Full featured inexpensive terminal
VDT-901210 List 795.00 $695.00
TELEVIDEO 950
VDT-901250 List $1195.00 $995.00
AMBER SCREEN - Volker Craig
Detachable keyboard, amber on black display, 7x9 dot
matrix, 10 program function keys, 14 key numeric pad, 12"
non glare screen, 50 to 19,200 baud, direct cursor control,
auxiliary bi-directional serial port
VDT-351200 List $795.00 $645.00
VIEWPIONT - ADDS
Detachable keyboard, serial RS232C interface, baud rates
from 1 10 to 19,200, auxiliary serial output port, 21 x 80display,
VDT-501210 Sale Priced $639.95
DIALOGUE 80 - Ampex
VDT-230080 List $1195.00 $895.00
Computer
Products
t^T3 L 1 L 1 CIQO /^ A HP A i^\i^ 'Just circle our reader service number on the
A XVJ_J-I-J A *JO£d vyiV X xVJj v-r vJT information request card located near the index,
S-100 CPU Boards
THE BIG Z* - Jade
2 or 4 MHz switchable Z-80* CPU with serial I/O,
accomodates 2708, 2716, or 2732 EPROM, baud rates from
75 to 9600
CPU-30201K Kit $139.95
CPU-30201A A&T $189.95
CPU-30200B Bare board $35.00
2810 Z-80* CPU - Cal Comp Sys
2/4 MHz Z-80 A * CPU with RS-232C serial I/O port and on
hoard MOSS 2.2 monitor PROM, front panel compatible
CPU-30400A A&T $269.95
CB-2 Z-80 CPU - S.S.M.
2 or 4 MHz Z-80 CPU board with provision for up to 8K of
ROM or 4K of RAM on hoard, extended addressing, IEEE
S-100, front panel compatible.
CPU-30300K Kit $239.95
CPU-30300A A&T $299.95
S-100 PROM Boards
PROM-100 - SD Systems
2708, 2716, 2732 EPROM programmer w/ software
MEM-99520K Kit $189.95
MEM-99520A A&T $249.95
PB-1 - S.S.M.
2708, 2716 EPROM board with built-in programmer
MEM-99510K Kit $154.95
MKM-995 10A A&T $219.95
EPROM BOARD - Jade
16K or 32K uses 2708's or 2716's, IK boundary
MEM-16230K Kit $79.95
MEM-16230A A&T $119.95
S-100 Video Boards
VB-3 - S.S.M.
80 characters x 24 lines expandable to 80 x 48 for a full page
of text, upper & lower case, 256 user defined symbols, 160 x
192 graphics matrix, memory mapped, has key board
input.
IOV-1095K 4 MHz kit $349.95
IOV-1095A 4 MHz A&T $439.95
IOV-1096K 80x48 upgrade $39.95
VDB-8024 - SD Systems
80 x 24 I/O mapped video board with keyboard I/O, and
onboard Z-80 A*.
IOV-1020A A&T $459.95
VIDEO BOARD - S.S.M.
64 characters x 16 lines, 128 x 48 matrix for graphics, full
upper loner case ASCII character set, numbers, symbols,
and greek letters, normal /reverse /blinking video, S-100.
IOV-1051K Kit $149.95
IOV-1051A A&T $219.95
IOV-1051B Bare hoard $34.95
S-100 Motherboards
ISO-BUS - Jade
Silent, simple, and on sale - a better motherboard
6 Slot (5 'A" x 8%")
MBS-061B Bare board $19.95
MBS-061K Kit $39.95
MBS-061A A&T $49.95
12 Slot (9W x 8%")
MBS-121B Bare board $29.95
MBS-121K Kit $69.95
MBS-121A A&T $89.95
18 Slot (1 4K" x 8K")
MBS-181B Bare board $49.95
MBS-181K Kit $99.95
MBS-181A A&T $139.95
S-100 RAM Boards
MEMORY BANK - Jade
4 MHz, S-100, bank selectable, expandable from 16Kto64K
MEM-99730B Bare Board $49.95
MEM-99730K Kit no RAM $199.95
MEM-32731K 32 K Kit $239.95
MEM-64733K 64 K Kit $279.95
Assembled & Tested add $50.00
64K RAM - Calif Computer Sys
4 MHz bank port / bank byte selectable, extended
addressing, 16K bank selectable, PHANTOM line allows
memory overlay, 8080 / Z-80 / front panel compatible.
MEM-64565A A&T $575.00
64K STATIC RAM - Mem Merchant
64K static S-100 RAM card, 4-16K banks, up to 8MHz
MEM-64400A A&T $789.95
32K STATIC RAM - Jade
2 or 4 MHz expandable static RAM board uses 2114V s
MEM- 161 51 K 16K4MHzkit $169.95
MEM-32151K 32K 4 MHz kit $299.95
Assembled & tested add $50.00
16K STATIC RAM - Mem Merchant
4 MHz 16K static RAM board, IEEE S-100, bank selectable,
Phantom capability, addressable in 4K blocks, "disable-able"
in 1 K segments, extended addressing, low power
MEM-16171A A&T $164.95
S-100 Disk Controllers
DOUBLE-D - Jade
Double density controller with the inside track, onboard Z-
80A*, printer port, IEEE S-100, can function on an
interrupt driven buss
IOD-1200K Kit $299.95
IOD-1200A A&T $375.00
IOD-1200B Bare board $59.95
DOUBLE DENSITY - Cal Comp Sys
5'A" and 8" disk controller, single or double density, with
onboard boot loader ROM, and free CP/M 2.2* and
manual set.
IOD-1300A A&T $374.95
S-100 I/O Boards
S.P.I.C. - Jade
Our new I/O card with 2 SIO's, 4 CTC's, and 1 PIO
IOI-1045K 2 CTC's, 1 SIO, I PIO . . $179.95
IOI-1045A A&T $239.95
IOI-1046K 4 CTC's, 2 SIO's, 1 PIO $219.95
IOI-1046A A&T $299.95
IOI-1045B Bare board w/ manual . . . $49.95
1/0-4 - S.S.M.
2 serial I/O ports plus 2 parallel I/O ports
IOI-1010K Kit $179.95
IOI-1010A A&T $249.95
IOI-1010B Bare board $35.00
S-100 Mainframes
MAINFRAME - Cal Comp Sys
12 slot S-100 mainframe with 20 amp power supply
ENC-112105 Kit $329.95
ENC-1 12106 A & f $399.95
EPROM ERASER - Spectronics
Ultra-violet EPROM erasers
XME-3100A With out timer $69.50
XME-3101 With timer « $94.50
XME-3200 Economy Model $39.95
Disk Drives
Handsome metal cabinet with proportionally
balanced air flow system • Rugged dual drive
power supply • Power cable kit • Power switch,
line cord, fuse holder, cooling fan • Never-Mar
rubber feet • All necessary hardware to mount 2-
8" disk drives, power supply, and fan • Does not
include signal cable
Dual 8" Subassembly Cabinet
END-000420 Bare cabinet $59.95
END-000421 Cabinet kit $225.00
END-000431 A&T $359.95
8" Disk Drive Subsystems
Single Sided, Double Density
END-000423 Kit w/2 FDIOOSDs . $924.95
END-000424 A & T w/2 FDI00-8Ds $1124.95
END-000433 Kit w/2 SA-80lRs . . . $999.95
END-000434 A & T w/2 SA -801 Rs $1195.00
8" Disk Drive Subsystems
Double Sided, Double Density
END-000426 Kit w/2 DT8s $1224.95
END-000427 A&T w/2 DT8s . $1424.95
END-000436 Kit w/2 SA-85lRs . $1295.00
END-000437 A & T w/2 SA-851Rs $1495.00
5V 4 " Disk Drives
Shugart SA400L sngl-sided dbl-density 40 track
MSM-104000 . . $234.95 ea 2 for $224.95 ea
Shugart SA450 dbl-sided dbl-density 70 track
MSM-104500 . $349.95 ea 2 for $329.95 ea
Qume DT-5 dbl-sided dbl-density 80 track
MSM-750050 . . $359.95 ea 2 for $349.95 ea
MPI 11-51 sngl-sided dbl-density 40 track
MSM-155100 $234.95 ea 2 for $224.95 ea
MPI B-52 dbl-sided dbl-density 40 track
MSM-155200 $344.95 ea 2 for $334.95 ea
MPI B-91 sngl-sided dbl-density 77 track
MSM-155300 . . $369.95 ea 2 for $359.95 ea
MPI B~92 dbl-sided dbl-density 77 track
MSM-155400 $469.95 ea 2 for $459.95 ea
8" Disk Drives
Shugart SA801R single-sided double-density
MSF-10801R.. $394.95 ea 2 for $389.95 ea
Shugart SA85IR double-sided double-density
MSF-10851R . . $554.95 ea 2 for $529.95 ea
Qume DT-8 double-sided double-density
MSF-750080 . . $524.95 ea 2 for $499.95 ea
Siemens FDD 1 00-8 sngl-sided dbl-density
MSF-201120 $384.95 ea 2 for $349.95 ea
BUS PROBE - Jade
S-100 diagnostic analyzer board, dynamic visual display of
all 96 IEEE S-KX) signals, aids in real time analysis of faulty
hardware and software
TSX-200B Bare Board $59.95
TSX-200K Kit $1 19.95
TSX-200A A&T $149.95
Why use their flexible discs:
Athana, BASF, Control Data, Dysan, IBM, Maxell, Nashua,
Scotch, Shugart, Syncom, 3M, Verbatim or Wabash
when you could be using
high quality error free discs?
Product Description
8" SSSD IBM Compatible (128 B/S, 26 Sectors)
8" SSSD Shugart Compatible, 32 Hard Sector
8" SSDD IBM Compatible (128 B/S, 26 Sectors)
8" DSDD Soft Sector (Unformatted)
8" DSDD Soft Sector (1 28 B/S, 26 Sectors)
8" DSDD Soft Sector (1024 B/S, 8 Sectors)
8" DSDD Burroughs B-80 Comp., 32 Hard Sector
5 1 /4" SSSD Soft Sector (Unformatted)
5 1 /4" SSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring
5 1 /»" SSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring
5 1 /4" SSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring
5 1 /4" DSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring
5 1 /4" DSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring
5 1 /4" DSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring
SSSD = Single Sided Single Density; SSDD = Single Sided Double Density
DSDD = Double Sided Double Density
Memorex Flexible Discs.. .The Ultimate in Memory Excellence
Quality
Memorex means quality products that you can depend
on. Quality control at Memorex means starting with the
best materials available. Continual surveillance through-
out the entire manufacturing process. The benefit of
Memorex's years of experience in magnetic media pro-
duction, resulting, for instance, in proprietary coating
formulations. The most sophisticated testing proce-
dures you'll find anywhere in the business.
100 Percent Error Free
Each and every Memorex Flexible Disc is certified to be
1 00 percent error free. Each track of each flexible disc
is tested, individually, to Memorex's stringent standards
of excellence. They test signal amplitude, resolution,
low-pass modulation, overwrite, missing pulse error
and extra pulse error. They are torque-tested, and
competitively tested on drives available from almost
every major drive manufacturer in the industry includ-
ing drives that Memorex manufacturers. Rigid quality
audits are built into every step of the manmanufacturing
process and stringent testing result in a standard of
excellence that assures you, our customer, of a quality
product designed for increased data reliability and
consistent top performance.
Customer-Oriented Packaging
Memorex's commitment to excellent does not stop
with a quality product. They are proud of their flexible
discs and they package them with pride. Both their
packaging and their labeling have been designed with
your ease of identification and use in mind. The desk-
top box containing ten discs is convenient for filing and
storage. Both box labels and jacket labels provide full
information on compatibility, density, sectoring, and
record length. Envelopes with multi-language care and
handling instructions and and color-coded removable
labels are included. A write-protect feature is available
to provide data security.
Full One Year Warranty— Your Assuranceof Quality
Memorex Flexible Discs will be replaced free of charge
by Memorex if they are found to be defective in materials
or workmanship within one year of the date of purchase.
Other than replacement, Memorex will not be respon-
sible for any damages or losses (including consequential
damages) caused by the use of Memorex Flexible
Discs.
168 Microcomputing, April 1982
Quantity Discounts Available
Memorex Flexible Discs are packed 10 discs to a
carton and 10 cartons to a case. Please order only in
increments of 100 units for quantity 100 pricing. We
are also willing to accommodate your smaller orders.
Quantities less than 100 units are available in incre-
ments of 10 units at a 10% surcharge. Quantity
discounts are also available. Order 500 or more discs
at the same time and deduct 1 %; 1 ,000 or more saves
you 2%; 2,000 or more saves you 3%; 5,000 or more
saves you 4%; 1 0,000 or more saves you 5%; 25,000 or
more saves you 6%; 50,000 or more saves you 7% and
1 00,000 or more discs earns you an 8% discount off our
super low quantity 100 price. Almost all Memorex
Flexible Discs are immediately available from CE. Our
warehouse facilities are equipped to help us get you
the quality product you need, when you need it. If you
need further assistance to find the flexible disc that's
right for you, call the Memorex compatibility hotline.
Dial 800-538-8080 and ask for the flexible disc hotline
extension 0997. In California dial 800-672-3525 ex-
tension 0997. Outside the U.S.A. dial 408-987-0997.
Buy with Confidence
To get the fastest delivery from CE of your Memorex Flexible
Discs, send or phone your order directly to our Computer
Products Division. Be sure to calculate your price using the CE
prices in this ad. Michigan residents please add 4% sales tax.
Written purchase orders are accepted from approved govern-
ment agencies and most well rated firms at a 30% surcharge
for net 30 billing. All sales are subject to availability, acceptance
and verification. All sales are final. Prices, terms and speci-
fications are subject to change without notice. Out of stock
items will be placed on backorder automatically unless CE is
instructed differently. Minimum order $50.00. International
orders are invited with a $20.00 surcharge for special handling
in addition to shipping charges. All shipments are FOB. Ann
Arbor, Michigan. No COD's please. Non-certified and foreign
checks require bank clearance.
Mail orders to: Communications Electronics, Box 1002,
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A. Add $8.00 per case or
partial-case of 100 8-inch discs or $6.00 per case or partial
case of 100 5'/4-inch mini-discs for U. PS. ground shipping and
handling in the continental U.S.A. If you have a Master Card or
Visa card, you may call anytime and place a credit card order.
Order toll-free in the U.S. Call anytime 800-521-441 4. If you
If you are outside the U.S. or in Michigan, dial 31 3-994-4444.
Order your high quality, error free Memorex discs today.
Copyright 1982 Communications Electronics"
Part#
CE quant.
100 price
per disc ($
3062
2.09
3015
2.09
3090
2.74
3102
3.14
3115
3.34
3104
3.34
3092
3.34
3401
1.94
3481
2.34
3483
2.34
3485
2.34
3491
3.09
3493
3.09
3495
3.09
High Quality
Error Free
Mtcaw aMunacitucut*
Order Toll-Free!
(800)521-4414
In Michigan (31 3) 994-4444
For Data Reliability — Memorex Flexible Discs
TM
COMMUNICATIONS
ELECTRONICS"
^376
Computer Products Division
854 Phoenix □ Box 1 002 □ Ann Arbor, Michigan 48 1 06 U.S.A.
Call TOLL-FREE (8O0) 521 -4414 or outside U.S.A. (31 3) 904-4444
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DIGITAL RESEARCH COMPUTERS
(214) 271-3538
32K S-100 EPROM CARD
NEW!
$79,95
USES 2716s
Blank PC Board - $34
ASSEMBLED & TESTED
ADD $30
SPECIAL: 2716 EPROM s (450 NS) Are $9.95 Ea. With Above Kit.
KIT FEATURES:
1 Uses +5V only 2716 (2Kx8) EPROM's
2 Allows up to 32K of software on line'
3 IEEE S-100 Compatible.
4 Addressable as two independent 16K
blocks
5 Cromemco extended or Northstar bank
select
6 On board wait state circuitry if needed
7 Any or all EPROM locations can be
disabled
8 Double sided PC board, solder-masked,
silk-screened
9. Gold plated contact fingers
10 Unselected EPROM's automatically
powered down for low power
11. Fully buffered and bypassed.
12. Easy and quick to assemble.
16K STATIC RAM KIT-S 100 BUSS
PRICE CUT!
KIT FEATURES
1. Addressable as four separate 4K Blocks.
2 ON BOARD BANK SELECT circuitry (Cro-
memco Standard 1 ) Allows up to 512K on line 1
3 Uses 2114 (450NS) 4K Static Rams
4 ON BOARD SELECTABLE WAIT STATES
5 Double sided PC Board, with solder mask and
silk screened layout Gold plated contact fingers
6 All address and data lines fully buffered
7. Kit includes ALL parts and sockets
8 PHANTOM is jumpered to PIN 67
9 LOW POWER under 15 amps TYPICAL from
the +8 Volt Buss
10 Blank PC Board can be populated as any
multiple of 4K
32K SS-50 RAM
$ 259
For 2MHZ
Add $10
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HIIlflK llllilllK
iiiiiii EHiKimn
ilitUiRR ISUiltliSII
Blank PC Board
$50
rf fcn i u I ' m i m i
For SWTPC
6800 - 6809 Buss
Support IC's
and Caps
$19.95
Complete Socket Set
$21.00
Fully Assembled,
Tested, Burned In
Add $30
At Last! An affordable 32K Static RAM with full
6809 Capability.
FEATURES:
1. Uses proven low power 2114 Static RAMS.
2. Supports SS50C - EXTENDED ADDRESSING.
3. All parts and sockets included.
4. Dip Switch address select as a 32K block.
5. Extended addressing can be disabled.
6. Works with all existing 6800 SS50 systems.
7. Fully bypassed. PC Board is double sided,
plated thru, with silk screen.
16K STATIC RAM SS-50 BUSS
PRICE CUT!
DIBBIEBKIIIII1II
'
BBI1B1IIB1IIIII
FULLY STATIC!
BLANK PC BOARD W/DATA-$33
LOW PROFILE SOCKET SET-$12
SUPPORT IC'S & CAPS-$19.95
ASSEMBLED & TESTED-ADD $35
OUR #1 SELLING
RAM BOARD!
FOR 2MHZ
ADD $10
^**J£,j*iJr
It
111
'* «■ VB BBJ
FOR SWTPC
6800 BUSS!
ASSEMBLED AND
TESTED - $35
KIT FEATURES
1 Addressable on 16K Boundaries
2 Uses 2114 Static Ram
3 Fully Bypassed
4 Double sided PC Board Solder mask
and silk screened layout
5 A'l Parts and Sockets included
6 Low Powei Under 1 5 Amps Typical
BLANK PC BOARD— $35 COMPLETE SOCKET SET— $12
SUPPORT IC'S AND CAPS— $19.95
N e\N\ STEREO! *«*,
S-100 SOUND COMPUTER BOARD
COMPLETE KIT!
$3495
(WITH DATA MANUAL)
At last, an S-100 Board that unleashes the full power or two
unbelievable General Instruments AY3-8910NMOS computer
sound IC's Allows you under total computer control to
generate an infinite number of special sound effects for
games or any other program Sounds can be called in BASIC,
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE, etc.
KIT FEATURES:
* TWO Gl SOUND COMPUTER IC'S.
* FOUR PARALLEL I/O PORTS ON BOARD
* USES ON BOARD AUDIO AMPS OR YOUR STEREO.
* ON BOARD PROTO TYPING AREA
* ALL SOCKETS. PARTS AND HARDWARE ARE INCLUDED
* PC BOARD IS SOLDERMASKED. SILK SCREENED. WITH GOLD CONTACTS.
* EASY. QUICK. AND FUN TO BUILD WITH FULL INSTRUCTIONS.
* USES PROGRAMMED I/O FOR MAXIMUM SYSTEM FLEXIBILITY.
Both Basic and Assembly Language Programming examples are included
SOFTWARE:
SCL'" is now available! Our Sound Command Language makes writing Sound Effects programs
a SNAP! SCL™ also includes routines for Register-Examine-Modify, Memory-Examine-Modify,
and Play-Memory. SCL"" is available on CP/M* compatible diskette or 2708 or 2716. Diskette -
$24.95 2708 - $19.95 2716 - $29.95. Diskette includes the source. EPROM'S are ORG at
E0O0H (Diskette it 8 Inch Soft Sectored)
BLANK PC
BOARD W/DATA
$31
SPECIAL PURCHASE!
UART SALE!
TR1 602B - SAME AS TMS601 1 ,
AY5-1013, ETC. 40 PIN DIP
TR1602B
EACH
4 For *10™
CRT CONTROLLER CHIP
SMC #CRT 5037. PROGRAMMABLE FOR 80 x 24, ETC. VERY RARE
SURPLUS FIND. WITH PIN OUT. $12.95 EACH.
4K STATIC RAM
National Semi. MM5257. Arranged 4K x 1. +5V, 18 PIN DIP. A
Lower Power, Plug in Replacement for TMS 4044. 450 NS.
Several Boards on the Market Will Accept These Rams. SUPER
SURPLUS PURCHASE! PRIME NEW UNITS!
8 for $16 32 for $59.95
NEW! G.I. COMPUTER SOUND CHIP
AY3-8910 As featured in July. 1979 BYTE 1 A fantastically powerful Sound & Music
Generator Perfect for use with any 8 Bit Microprocessor Contains 3 Tone Channels.
Noise Generator, 3 Channels of Amplitude Control 16 bit Envelope Period Control, 2-8
Bit Parallel I/O 3 D to A Converters, plus much more 1 All in one 40 Pin DIP Super easy
interface to the S-100 or other busses $11.95 PRICE CUT!
SPECIAL OFFER: M4^5 each Add $3 for 60 page Data Manual.
Digital Research Computers
^ (OF TEXAS) '
P.O. BOX 401565 • GARLAND, TEXAS 75040 • (214) 271-3538
TERMS: Add $2.00 postage. We pay balance Orders under $15 add 75C
handling. No COD. We accept Visa and MasterCharge. Tex. Res. add 5%
Tax. Foreign orders (except Canada) add 20% P & H. Orders over $50, add
85C for insurance.
•TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH.
WE ARE NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DIGITAL RESEARCH OF CALIFORNIA, THE SUPPLIERS OF CPM SOFTWARE.
¥y*
"THE BIG BOARD"
OEM - INDUSTRIAL - BUSINESS - SCIENTIFIC
SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER KIT!
Z-80 CPU! 64K RAM!
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THE FERGUSON PROJECT: Three years in the works, and maybe too good to be true. A tribute to hard headed,
no compromise, high performance, American engineering! The Big Board gives you all the most needed
computing features on one board at a very reasonable cost. The Big Board was designed from scratch to run the
latest version of CP/M*. Just imagine all the off-the-shelf software that can be run on the Big Board without any
modifications needed! Take a Big Board, add a couple of 8 inch disc drives, power supply, an enclosure, CRT.,
and you have a total Business System for about 1/3 the cost you might expect to pay.
$ 499
00 < 64K K,T
BASIC I/O)
*•
FULLY SOCKETED!
FEATURES: (Remember, all this on one board!)
SIZE: 8V, x 13% IN.
SAME AS AN 8 IN. DRIVE.
REQUIRES: 5V @ 3 AMPS
- 12V @ .5 AMPS
64K RAM
24 x 80 CHARACTER VIDEO
Uses industry standard 4116 RAM'S. All 64K is available to the user, our VIDEO
and EPROM sections do not make holes in system RAM. Also, very special care
was taken in the RAM array PC layout to eliminate potential noise and glitches.
Z-80 CPU
With a crisp, flicker-free display that looks extremely sharp even on small
monitors. Hardware scroll and full cursor control. Composite video or split video
and sync. Character set is supplied on a 2716 style ROM, making customized
fonts easy. Sync pulses can be any desired length or polarity. Video may be
inverted or true. 5x7 Matrix - Upper & Lower Case
Running at 2.5 MHZ. Handles all 4116 RAM refresh and supports Mode 2
INTERUPTS. Fully buffered and runs 8080 software.
FLOPPY DISC CONTROLLER
SERIAL I/O (OPTIONAL)
Full 2 channels using the Z80 SIO and the SMC 81 16 Baud Rate Generator. FULL
RS232! For synchronous or asynchronous communication. In synchronous
mode, the clocks can be transmitted or received by a modem. Both channels can
be set up for either data-communication or data-terminals. Supports mode 2 Int.
Price for all parts and connectors: $65.
Uses WD1771 controller chip with a TTL Data Separator for enhanced
reliability. IBM 3740 compatible. Supports up to four 8 inch disc drives Directly
compatible with standard Shugart drives such as the SA800 or SA801 Drives can
be configured for remote AC off-on. Runs CP/M* 2.2.
TWO PORT PARALLEL I/O (OPTIONAL)
Uses Z-80 PIO. Full 16 bits, fully buffered, bi-directional. User selectable hand
shake polarity. Set of all parts and connectors for parallel I/O: $19.95
BASIC I/O
Consists of a separate parallel port (Z80 PIO) for use with an ASCII encoded
keyboard for input. Output would be on the 80 x 24 Video Display
REAL TIME CLOCK (OPTIONAL)
Uses Z-80 CTC. Can be configured as a Counter on Real Time Clock. Set of all
parts: $9.95
BLANK PC BOARD — $175
The blank Big Board PC Board comes complete with full documentation
(including schematics), the character ROM, the PFM 3.3 MONITOR ROM,
and a diskette with the source of our BIOS, BOOT, and PFM 3.3 MONITOR.
CP/M* 2.2 FOR BIG BOARD
The popular CP/M* DOS. to run on Big Board is
available for $159.00.
PRICE CUT!
PFM 3.3 2K SYSTEM MONITOR
The real power of the Big Board lies in its PFM 3.0 on board monitor. PFM commands include: Dump Memory. Boot CP/M*. Copy. Examine. Fill Memory. Test Memory. Go To.
Read and Write I/O Ports. Disc Read (Drive. Track. Sector), and Search. PFM occupies one of the four 2716 EPROM locations provided.
Z-80 is a Trademark of Zilog.
Digital Research Computers
** (OF TEXAS) ■
P.O. BOX 401565 • GARLAND, TEXAS 75040 • (214) 271-3538
TERMS: Shipments will be made approximately 3 to 6 weeks after we
receive your order, VISA, MC, cash accepted. We will accept COD's (for the
Big Board only) with a $75 deposit. Balance UPS COD. Add $4.00 shipping.
USA AND CANADA ONLY
TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH.
NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DIGITAL RESEARCH OF CALIFORNIA, THE ORIGINATORS OF CPM SOFTWARE
••1 TO 4 PIECE DOMESTIC USA PRICE.
64K S100 STATIC RAM
$399
00
NEW!
«•**»*«»*»* •« *
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BLANK PC BOARD
WITH DOCUMENTATION
$55
SUPPORT ICs + CAPS - $17.50
FULL SOCKET SET - $14.50
ASSEMBLED AND TESTED ADD $40
•
•
•
•
*
*
FULLY SUPPORTS THE NEW
IEEE 696 S100 STANDARD
(AS PROPOSED)
FEATURES:
* Uses new 2K x 8 (TMM 2016 or HM 6116) RAMs.
Fully supports IEEE 696 24 BIT Extended Addressing.
64K draws only approximately 500 MA.
200 NS RAMs are standard. (TOSHIBA makes TMM 2016s as fast as 100 NS. FOR YOUR
HIGH SPEED APPLICATIONS.)
SUPPORTS PHANTOM (BOTH LOWER 32K AND ENTIRE BOARD).
2716 EPROMs may be installed in any of top 48K.
Any of the top 8K (E000 H AND ABOVE) may be disabled to provide windows to eliminate any
possible conflicts with your system monitor, disk controller, etc.
Perfect for small systems since BOTH RAM and EPROM may co-exist on the same board.
BOARD may be partially populated as 56K.
16K STATIC RAMS?
FOR 56K KIT
$349.00
The new 2K x 8, 24 PIN, static RAMs are the next generation of high density, high
speed, low power, RAMs. Pioneered by such companies as HITACHI and
TOSHIBA, and soon to be second sourced by most major U.S. manufacturers,
these ultra low power parts, feature 2716 compatible pin out. Thus fully
interchangeable ROM/RAM boards are at last a reality, and you get BLINDING
speed and LOW power thrown in for virtually nothing.
Digital Research Computers
m (OF TEXAS)
P.O. BOX 401565 • GARLAND, TEXAS 75040 • (214)271-3538
TERMS: Add $2 00 postage. We pay balance. Order under $15 add 75C
handling No. COD. We accept Visa and MasterCharge Tex Res add 5°o
Tax. Foreign orders (except Canada) add 20% P & H . Orders over $50. add
85C for insurance
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74S15
49
74S169
4 25
74$20
96
74$201
6 79
74$22
$6
M$240
2 75
74$30
79
74 $244
298
74S37
56
M$251
2 75
74S50
66
74S287
2 98
74S51
49
M$26S
2 96
74S64
$6
74S296
579
74 $74
66
74S4TO
9 25
74SS6
96
74 $471
990
74$112
196
74 $4 73
9SO
74S132
1 45
f>6)0L—
74S474
990
270*
3 294* 6 to.
IBM
ans
SJ0«
Star
5 0044
2732
T2 96.1
4 tonoOt*
4«tM 200ns. 8a. _^
*185ea: * 13 °0
JS>21V»L 3O0M6 2JB«*4tar 1 SOm
^ 1 00161 2 4944 4tar 2.00M
2111
i»tar 2O0m
Cllll
iT4xrmu*c
7*19
7*11
I6C1330A*
MC1390*
H6SS8II
LM741
MCMSS*
us no
nosA
UUOOOl
03001
i.e.
SOCKETS
KV9 30
«ys7o
1O7S70
KV9 TO
10712 TO
1071370
WMTO
1071770
•1
10/120
KV130
107140
«>1 SO
1072 TO
1072TO
«V2 70
1073 00
KV3 90
CPU*
Z SQACTC
Z 60ACPU
i soooa «
2*01A
MC**O0
SPECIALS
ZENITH ZVM-121
VidNMmlii /Green!!
1? nek wi
15 mi Zf>
* 118.50
8255 — $ 5.95
8748-8 — *3]
3341PC — $ 2.00
MM5060 — 35c
MC6800— 7.75
MC6802 - $ 1495|
MC6850 — *4.50
MC 6821 — *4.9 5
CARDS
MICROSOFT
Z80*
*295°°
16K RAM
*160°o
VIDEX
VIDEOTERM
80 column
$29500
KEYBOARD
ENHANCER
$12000
CALIF COMP SYS
APPLE
CLOCK
$12400
PROTO
BOARD
$2500
PRINTERS
EPSON
ST:"yi
$ 536oo|
FT:#
_*64Soo|
INTERFACE
ICARD/CABLE
$ 7aso
CONCORD
0UV-T8/2 "^logical dev.
"EPROM- Eraser"
Erase up to 15 EPROM'S
in30min. %%% ^
QTY. PRICE AVAIL.
i.e.
MASTER
S 59.95
» 1 •
ANAHEIM, CALIF 92806
^— NO COD
'10.MIN ORDER/ CA RES ADD 6%
FRT
'10 49 >200 *2S0 499 *900
SO 99 4Q0 500 99§ 1L00
100 240 800 1000 UP CALL
9.95
4inch FAN
Whisper"
w/cord
»a95
* + SPECIALS^ 4p
3incK COMPUTER FANS w/cord
2111^25o"4SllticlUII- *U5
8155 — RAM. I/O. Timer — ^ $1150
ER2051^ EAROM -*4 95
8085A— CPU — $8.50
IV1C6800 - CPU— ^^ / 75
UPD 765A — Flint Disk Ciitflllir — * 19 95
2732A— 250ns [PROM— $15 50
AY5 1013A— 30K Bind UW— *2.95
93419—64-9 Static Mi— $5 50 6522
2901 A — 4- lit Slici — $ 7.50 $5.25
REAL-TIME CLOCK
CALENDAR ( MSM 5832)
DeuristiM Mono Metal Cats CMOS I C
Futures
Time Month Date Yes f *
'Day of was*
• Bus Oriented
•4 Bit Data Bus
'4 Bit Address
■ R /w Mold Selec ♦
*7.45
W/SPCC s
•Intar Signal XTAL
' 32 766Khz xtal Control $ 2.85
' 5v Pow Sup
' Low Power Dissipation
NO SuriK 11 Intirfiiinci 1
THE MPD 117
turns an ordinary
outlet into a cont-
rolled power source
* 79.50
GLOBAL
LPK-1:
Logic Probe
Kit -complete
nothing extra
to buy. Min.
pulse width
300nsec
*ia95
S
* DISKETTE SALEM
'WABASH'
5^4 8inch
SS/SD*25.<%> $25.00
SS/DD 27.40 3040
DS/SD 34.90
DS/DD 32.40 37.40
v \. v °*
Box of
IO pes
COMPUTERS
ATARI" 800™
COMPUTER SYSTEM
400w/16K $350.00
800w 16K $69900
*800 Computer w/48K
• S |§N $825.00
ATARI PERIPHERALS:
Printer "825"- 650PO
Disk Dr~810~- 4850©
Record "410 - 82PO
Paddle (pr.) ftg6
Joystick (pr.) x
32k RAM- 17995
Basic Cart- 49PO
Asteroids ^
MissleConr^ 32.50
Sup Brk Out
Assam. Edit- 49.oo
Star Raiders- 45PO
Basketball- 28P<>
Chess - 32po
Other ATARI Hard / Software Avail. !!
APPLE 1 1 Plus'
48k-{ 1 250PO
64k -$ 1380P°
OtojWLrEottjiUMiU!^
TERMINALS
'A'ADDS^
VIEWPOINT
*S79M
FACTORY
WARRANTY
One ym+r unconditionsl
on CRT and keyboard
AilBhe unconditionally
warranted forever
H8900
+ MONITORS^
ZENITHLU
12in 15MHz
JCS |T
12in 18MHz
amdek[T
12in12MHz
13in Color i —
1 Green Phos a
H,-Res —'118.50 ^
2 Green Phos +
H.-Res — ^^109.911 V
Non glare
Screen
3a Lo-Res * ^37530 "S
Bare Bones APPLE II
w/o
Keyboard
*450
W/O ^^\eWm
Pwr. Supply
172 Microcomputing, April 1982
WAM ECO
THE COMPLETE PC BOARD HOUSE
EVERYTHING FOR THE S-100 BUSS
■* CPU-2 Z80 PROCESSOR BOARD ON BOARD ROM
AND HARDWARE POWER ON JUMP.
PCBD $35.95 KIT $135.95
* MEM-3 24 ADDRESS LINES EXPANDABLE IN 1K
INCR. ADDRESSABLE IN 8K BLOCKS. BIDIREC-
TIONAL BUSSING.
PCBD $ 42.95
KIT WITH 2114L-4 $475.95
A&T WITH 2114L-4 $505.95
KIT LESS RAM $119.95
KIT WITH 2114L-2 $549.95
A&T WITH 2114L-2 $579.95
* FPB-1A FRONT PANEL BOARD FOR 8080A AND Z80
SYSTEMS IMSAI COMPATIBLE.
PCBD $56.95 KIT $1 75.00
* EPM-2 16/32K ROM USES 2716 OR 2708. ADDRESS-
ABLE IN 4K BOUNDARIES.
PCBD ... $33.95 KIT (LESS ROMS) .... $74.95
* CPU-1 8080A PROCESSOR BOARD WITH VECTOR
INTERRUPT.
PCBD $33.95 KIT $124.95
* QMB-12 13 SLOT MOTHER BOARD.
PCBD $42.95 KIT $1 25.95
* QMB-9 9 SLOT MOTHER BOARD.
PCBD $3595 KIT $109.95
•* RTC-1 REAL TIME CLOCK BOARD WITH TWO
INTERRUPTS.
PCBD $29.95 KIT $79.95
*■ IOB-1 I/O BOARD. ONE SERIAL, TWO PARALLEL
WITH CASSETTE. PCBD $33.95
* IOB-3 4 PHASE STEPPER CONTROLLER BOARD.
PCBD $39.95
KITLESS SEQUENCING PROM $79.95
* IOB-4 32 SINGLE BIT I/O FOR SENSING
SWITCH CLOSURES AND PERIPHERAL DRIVER
OUTPUTS FOR DRIVING RELAYS OR LIGHT BULBS.
AREA FOR CUSTOMIZING OUTPUT CONNECTORS.
PCBD $39.95
KIT LESS OUTPUT CONNECTORS $79.95
FUTURE PRODUCTS: 80 CHARACTER VIDEO BOARD.
8 PARALLEL PORT I/O BOARD.
DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED, UNIVERSITY DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE
AT YOUR LOCAL DEALER
W7T7C
tnc.
WAMECO, INC., P. O. BOX 877 • EL GRANADA, CA 94018 • (415) 728-9114
CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS
1)00
2132 32K STATIC RAM A & T
200NSEC $629 00
2116 16K STATIC RAM A&T
200 NSEC $329.00
2115 64K DYNAMIC RAM A & T $548 95
2211 S-100 MAIN FRAM A& T $37995
2422 FLOPPY DISC WITH CP/M 2 2" S329 95
2112 6502 PROCESSOR A & T $282 95
2II0A Z80 CPU A & T S249 95
271IA 4 SERIAL 1/0 A& T S291 95
271IA 2 SERIAL. 2 PARALLEL A & T $305 95
272IA 4 PARALLEL A & T S214 95
PHOTO I0ARDS WW $39 95
APPLE PROOUCTS
7114A 12K R0M/PR0M S68 50
7424A CALENDAR/CLOCK S1 06 95
7440A PROGRAMMABLE TIMER $98 50
14706 A TO CONVERTER S105 95
74MA GPIB (IE 488) INTERFACE S265 95
771MASYNC SERIAL S125 95
7712A SYNC SERIAL S153 95
772IA PARALLEL STANDARD $98 95
77211 PARALLEL CENTRONICS S98 95
711 II ARITHMETIC PROCESSOR W/DISC S342 95
7I11C ARITHMETIC PROCESSOR W/R0M S342 95
7SMA WW BOARD $22 95
7SIIA SOLDERTAIL BOARD S23 95
SOFTWARE
2111 CP/M 'MACRO ASSEMBLER ON DISK S76 95
2121 CP/M'" SYMBOLIC INSTRUCTION DEBUGGER S64 25
2131 CP/M-TEXT F0RMATER S64 25
2141 CP/M "BACKGROUND PRINT UTILITY S42 95
OTHER CCS PRODUCTS ARE AVAILABLE
CALL FOR PRICE
SSJD
MICROCOMPUTER PRODUCTS
SI 00 PRODUCTS
CBIA 8080 PROCESSOR PCBD
KIT $155 95. A& T
CI-2 280 PROCESSOR BOARD
KIT $198 95. A& T
VBIC64 x 16 VIDEO. PCBD
KIT $15395. A& T
VI2 64 x 16 VIDEO. PCBD
KIT $175 95 A& T
VI3 80 CHARACTER VIDEO 4MHZ
KIT $345 95 A& T
UPGRADE RAMS FOR VB-3
$32 95
S215 95
$269 95
$32 95
S199 95
$32 95
S234.95
S425 95
S42 00
APRIL SPECIAL SALE
ON PREPAID ORDERS
(CHARGE CARDS COO OR P0 S NOT AVAILABLE)
MEM-4 INTRODUCTORY SALE.
65K STATIC RAM/ROM. OSES USES TMS 4016/TMM
2016 RAM OR 2716 EPR0MS EXTENDED ADDRESSING.
AVAILABLE END OF APRIL
PCBD .... $35.95. KIT LESS MEMORY .... $89.95
A&T LESS MEMORY $129.95
W7J7C
inc. WAMECO INC.
S32 95
S194 95
104 2 PARALLEL. 2 SERIAL PCBD
KIT S15595 A& T
PB-1 2708 2716 PROGRAMMER BOARD
KIT S13595 A& T
MB-10 16K STATIC RAM
KIT $299 95 A&T
APPLE PRODUCTS
A488 IEEE 488 INTERFACE
AI0 SERIAL PARALLEL INTERFACE
KIT S12595. A& T
ASI0 SERIAL I/O
KIT S87 95 A& T
APIO PARALLEL 10 W/0 CABLES
KIT $6795 A&T $87 95
OTHER SSM PRODUCTS ARE AVAILABLE
CALL FOR PRICES
S185 95
$339 95
S399 95
S155 95
S97 95
BOARDS WITH MIK0S PARTS
MEM-3 32K STATIC RAM. PCBD $36.95
KIT LESS RAM $95 95. A & T $135.95
CPU-2 Z80 PROCESSOR. PCBD
KIT LESS ROM S109.95.
A&T
EPM-2 16K/32K EPR0M. PCBD
KIT LESS ROM $65 95. A&T
FPI-1 FRONT PANEL. PCBD
KIT $144 95. A&T
$32.95
$14995
$32.95
$99 95
$4850
$184 95
CPU-1 8080 PROCESSOR. PCBO $29 95
KIT $89 95. A&T $129 95
QMI-12 13 SLOT MOTHER BOARD, PCBD $39 95
KIT $95 95. A&T $135 95
OTHER WAMECO PRODUCTS ARE AVAILABLE.
CALL FOR PRICES.
MIKOS PARTS ASSORTMENTS ARE ALL FACTORY MARKED PARTS KITS INCLUDE
ALL PARTS LISTED AS RE0UIRE0 FOR THE COMPLETE KIT LESS PARTS LISTED
ALL SOCKETS INCLUDED
LARGE SELECTION OF LS TTL AVAILABLE.
PURCHASE $50.00 WORTH OF LS TTL AND GET 1 0% CREDIT
TOWARD ADDITIONAL PURCHASES PREPAID OROERS ONLY
MONDAY FRIDAY 8 00 TO 1 2 00 1 00 TO 5 30
THURSDAYS 8 00 TO 9 00 P M
(415) 728-9121
PO BOX 955 • EL GRANADA, CA 9401 8
PLEASE SEND FOR IC XISTOR AND COMPUTER PARTS LIST
VISA of MASTERCHARGE Send account number interbank number expi'alon date
and sign your order Appro* postage will be added Orders with check or money order will
be sent post paid inllS II you are not a regular customer please use charge cashier s
check or postal money order Otherw.se there will be a two- week delay tor checks to
dear Calit residents add 6" tax Money back 30 day guarantee We cannot accept
returned IC s that have been soldereo to Prices subiect to change without notice S2I
UMiiMiW *<**' t? 00 umct cbafft •■ irttrs itit tin 120 00
^See List of Advertisers on page 178
Microcomputing, April 1982 1 73
Memory
4116-200ns
8/15.95
ALL MERCHANDISE 100% GUARANTEED!
CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES
1702
2708
2758
TMS2516
2716
2716-1
TMS2716
TMS2532
2732
2764
4027
4116-120
4116-150
4116-200
4116-300
4164
2101
2102-1
21L02-4
21L02-2
2111
2112
2114
2114L-2
2114L-3
2114L-4
2147
TMS40444
TMS4044-3
TMS40L44-2
TMM2016
HM6116
EPROMS Each
256x8 (1ns) 4.95
1024 x 8 (450ns) 2.99
1024 x 8 (5V) (450ns) 9.95
2048 x 8 (5V) (450ns) 6.95
2048 x 8 (5V) (450ns) 5.50
2048 x 8 (5V) (350ns) 9.00
2048 x 8 (450ns) 9.95
4096 x 8 (5V) (450ns) 12.95
4096 x 8 (5V) (450ns) (200ns)
8192x8 (5V) (450ns)
DYNAMIC RAMS
4096 x 1 (250ns)
16,384 x 1 (120ns)
16,384 x 1 (150ns)
16,384 x 1 (200ns)
16,384 x 1 (300ns)
64,536 x 1 (200ns)
STATIC RAMS
2.50
8/29.95
8/18.95
8/15.95
8/14.95
8 pes
4.50
2.75
8.95
5.95
4.95
8.50
8.95
11.95
CALL
CALL
100 pes
2.00
CALL
1.95
1.80
1.75
CALL
100 pes
256
1024
1024
1024
256
256
1024
1024
1024
1024
4096
4096
4096:
4096:
2048:
2048:
(450ns)
(450ns)
(LP) (450ns)
(LP) (250ns)
(450ns)
(450ns)
(450ns)
(LP) (200ns)
(LP) (300ns)
(LP) (450ns)
(55ns)
(450ns)
(300ns)
(LP) (200ns)
(200ns)
(200ns)
1.95
.89
1.29
1.69
2.99
2.99
8/16.95
8/19.95
8/18.95
8/17.95
9.95
3.49
3.99
4.49
(150ns)
(150ns) (120ns)
LP = LOW POWER
74LS00 SERIES
74LS00
74LS01
74LS02
74LS03
74LS04
74LS05
74LS08
74LS10
74LS11
74LS12
74LS13
74LS14
74LS15
74LS20
74LS21
74LS22
74LS26
74LS27
74LS28
74LS30
74LS32
74LS33
74LS37
74LS38
74LS40
74LS42
74LS47
74LS48
74LS49
74LS51
74LS54
74LS55
74LS63
74LS73
74LS74
74LS75
74LS76
74LS78
74LS83
74LS85
74LS86
74LS90
74LS91
74LS92
74LS93
74LS95
74LS96
74LS107
74LS109
74LSH2
74LS113
74LS114
74LS122
74LS123
74LS124
74LS125
74LS126
74LS132
74LS136
74LS137
74LS138
74LS139
74LS145
74LS147
74LS148
74LS151
74LS153
74LS154
74LS155
74LS156
74LS157
74LS158
74LS160
74LS161
74LS162
74LS163
74LS164
74LS165
74LS166
74LS168
74LS169
74LS170
74LS173
74LS174
74LS175
74LS181
74LS189
74LS190
74LS191
74LS192
74LS193
74LS194
74LS195
74LS196
74LS197
74LS221
74LS240
74LS241
74LS242
74LS243
74LS244
74LS245
74LS247
74LS248
74LS249
74LS251
74LS253
74LS257
74LS258
74LS259
74LS260
74LS266
74LS273
74LS275
74LS279
74LS280
74LS283
74LS290
74LS293
74LS295
74LS298
74LS324
74LS352
74LS353
74LS363
74LS364
74LS365
74LS366
74LS367
74LS368
74LS373
74LS374
74LS377
74LS378
74LS379
74LS385
74LS386
74LS390
74LS393
74LS395
74LS399
74LS424
74LS447
74LS490
74LS668
74LS669
74LS670
74LS674
74LS682
74LS683
74LS684
74LS685
74LS688
74LS689
81LS95
81LS96
81LS97
81LS98
CRYSTALS
32.768 KHZ 3.9
1.0 MHZ 4.9
1.8432 4.9
2.0 3.9
2.097152 3.9
2.4576 3.9
3.2768 3.9
3.579545 3.9
4.0 3.9
5.0 3.9
5.0688 3.9
5.185 3.9!
5.7143 3.9!
6.5536 3.9!
8.0 3.9!
10.0 3.9!
14.31818 3.9!
18.0 3.9!
18.432 3.9!
20.0 3.9!
22.1184 3.9!
32.0 3.9!
MISC.
AY5-2376 12.50
11C90 13.95
XR2206 4.95
3242 7.95
3480 9.00
MC4024 3.95
MC4044 4.50
7103 9.50
7106 9.95
7107 12.95
76477 3.95
8038 3.95
95H90 7.99
9602 1.50
DISC CON-
TROLLERS
April Specials
1771
24.95
1791
36.95
1793
44.95
1797
54.95
UPD765
39.95
UARTS
AY3-1014
AY5-1013
TR1602
IM6402
INTERFACE
8T26
8T28
8T95
8T96
8T97
8T98
DM8131
DS8836
CLOCK
CIRCUITS
MM 5369
MM5375
MSM5832
7207
7208
395
3.95
745
7.50
15.95
Z80B CPU 6MHZ
Z80A CPU 4MHZ
Z80A PIO 4MHZ
68000 CPU 4-10MHZ
6802 MPU, CLK, RAM
6845 CRT CONTROLLER
6502A CPU 2MHZ
6502B CPU 3MHZ
17.95
6.00
6.00
call
9.95
15.95
8.95
15.95
59.95
34.95
89.95
.49ea
59ea
8086 16 BIT CPU
8088 8 BIT CPU
8089 8/16 BIT PROC
14 Pin Gold Wirewrap Sockets
16 Pin Gold Wirewrap Sockets
SUPER SPECIAL
Hitachi HM6116LP 2048 x 8 CMOS
Static Ram pin compatible with the
2716 EPROM. Super low power data
retention characteristics: 2.0 volts at
only 50ua yes 50 microamps.
f -31 pes. 32 pes.
HM6116LP-2 120ns 19.95ea 18.95ea
HM6116LP-3 150ns 16.95ea 15.95ea
HM6116LP-4 200ns 15.95ea 14.95ea
STANDARD POWER RAMS
HM6116P-2 120ns 18.95ea 17.95ea
HM6116P-3 150ns 11.95ea 10.95ea
HM6116P-4 200ns 10.95ea 9.95ea
Specials end April 30, 1982. Please state
"April Specials" when ordering.
CMOS
CONVERTERS
MC1408 L8 4.95
DAC-0800 4 95
ADC-0804 4.9J
74C00
74C02
74C04
74C08
74C10
74C14
74C20
74C30
74C32
74C42
74C48
74C73
74C74
74C76
74C83
74C85
74C86
74C89
74C90
74C93
74C95
74C107
74C150
74C151
74C154
74C157
74C160
74C161
74C162
76C163
74C164
74C165
74C173
74C174
74C175
74C192
74C193
74C195
74C200
74C221
.74C373
74C374
74C901
74C902
74C903
74C905
74C906
74C907
74C908
74C909
74C910
74C911
74C912
74C914
74C915
74C918
74C920
74C921
74C922
74C923
74C925
74C926
74C927
74C928
74C929
74C930
4000
4001
4002
4006
4007
4008
4009
4010
4011
4012
4013
4014
4015
4016
4017
4018
4019
4020
4021
4022
4023
4024
4025
4026
4027
4028
4029
4030
4034
4035
4040
4041
4042
4043
4044
4046
4047
4049
4050
4051
4053
4060
4066
4068
4069
4070
4071
4072
4073
4075
4076
4078
4081
4082
4085
4086
4093
6502
6502 6.95
6502-A 12.95
6504 6.95
6505 8.95
6507 9.95
6520 4.35
6522 9.95
6532 14.95
6551 11.85.
Z80
Z80-CPU
Z80A-CPU
Z80-P10
Z80A P10
Z80-CTC
Z8CA-CTC
Z80-DART
Z80A-DART
Z80-DMA
Z80A-DMA
Z80-S10/0
Z80A-S10/0
Z80-S10/1
Z80A-S10/1
Z80-S10/2
Z80AS10/2
Z80-S 10/09
Z80A-S10/9
Z80B-CPU
Z80B-CTC
Z80BP10
Z8671
.Z6132
4098
4099
14409
14410
14411
14412
14419
4502
4503
4508
4510
4511
4512
4514
4515
4516
4518
4519
4520
4522
4526
4527
4528
4531
4532
4538
4539
4543
4555
4556
4581
4582
4584
4585
4702
4724
80C07
80C95
80C96
80C97
80C98
8.95
6.00
6.50
6.00
5.95
8.65
15.25
18.75
17.50
27.50
23.95
28.95
23.95
28.95
23.95
28.95
17.95
22.95
18.95
17.95
17.95
39.95
34.95.
HOURS: Mon. - Frl., 9 to 5; Sat., 11 to 3
I
master etiarge
I//S4
JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.
1224 So. Bascom Ave.
San Jose, CA 95128
800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA)
(408)995-5430 • Telex 171-110
VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE!
TERMS: For shipping include $2.00 for UPS ground, $3.00
for UPS Blue Label air. $10.00 minimum order. Bay Area
residents add 6 1 /2% sales tax. California residents add 6%
sales tax. We reserve the right to limit quantities and sub-
stitute manufacturer. Prices subject to change without
notice. Send SASE for complete list.
2716 EPROMS 450NS (5V)
8/4.95 ea
ALL MERCHANDISE 100% GUARANTEED!
CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES
8000
8200
8035
8039
8080A
8085
8085A-2
8086
8088
8155
8156
8185
8185-2
8741
8748
8755
16.95
19.95
3.95
12.95
16.95
99.95
39.95
11.95
11.95
29.95
39.95
39.95
29.95
44.95
6800
6800
6802
6808
6809
6809E
6810
6820
6821
6828
6834
6840
6843
6844
6845
6847
6850
6852
6860
6862
6875
6880
68 BOO
68B21
68B50
5.70
10.95
9.95
24.95
29.95
4.60
4.95
4.95
14.95
16.95
14.95
42.95
44.95
16.95
15.95
4.75
5.75
10.95
11.95
6.95
2.95
10.95
12.95
12.95
8202
8205
8212
8214
8216
8224
8226
8228
8237
8238
8239
8243
8250
8251
8253
8253-5
8255
8255-5
8257
8259
8272
8275
8279
8279-5
8282
8283
8284
8286
8287
8288
8289
LEDS
Jumbo Red
Jumbo Green
Jumbo Yellow
5082-7760 43'CC
MAN74 3'CC
.MAN72 .3'CA
10/1.00
6/1.00
6/1.00
.79
.99
.99.
45.00
3.50
1.85
3.85
1.80
2.50
1.80
4.90
19.95
4.95
4.85
4.45
14.95
4.75
9.25
9.85
4.75
5.25
8.75
6.90
39.95
29.95
9.50
10.50
6.65
6.65
5.70
6.65
6.50
25.00
49.95.
TV
CIRCUITS
MC1330
MC1350
MC1358
LM380
LM386
LM565
LM741
LM1310
LM1800
LM1889
1.89
1.29
1.79
1.29
1.50
.99
29
2.90
2.99
2.49
EPROM ERASERS
PE-14 78.50
PE-14T (with timer) 108.50
PE-24T (with timer) 154.50
ALL ARE HIGH QUALITY UNITS ENCLOSED IN
A BLACK ANODIZED ALUMINUM ENCLOSURE.
800-538-5000
800-662-6279
(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)
CALL JDR BEFORE YOU BUY!
WE WILL BEAT ANY COMPETITORS' PRICES
VOLTAGE REG'S
LINEAR
7805T
7808T
7812T
781 5T
7824T
7805K
7812K
781 5K
78L05
78L12
78L15
LM309K
LM317T
.79
.99
.79
.99
.99
1.39
1.39
1.39
.69
.69
.69
1.49
1.95
7905T
791 2T
791 5T
7924T
7905K
791 2K
79L05
79L12
79L15
LM317K
LM323K
LM337K
89
89
1.19
1.19
1.49
1.49
.79
.79
.79
3.95
4.95
3.95
T = TO-220 K = TO-3 L = TO-92
74S00 SERIES
74S00
.44
74S74
.69
74S163
3.75
74S257
1.39
74S02
.48
74S85
2.39
74S168
4.65
74S258
1.49
74S03
.48
74S86
1.44
74S169
5.44
74S260
1.83
74S04
.79
74S112
1.59
74S174
1.09
74S274
19.95
74S05
.79
74S113
1.98
74S175
1.09
74S275
19.95
74S08
48
74S114
1.50
74S181
4.47
74S280
2.90
74S09
.98
74S124
2.77
74S182
2.95
74S287
4.75
7ASA0
.69
74S132
1.24
74S188
3.95
74S288
4.45
74S11
.88
74S133
98
74S189
14.95
74S289
6.98
74S15
.70
74S134
.69
74S194
2.95
74S301
6.95
74S20
.68
74S135
1.48
74S195
1.89
74S373
3.45
74S22
.98
74S138
1.08
74S196
4.90
74S374
3.45
74S30
.48
74S139
1.25
74S197
4.25
74S381
7.95
74S32
.98
74S140
1.45
74S201
14.95
74S387
5.75
74S37
1.87
74S151
1.19
74S225
8.95
74S412
2.98
74S38
1.68
74S153
1.19
74S240
3.98
74S471
9.95
74S40
.44
74S157
1.19
74S241
3.75
74S472
16.85
74S51
.78
74S158
1.45
74S244
3.98
74S474
17.85
74S64
79
74S161
2.85
74S251
1.90
74S482
15.60
74S65
1.25
74S162
3.70
74S253
7.45
74S570
74S571
7.80
7.80
LM301V
LM308V
LM309K
LM311
LM317T
LM317K
LM318
LM323K
LM324
LM337K
LM339
LM377
LM380
LM386V
LM555V
LM556
LM565
LM566V
LM567V
LM723
LM/33
LM741V
LM747
LM748V
LM1310
MC 1330V
MC1350V
MC1358
LM1414
LM 1458V
LM1488
LM1489
LM1800
LM1889
LM3900
LM3909V
LM3914
LM3915
LM3916
75451V
75452V
J5453V
.34
.98
1.49
.64
1.95
3.95
1.49
4.95
.59
3.95
.99
2.29
1.29
1.50
.39
.69
.99
1.49
1.29
.49
.98
.29
.79
.59
2.90
1.89
1.29
1.79
1.59
.69
.99
99
2.99
2.49
.59
98
3.95
3.95
3.95
.39
.39
39.
APPLE FAN $69.00
EXTRA PLUG-IN CARDS CAN
CAUSE YOUR APPLE TO
OVERHEAT
ULTRA-QUIET APPLE FAN
DRAWS COOL AIR THROUGH
YOUR COMPUTER
ELIMINATES DOWN TIME
SAVES REPAIR CHARGES
INCREASES RELIABILITY
CLIPS ON — NO HOLES OR
SCREWS
COLOR MATCHES APPLE
LONG LIFE. LOW NOISE
MOTOR
IC SOCKETS
8
14
16
18
20
22
24
28
40
nST
nST
nST
nST
nST
nST
nST
nST
nST
1-99
.13
.15
.17
.20
.29
.30
.30
.40
.49
100
.11
.12
.13
.18
.27
.27
.27
.32
.39
ST = SOLDERTAIL
8 pin
14 pin
16 pin
18 pin
20 pin
22 pin
24 pin
28 pin
40 pin
WW
WW
WW
WW
WW
WW
WW
WW
WW
.59
.69
.69
.99
1.09
1.39
1.49
1.69
1.99
.49
.52
.58
.90
.98
1.28
1.35
1.49
1.80
APPLE IS A TRADEMARK
OF APPLE COMPUTER INC.
TRANSISTORS
PN2222 10/1.00 100/ 8.99
2N2222 .25 50/10.99
2N2907 .25 50/10.99
2 N 3055 .79 10/ 6.99
2N3904 10/1.00 100/ 8.99
2N3906 10/1.00 100/ 8.99
1N4148(1N914) 25/ 1.00
1N4004 10/ 1.00
WW = WIREWRAP
CONNECTORS
RS232 MALE 3.25
RS232 FEMALE 3.75
RS232 HOOD 1.25
S-100 ST 3.95
S-100 WW 4.95
DIP SWITCHES
4 POSITION
5 POSITION
6 POSITION
7 POSITION
8 POSITION
.85
.90
.90
.95
.95
7400 SERIES
7400
7401
7402
7403
7404
7405
7406
7407
7408
7409
7410
7411
7412
7413
7414
7416
7417
7420
7421
7422
7423
7425
7426
7427
7428
7430
7432
7433
7437
7438
7440
7442
7443
7444
7445
7446
7447
7448
7450
.19
.19
.19
.19
.19
.22
.22
.22
.24
.19
.19
.25
.30
.35
.55
.25
.25
.19
.35
.29
.29
.29
.29
.29
.45
.19
.29
.45
.29
.29
.19
.49
.65
.69
.69
.59
.69
.69
.19
7451
7453
7454
7460
7470
7472
7473
7474
7475
7476
7480
7481
7482
7483
7485
7486
7489
7490
7491
7492
7493
7494
7495
7496
7497
74100
74107
74109
74110
74111
74116
74120
74121
74122
74123
74125
74126
74128
74132
.23
.23
.23
.23
.35
.29
.34
.35
.49
.35
.59
1.10
.95
.50
.65
.35
4.95
.35
.40
.50
.49
.65
.55
.70
2.75
1.00
.30
45
.45
.55
1.55
1.20
.29
.45
.55
.45
.45
.55
.45
74136
74141
74142
74143
74144
74145
74147
74148
74150
74151
74152
74153
74154
74155
74156
74157
74159
74160
74161
74162
74163
74164
74165
74166
74167
74170
74172
74173
74174
74175
74176
74177
74178
74179
74180
74181
74182
74184
74185
.50
.65
2.95
2.95
2.95
.60
1.75
1.20
1.35
.65
.65
.55
1.40
.75
.65
.55
1.65
.85
.70
.85
.85
.85
.85
1.00
2.95
1.65
5.95
.75
.89
.89
.89
.75
1.15
1.75
.75
2.25
.75
2.00
2.00
74186
74190
74191
74192
74193
74194
74195
74196
74197
74198
74199
74221
74246
74247
74248
74249
74251
74259
74265
74273
74276
74279
74283
74284
74285
74290
74293
74298
74351
74365
74366
74367
74368
74376
74390
74393
74425
74426
74490
18.50
1.15
1.15
.79
.79
.85
.85
.79
.75
1.35
1.35
1.35
1.35
1.25
1.85
1.95
.75
2.25
1.35
1.95
1.25
.75
2.00
3.75
3.75
.95
.75
.85
2.25
.65
.65
.65
.65
2.20
1.75
1.35
3.15
.85
2.55
HOURS: Mon. - Fri., 9 to 5; Sat. 11 to 3
^fl ^^ '
masief cnaroje
k. ^ IT
^^" ~^ J
JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.
1224 S. Bascom Ave.
San Jose, CA 95128
800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA)
(408)995-5430 • Telex 171-110
VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE!
TERMS: For shipping include $2.00 for UPS Ground, $3.00
for UPS Blue Label Air. $10.00 minimum order. Bay Area
residents add 6 1 /2% sales tax. California residents add 6%
sales tax. We reserve the right to limit quantities and sub-
stitute manufacturer. Prices subject to change without
notice. Send SASE for complete list.
WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLD
CP/M ■ Software Software/Manual only
Computer Pathways
Pearl (level 1) $ 99/$25
Pearl (level 2) $299/$40
Pearl (level 3) $549/$50
Digital Research
PL/l-80 $459/$35
BT-80 $179/$30
Mac $ 85/$15
Sid $ 65/$15
Z-Sid $ 90/$15
Tex $ 90/$ 15
DeSpool $ 50/$10
Micropro
WordStar $319/$60
Customization Notes $ 89/$na
Mail-Merge $109/$25
WordStar/Mail-Merge $419/$85
DataStar $249/$60
WordMaster $119/$40
SuperSort I $199/$40
Spell Star $175/$40
Microsoft
Basic-80 $289/$na
Basic Compiler $329/$na
Fortran-80 $349/$na
Cobol-80 $574/$na
M-Sort $124/$na
Macro-80 $144/$na
Edit-80 $ 84/$na
MuSimp/MuMath $224/$na
MuLisp-80 $174/$na
Organic Software
Milestone $269/$30
Supersoft
Diagnostic I $ 49/$20
Diagnostic II $ 84/$20
Disk Doctor $ 84/$20
Forth (8080 or Z80) $149/$30
Fortran $219/$30
Fortran w/Ratfor $289/$35
Unicorn
Mince $149/$25
Scribble $149/$25
Both $249/$50
Data Base
FMS-80 $649/$45
dBASE II $595/$50
Access/80 $699/$50
Pascal
Pascal/MT+ $429/$30
Pascal/M $189/$20
Miscellaneous
SpellGuard $299/$25
The Last One $549/$na
SuperCalc $269/$50
CBASIC-2 $ 98/$20
MicroStat $224/$25
StatPak $449/$40
Micro B + $229/$20
Apple Software (Business)
Micropro
Wordstar $269
MailMerge $ 99
Wordstar/MailMerge $349
SuperSort I $159
Spellstar $129
Personal Software
Visicalc 3.3 $229
CCA Data Mgr $ 84
Desktop/ Plan II $229
Visiterm $139
Visidex $229
Visiplot $185
Personal Software (cont.)
Visitrend/ Visiplot $275
Zork $ 34
Miscellaneous
Micro Courier $219
Super-Text II $127
ASCII Express $ 59
Apple Software (Entertainment)
Wizard & Princess $ 28
Mystery House $ 24
Flight Simulator $ 29
Raster Blaster $ 26
Space Eggs $ 26
Sargon lT $ 29
ABM $ 22
Micropainter BBS $ 29
Apple Panic $ 28
Pool 1.5 $ 26
Apple Accessories
Z-80 Softcard by Microsoft
Keyboard Enhancer
Apple Joystick
Sup-r Mod
CPS Multifunction Card
Videoterm by Videx
16K Card by Microsoft
Sup-r Fan
ALF9 Voice Board
CCS Cards
CCS Parallel Model 7720
CCS Serial Model 7710D
CCS Centronics Model 7728
Disk Drives For TRS-80* Model 1
CCI-100 5 1 /4", 40 Track
Add-ons for Zenith Z-89
CCI-189 5V4", 40 Track
Z-87 Dual 5 1 /T system
Drives for Z-90
External card edge and power supply
PM included. 90 day warranty/one year on
power supply.
Corvus 5M
Corvus 10 M
Corvus 20M
Corvus Mirror
Shugart 8" 801 R Raw Drive
TANDON 5Va" Raw Drive
Power Supplies
Diskettes— Box of 10
Maxell 5 1 /4"
Maxell 8"
BASF/Verbatim 5 1 /4"
BASF/ Verbatim 8"
Plastic File Box— Holds 50 5 v«"dskts. $ 19
Plastic Library Case 5 1 /4 " $ 3
Plastic Library Case 8" $ 4
Head Cleaning Diskette $ 25
Floppy Saver " $10.95
Floppy Saver Rings $ 6.95
16K RAM Kits
One Kit $19.00
Two Kits $37.00
200ns forTRS-80*, Apple II,
(specify): Jumpers $ 2.50
Computer Systems
Atari 400 $ 359
Atari 800 $ 699
Call for other Atari products
Zenith Z89, 48K $ Call
Zenith Z90, 64K $ Call
Call for other Zenith products
For fast delivery, send certified checks, money orders or
call to arrange direct bank wire transfers. Personal or
company checks require one to three weeks to clear. All
prices are mail order only and are subject to change
without notice. Call for shipping charges.
$299
$119
$ 49
$ 25
$199
$249
$159
$ 39
$149
$Call
$Call
$Call
$Call
$299
$389
$995
$Call
$3089
$4489
$5429
$ 699
$ 399
$ Call
$ Call
$ 40
$ 45
$26.95
$ 36
Terminals
ADDS Viewpoint
Zenith Z-19
Televideo 910
Televideo 920C
Televideo 950
S-100 California Computer Systems
Mainframe
Z80 CPU
64K RAM
Floppy Disc Cntrl
Integrated Sys. w/int. cables, tstd.
2P + 2S I/O
4 Port Serial I/O
4 Port Parallel I/O
Casio Calculators
Pocket Comp. FX702
Desk Printr/Calc. FR100
Scientific Calc.
Game Watch
Game Watch
Calendar Watch
Printers
$ Call
$ 719
$ 559
$ 729
$ 969
$ 349
$ 239
$ 569
$ 339
$1975
$ 269
$ 249
$ 179
$185.00
$ 79.95
$ 49.95
$ 49.95
$ 69.95
$ 59.95
FX8100
CA90 Plastic
CA901 Steel
AX210
NEC Spinwriter
7710 R.O. Ser $2395
7710 Ser w/tr. $2595
7720 KSR w/tr. $2795
7730 R.O. Par $2395
7730 R.O. Parw/tr.$2595
NEW 3500 Series $ Call
$
Epson MX-70
Epson MX-80
Epson MX-80FT
Epson MX-100
Epson Graftrax
PaperTiger 560 Gr. & 2K
IDS Prism 80
IDS Prism 132
PaperTiger Access.
Olivetti DY 211 Daisy Wheel
Anadex DP-8000
Anadex DP-9500/01
Okidata Microline 80 Fric. & pin feed
Okidata Microline 82A Fric. & pin feed
Okidata Microline 83A 120 cps
Okidata 84 200 cps
Centronics 739
Data South 180 cps
Monitors
B&W
Green Screen
Color
Sanyo 9" B&W
Sanyo 9" Green Screen
Sanyo 12" Green Screen
Sanyo 12" B&W
Sanyo 13" Color
Zenith 13" Color
$
$
$
$
Call
Call
Call
Call
Call
$ Call
$ Call
$ Call
$ Call
Call
849
$1389
$ Call
$ Call
$ Call
$ Call
$ 739
$ Call
$
$
Leedex 12
Leedex 12
Leedex 13
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
119
129
329
149
189
249
239
449
349
****** Special of the Month ******
Zenith 12" Green Screen
$129
Telecommunications
Prentice Star Modem 1-yr. guar.
Univ. Data System UDS103LP
Univ. Data System UDS103JP
Novation Cat
Novation D-Cat
Novation Auto-Cat
Novation Apple Cat II
Hayes Smart Modem™
Hayes Micro-Modem II™
Hayes Chronograph™
CCI Telnet Com. Package
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
125
149
185
139
U9
199
299
249
295
225
135
dealer (national/international) inquiries invited Send for FREE Catalogue
The CPU SHOP L
TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-343-6522
TWX: 710-348-1796 Massachusetts Residents call 617/242-3361
420-438 Rutherford Ave., Dept. K04M
Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
Hours 9 AM- 8 PM (EST) Mon.-Fri. (Sat. till 5)
Technical Information call 617/242-3361
Massachusetts Residents add 5% Sales Tax
Tandy Corporation Trademark/" Digital Research
master charge
TN| INTtflllNi <_*»0
VISA
176 Microcomputing, April 1982
IFOR ONLY $129.95 Learn Computing
:From The Ground
\ Build a Computer kit that grows
I with you, and can expand to 64k
: RAM, Microsoft BASIC, lext Edi-
: tor/ Assembler, Word Processor,
: Floppy Disks and more.
/
Here s the low cost way to learn the fundamentals of com
puling, the all-important basics you'll need more and
more as you advance in computer skills For |ust $129 96
you get the advanced-design Explorer/85 motherboard
with all the features you need to learn how to write and
use programs And it can grow into a system that is a
match for any personal computer on the market Look at
these features 8085 Central Processing Unit, the
microprocessor heart of the Explorer/65 (loin the
millions who will buy and use the 8080/8085 this vear
alone* ^ rnur& bit plus one b-hit input/output ports from
which you can input and output your programs, as well as
control exterior swiit.hes relays, lights etc. a cassette
interface that lets v<>u stcirv and reload programs you ve
learned to write deluxe 2.000 byte operating
system/monitor makes it easy to learn computing in
several important ways • It allows simpler faster writ-
ing and entering of programs • It permits access by you
to all parts of the system so you can check on the status of
any point in the program • It allows tracing each pro-
gram step by step, with provision for displaying all the
contents of the CPU (registers flags etc ) • and it
does much more 1
You get all this in the starting level (Level A) of the
Explorer/85 for only S129.M. Incredible 1 To use lust
plug in your BVDC power supply and terminal or
keyboard/display — if you don't have them.
tia.M
«12»W
1 Plug in Nclronic s Hex
Keyptid/Displdy
2 Adit h'vfl B to ((invert to
S100
3 A<J(i4»»rMM
•I Ptufl in Level E here <H -
roots Microsoft BASIC, or
KWi tor/ Assembler in HOM
9 Add tivoStOO boards
t> Add y'Hi own custom i ir
(uits (prototyping <ir»*i)
7 Conner! terminal
a CRT monitor or a TV set (if you have an RF modulator)
D Hex Keypad/Display kit $W.« plus S2 P&l *
□ FASTERM - 64 TERMINAL KIT Featuring a 56 key
ASCII Keyboard 128 character set upper and lower case
75 ohm output 8 baud rates 150 to 19 200 (switch select
able) RS232 C or 20 MA output 32 or 64 character by 16
line formats complete with
Deluxe Steel Cabinet and
Power Supply $199.95
plus S3 PA I '
see our
special offers below
* U Level A computer kit (Terminal Version)
! plus $3 P»l *
J D Level A kit (Hex Keypad/Display Version)
a plus $3 PAI *
■ LEVEL B — This building block converts the mother
J board into a two-slot S100 bus (industry standard) com-
- puter Now you can plug in any of the hundreds of S100
■j cards available
■ □ Level B kit $49.95 plus S2 Pftl *
■ D S100 bus connectors (two required) $4. IS each
■ postpaid
a LEVEL C — Add still more
■ computing power, this "build-
* ing block ' mounts directly on
* the motherboard and expands
J the S100 bus to six slots
Z D Level C kit S3* .98 plus $2 1
« Pftl
a O S100 bus connectors (five
■ required) $4 85 each
* postpaid
a LEVEL D — When you reach the point in learning that re-
■ quires more memory, we offer rwo choices either add 4k
■ of a memory directly on ihe motherboard or add 16k to
■ 64k of memory by means of << single SlOOcard. our famous
■ |AWS
! Level D kit (CHECK ONE) D 4k on board $49 96
i plus $2 PftlV D 16k S100 |AWS $149 96 plus $2
a Pftl* D 32kSlOO |AWS $198.95 plus $2 Pftl* □ 48k
■ S100 |AWS $249 95 plus $2 Pftl* G 64k S100
■ |AWS $2M 95 plus $2 Pftl*
B LEVEL E — An important building block it activates
B IheSkROM/EPROM space on the motherboard Now |ust
■ plug in our 8k Microsoft BASIC or your own custom
■ programs
■ G Level E k\\ $5 95 plus 5M Pftl '
*>, Microsoft BASIC — It s the language that allows you to
[ talk English to your computer 1 It is available three ways
B D 8k cassette version of Microsoft BASK (requires Level
a B and 12k of RAM minimum we suggest a 16k SlOO
■ |AWS — see above) $64 95 posip-nit
■ D 8k ROM version of Microsoft BASIC (requires Level B
■ ft Level E and 4k RAM |ust plug into your Level E sockets
* We suggest either the 4k Iz-vel D RAM expansion or a 16k
J SlOO JAWS | Mt.$Splus$2Pftl '
m D Disk version of Microsoft BASIC (requires Level B.
D 32k of RAM floppy disk controller A floppy disk drive)
■ $325 postpaid
I TEXT EDITOR/ASSEMBLER — The editor/assembler
■ is a software tool (a program) designed to simplify the task
■ of writing programs As your programs become longer
* and more complex the asse*mbler can save you many
' hours of programming time This software includes an
? editor program that enters the programs you write, makes
B changes and saves the programs on cassettes Theassem
g) bier performs the clerical lask of translating symbolic
m code mlo the computer readable ob,eti code The editor/
■ assembler program is available either in cassette or a
* ROM version
* D Editor/Assembler (Cassette version requires Level
\ B and 8k (mm ) of RAM — we suggest 16k |AWS —
I see above) $59 96 plus $2 Pftl *
a Q Editor/ Assembler (ROM v«rvow supplied on an SlOO
■ card, requires Level B and 4k RAM (mm I — we suggest
■ either Level D or 16k |AWS " ) $98 95 plus $2 Pftl *
J I" FLOPPY DISK — A remarkable building block
■ Add our 8 floppy disk when you need faster operation
• more oorvveTYvenX program storage perhaps a business ap
■ plication, and access to the literally thousands of programs
• and program languages available today You simply plug
• them into your Explocer/85 disk system — it accepts all
~ IBM formatted CP/M^rograms
J O 8 Floppy Disk Drive $499 96 plus $12 Pftl *
a D Floppy Controller Card SIMM plus $2 Pftl
• O Disk Drive Cabinet ft Power Supply
• S3 Pftl *
■ O Drive Cables (set up for two drives)
• $1 50 Pftl *
J D CP/M 2 2 Disk Operating System includes Text
I Editor/Assembler dynamic debugger and other features
■ that give your Explorer/85 access to thousands of existing
■ CP/M -based programs $150 00 postpaid
• NEED A POWER SUPPLY? Consider our AP 1 It can
supply all the power you need for a fully expanded Ex-
■ plorer/85 ( note disk drives have their own power supply)
■ Plus the AP-1 fits neatly into the attractive Explorer steel
• cabinet (see below)
■ □ AP-1 Power Supply kit (8V
J cabinet SMM plus S2 Pftl *
■ NEED A TERMINAL? We
• offer you choices the least ex
• pensive one is our Hex
•' Keypad/Display kit that dis
J plays the information on a
a calculator-type screen The
■ other choice is our ASCII
■ Keyboard/Computer Terminal
■ kit. that can be used with either
95 plus
$25.00 plus
) in deluxe steel
$139 95
D RF Modulator kit (allows you to use your TV set as a
monitor) MM postpaid
D 12" Video Monitor (10MHz bandwidth)
plus S5 Pftl *
G Deluxe Steel Cabinet for the.
Explorer/85 $49 95 plus $3
Pftl *
G Fan for cabinet $15 00
plus SI 50 Pftl *
ORDER A SPECIAL-PRICE
EXPLORER/85 PAK— THERE'S
ONE FOR EVERY NEED.
Beginner Pak (Save $26 00) — You get Level A (Ter-
minal Version) with Monitor Source Listing ($25 value)
AP-1 5 amp power supply Intel 8085 Users Manual
(Reg $199 95) SPECIAL SIMM plus $4 Pftl *
Experimenter Pak (Save $53 40) — You get Level A
(Hex Keypad/Display Version) with Hex Keypad/
Display Intel 8085 User Manual Level A Hex Monitor
Source Listing, and AP 1,5 amp power supply (Reg
$279 95) SPECIAL $219 95 plus $6 Pftl *
Special Microsoft BASIC Pak (Save $103 00)— You get
Levels A (Terminal Version) B. D (4k RAM) E 8k
Microsoft in ROM. Intel 8085 User Manual Level A Mom
lor Source Listing and AP 1 5 amp power supply
(Reg $439 70) SPECIAL $329 95 plus $7 Pftl*
D Add • Rom Version Text Editor/Assembler IReauires
levels B and D or SlOO Memory) $»♦>.•$ plus $2 Pftd*
Starter 8" Disk System - Includes Level A B floppy disk
controller, one CDC 8" disk-drive two-drive cable two
S100 connectors, just add your own power supplies,
cabinets and hardware G (Reg $106500) SPECIAL
MM.M plus $13 Pftl * G 32k Starter System $1045.95
plus $13 Pftl * G 48k Starter System $1086 95 plus $13
Pftl * G 64k Starter System $1145.95 plus $13 Pftl *
G Add to any of above Explorer steel cabinet. AP 1 five
amp power supply Level C with two S100 connectors
disk drive cabinet and power supply two sub I) connec-
tors for connecting your printer and terminal (Keg
$225 95) SPECIAL $199.95 plus $13 Pftl *
G Complete MK System Wired ft Tested $1650.00
plus $26 Pftl *
G Special! Complete Business Software Pak (Save
$625 00)— Includes CP/M 2 2 Microsoft BASIC. General
Ledger Accounts Receivable Accounts Payable Payroll
Package (Reg $1325) SPECIAL MM.M postpaid
*PM stands for postage * insurance
ders doable this amount
Far Qinodian or-
Continental Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut:
TO ORDER
Call Toll Free:
800-243-7428
To Order From Connecticut,
or For Technical Assistance,
Call (203) 354-9375
CP/M is a reg trademark of Digital Research
(C'/ip and mail entire
<"»1*
SEND ME THE ITEMS CHECKED ABOVE
Total Enclosed (Conn Residents add sales tax) $
Paid by
G Personal Check G Cashier's Check/Money Order
G VISA G MASTER CARD (Bank No
Acct No
Exp Dale
Signature.
Print Name
Address
City.
Slale.
. Zip
!&
ETRONICS Research & Development Ltd
333 Litchfield Road, New Milford, CT 06776
ANNOUNCING TWO
NEW TERMINALS
Smart* Fast • Graphics • Matching Modem and $295 Printer
Netronics announces a state of the art
breakthrough in terminals, now at prices you
can afford, you can go on-line with databank
and computer phone-line services It's all
yours: "electronic newspapers,'' educational
services, Dow-Jones stock reports, games,
recipes, personal computing with any level
language, program exchanges, electronic bu
letin boards . . and more every day!!!
Netronics offers two new terminals, both
feature a full 56 key/128 character typewriter-
style keyboard, baud rates to 19.2 kilobaud, a
rugged steel cabinet and power supply. The
simplest one, FASTERM 64. is a 16 line by 64 or 32 character per line unit, with a serial
printer port for making hard copy of all incoming data, and optional provisions for block and
special character graphics. The "smart" version, SMARTERM-80. features either 24 line by 80
characters per line or 16 by 40 characters per line, it offers on-screen editing with page-at-a-
time printing, 12,000 pixel graphics, line graphics, absolute cursor addressing, underlining,
reverse video, one-half intensity and much more . . . simply plug them into your computer or
our phone modem and be on-line instantly. Use your TV set (RF modulator required) or our
delux green-phosphor monitor pictured above. For hard copy just add our matched printer.
Price breakthrough!!! Own the FASTERM-64, a complete terminal kit, ready to plug in for
just $199.95 or order the SMARTERM-80 kit for just $299 95, (both available wired and tested.)
Be on-line with the million-dollar computers and data services today we even supply the
necessary subscription forms.
More good news: All the components in our terminals are available separately (see
coupon), so you buy only what you need!!!
FASTERM-64 . DISPLAY FORMAT: 64 or 32 characters/line by 16 lines 96 displayable
ASCII characters (upper & lower case) . . 8 baud rates: 150, 300, 600, 1200, 2400 4800, 9600,
19, 200, (switch sel.) . . . LINE OUTPUT: RS232/C or 20 ma current loop . VIDEO OUTPUT: 1V
P/P (EIA RS-170) . . . CURSOR MODES: home & clear screen, erase to end of line, erase cursor
line, cursor up & down, auto carriage return/line feed at end of line & auto scrolling . .
REVERSE VIDEO BLINKING CURSOR . PARITY: off, even or odd STOP BITS: 1, 15,
2 . . . DATA BITS PER CHARACTER: 5, 6, 7 or 8 CHARACTER OUTPUT: 5 by 7 dot matrix
in a 7 by 12 cell PRINTER OUTPUT: prints all incoming data . 1K ON BOARD RAM .
2K ON BOARD ROM CRYSTAL CONTROLLED . . COMPLETE WITH POWER SUPPLY . .
OPTIONAL GRAPHICS MODE: includes 34 Greek & math characters plus 30 special graphics
characters ASCII ENCODED KEYBOARD: 56 key/128 characters
SMARTERM-80 . . DISPLAY FORMAT: 80 characters by 24 lines or 40 characters by 16 lines
128 displayable ASCII characters (upper & lower case) 8 baud rates: 110. 300, 600. 1200. 2400.
4800, 9600, 19, 200 . LINE OUTPUT: RS232/C or 20 ma current loop VIDEO OUTPUT: 1V
pp (EIA RS-170) . . EDITING FEATURES: insert/delete line, insert/delete character, for-
ward/back tab . . . LINE OR PAGE TRANSMIT PAGE PRINT FUNCTION . CURSOR POSI-
TIONING: up, down, right, left, plus absolute cursor positioning with read back VISUAL
ATTRIBUTES: underline, blink, reverse video, half intensity, & blank . . GRAPHICS: 12.000
pixel resolution block plus line graphics . . . ON-SCREEN PARITY INDICATOR PARITY: off,
even or odd STOP BITS: 110 baud 2, all others 1 ... CHAR. OUTPUT: 7 b/ 11 character in
a 9 by 12 block . . . PRINTER OUTPUT 60 OR 50 Hz VERTICAL REFRESH BLINKING
BLOCK CURSOR . . CRYSTAL CONTROLLED 2K ON BOARD RAM ASCII ENCODED
KEYBOARD: 56 key/128 character . . . 4K ON BOARD ROM . COMPLETE WITH POWER
SUPPLY.
TELEPHONE MODEM 103 OIA FULL DUPLEX, FCC APPROVED DATA RATE: 300 baud
INTERFACE: RS232/C and TTY . CONTROLS: talk/data switch (no need to connect and
disconnect phone), originate/answer switch on rear panel NO POWER SUPPLY RE-
QUIRED.
ASCII KEYBOARD ASCIIS 56 KEY/128 CHARACTER ASCII
ENCODED UPPER & LOWER CASE . . . FULLY DEBOUNCED
2 KEY ROLLOVER . POS OR NEG LOGIC WITH POS STROBE
REQUIRES + 5 & 12V DC (SUPPLIED FROM VIDEO BOARDS)
PRINTER COMET I SERIAL I/O TO 9600 BAUD 80
CHARACTER COLUMN (132 COMPRESSED) 10" TRACTOR FEED
UPPER/LOWER CASE INDUSTRY STANDARD RIBBONS . .
4 CHARACTER SIZES 9 BY 7 DOT MATRIX Bl DIRECTIONAL
PRINTING
Continental U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut
CALL TOLL FREE 800-243-7428
To Order From Connecticut Or For Tech. Assist. Call (203) 354-9375
NETRONICS R&D LTD. D . P t.
333 Litchfield Road, New Milford, CT 06776
Please send the items checked below:
COMPLETE FASTERM-64 TERMINAL (includes FASTVID-64 video board
ASCll-3 Keyboard, steel cabinet and power supply) ... kit $199.95 plus $3 P&l
. . . wired & tested $249.95 plus $3 P&l . . . graphics option: add $19.95 to
each of above
COMPLETE SMARTERM-80 TERMINAL (includes SMARTVID-80 video
board, ASCII 3 Keyboard, steel cabinet and power supply) ... Kit $299.95 plus
$3 P&l wired and tested $369.95 plus $3 P&l
□ FASTVID-64 VIDEO BOARD (requires +5 & -12V DC] ... kit $99.95 plus $3
P&l . . . graphics option add $19.95 . . . wired & tested $129.95 plus $3 P&l . . .
graphics option add $19.95
: SMARTVID-80 VIDEO BOARD (requires +5 & +/-12V DC) . . . kit $199.95
plus $3 P&l . . . wired & tested $249.95 plus $3 P&l
□ DELUXE STEEL TERMINAL CABINET . . . $19.95 plus $3 P&l
ASCII-3 KEYBOARD (requires -»-5& -12VDC) ... kit $69.95 plus $3 P&l . . .
wired and tested $89.95 plus $3 P&l
POWER SUPPLY (powers ASCII-3 keyboard & video boards) ... kit only
$19.95 plus $2 P&l
ZENITH VIDEO MONITOR (high resolution green phosphor) . . . wired &
tested $149.95 plus $6 P&l
□ TELEPHONE MODEM MODEL 103 O/A . . . wired & tested $189.95 plus $3
P&l
n DOT MATRIX PRINTER Comet I . . . wired & tested $299 95 plus $10 P&l
□ RF MODULATOR MOD RF-1 ... kit only $8.95 plus $1 P&l
3FT-25 LEAD MODEM/TERMINAL OR PRINTER/TERMINAL CONNECTOR
CABLE . . . $14.95 ea plus $2 P&l
For Canadian orders, double the postage Conn. res. add sales tax.
Total Enclosed $_
□ Personal Check
□ VISA □
Acct. No.
□ Cashier's Check/Money Order
MasterCard (Bank No )
Exp. Date
Signature
Print Name
Address
City
State
Zip
Microcomputing, April 1982 1 77
Peterborough NH 03458
OMPUTING
T.M.
L
Reader Service Number
Page
Reader Service Number
Page
55 AM Electronics 73
9 1 Aardvark Technical Services 63
314 A- Bargain Distributors 33
31 1 Ackerman Digital Systems, Inc 147
480 Advanced Micro Digital Corp 193
39 Advanced Systems Concepts 151
497 Alcor Systems 197
56 American Square Computers 68-69
470 AmlynCorp 191
495 Atari, Inc 197
467 Axiom Corp 1 89
1 59 B&C Computervision 66
B.C. Micro 161
124 B.T. Enterprise! 58
87 The Bottom Line 151
269 The Bristol Software Factory 24-25
487 Broderbund Software, Inc 196
471 Brown Disk Manufacturing, Inc 190
79 C&S Electronics Mart Ltd 201
148 CDR Systems, Inc 145
256 CPU Shop 176
370 CRC Publishing 79
115 C.S.I 95
481 Casio, Inc 193
482 Centronics Data Computer Corp 193
170 Chips & Dale 30
224 Columbia Micro Software 80
63 Commercial Data Products 143
485 Commodore Business Machines, Inc 196
483 Communications Arts 1 96
376 Communications Electronics 1 68
472 Communications Research Corp 186
37 1 CompuServe 1 48
320 Computer Case Company 194
1 H Computer Design Labs 19
120 Computer Discount of America 200
384 Computer Mail Order 83
1 76 Computer Mart 1 49
1 10 Computers, Peripherals Unlimited 143
362 Computer Plus 151
36 Computer Shopper 1 39
M Computer Shopping Center 27
227 Computers Wholesale 41
26 Computer Town CI II
297 Concord Computer Products 172
292 Coosol, Inc 59
346 Corsair Computer Corp 1 45
252 Cuesta Systems 144
465 Cuesta Systems 1 86
492 Custom Data 197
Cybernetics, Inc 87
293 D & N Micro Products 138
* Daman 201
174 Data X of Oregon 80
24 Delmart 90
Desktop Subscriptions 205
477 Digital Equipment Corp 192
Digital Research Computers 169-171
489 Digital Systems, Inc 196
250 Discount Software Group 21
300 E.A.P. Company 151
345 Eclectic Systems 31
82
486
57
169
25
93
339
*
178
91
•
466
161
22
6
*
243
484
235
209
279
128
77
73
3
84
180
92
284
48
41
164
*
200
222
54
469
198
355
78
373
190
234
380
313
72
165
488
499
260
308
100
347
474
*
154
SEE MINI MICRO MART CATALOG
pp. 99-130
Reader Service Number
Page
Ecosoft 194 144
Educational Computer Systems 196 255
Educational Microcomputer Systems 183, 144 •••
Elcomp Publishing Inc 204 479
Electronics Center 164 85
Electronic Specialists, Inc 192 *
Electron Science 144 286
Encyclopedia Loader 184 53
Expotek 15 140
Floppy Disk Services 93 29
Foreign Dealers 144 21
Fortune Systems Corp 189 468
Free Coupons 7 494
Gimix, Inc 187 172
H&E Computronics 51 *
Hanley Engineering 49 266
Happy Hands 78 303
High Technology Software Products, Inc 196 33
LB. Computers 145 146
I.D.M 144
IDPC 145 277
Innovative Technology 1 53 233
I ntegrand Research Corp 153 98
Interactive Structures 79 44
I ntertec Data Systems 3 20
JDR Microdevices 174-175 390
J.E.S. Graphics 138 101
J.P.C. Products 202 102
JRT Systems 192
Jade Computer Products 165-167 142
Jameco Electronics 158-159 1 1 1
Jimscot, Inc 14 464
John Bell Engineering 195 117
John Wiley & Sons 23 375
Kalglo Electronics 78 359
Key Software 150 *
Last Electronics 191 1 32
LNW Research 45
Leading Edge Products CIV 302
Lifeboat Associates 1 89 493
Logical Devices, Inc 58 490
MI-8 150 237
Magnolia Microsystems 145 1 79
Marketing Essentials, Inc 39 496
Mark of the Unicorn 17 358
Master Electronics, Inc 132 491
Med Systems 149 189
Metamorphics, Inc 196 350
Micro Associates, Inc 197 95
Microcomputing Back Issues 203 478
Microcomputing Binders, Shelf Boxes 144, 194 328
Microcomputing Dealers 203 475
Microcomputing Subscriptions 36,67, 145, 185 118
Microcomputer Warehouse 1 34 22 1
Micro 80 Inc 183 150
Micro Ink, Inc 141 *
Micro Instructional Inc 9 263
Micro Management Systems 1 53 1 58
MicroMint, Inc 79, 151 *
Micro- Sci 191 *
Micro Technical Products 43 *
Micro Technology Unlimited 97 163
Midwest Scientific Instruments 74-75
Miller Microcomputer Services 29
Mini Micro Mart Catalog 99-130
Multi-Tech Systems, I nc 1 93
National Computer Shows 188
Netronics R & D Ltd 153, 177
Nibble Magazine 53
OkidataCorp 37
Omnitek Systems 63, 181
Optimal Technology, Inc 1 32
Options-80 145
P&E Microcomputer Systems 1 90
PBLCorp 197
Pacific Exchanges 145, 151, 153,201
Percom Data Company, Inc CII
Perry Oil & Gas 81
Personal Computer Systems 1 83
Pilgrim Electric Company 91
Pocket Computer Newsletter 63
Poly Paks 91
Priority One Electronics 162-163
Protecto Enterprises 151
The Pu rchasing Agent 181
Quest Electronics 1 60
R. L. Drake Company 1 83
R.W. Electronics 48
Racet Computes Ltd 202
Rand's Inc 135
Realty Software Co 201
Ri verbank Software 43
S.Z. Software Systems 20 1
Sanyo Business Systems Corp 1 86
Saturn Systems 35
Semi Disk Systems 13
Simpliway Products 151
Sinclair Research Ltd 10-11
Sixty Eight Micro Jou rnal 20 1
Snappware, Inc 1 99
Software Connection 34
Starr Computer Sy st e m s 1 97
Starware 196
States Computers 1 90
Stellation Two 42
Stellation Two 197
Stoneware Microcomputer Pnxlucts 1 33
Systems Group 1 97
TAB Sales Co 181
Tatum Labs 183
Technical Software Systems 1 85
Tecmar, Inc 1 92
Texas Computer Systems 1 85
Texasoft 196
Three-G Company, Inc 203
Total Access 61
Traxx Computer Corp 77
University Microfilm 144
Urban Aggregates 82
Vynet Corp 151
Wameco/Mikos, Inc 1 73
Wayne Green Booknook 1 54- 1 57
West Side Electronics 66
Wintek Corporation 20 1
For further information from our advertisers, please use the Reader Service card.
'This advertiser prefers to be contacted directly.
1 78 Microcomputing, April 1982
READER
SERVICE
Please help us to bring you a better
magazine — by answering these questions:
Reader Service: Return this card to receive full information on the products
advertised in this issue. Refer to the ad. You will find numbers near the logo ol
each advertiser. Each represents the advertiser's individual Reader Service
number. Circle the corresponding numbers on one of the cards on this page, in-
clude your name, address & zip, and drop in a mailbox. In 4-6 weeks you'll hear
from the advertiser directly.
This card is valid until May 31,1 982
A. What kind ot microcomputers) do you owrrt?
H. To what types of softwsre users groups do you
1
6
11
16
21
126
131
136
141
146
251
256
261
266
271
376
381
386
391
396
i Apple
belong?
2
7
12
17
22
127
132
137
142
147
252
257
262
267
272
377
382
387
392
397
2 Atari
1 Hardware exclusive
3
8
13
18
23
128
133
138
143
148
253
258
263
268
273
378
383
388
393
398
3 Exidy
4 Heath
2 General dub
3 College organization
4 Other ,
4
9
14
19
24
129
134
139
144
149
254
259
264
269
274
379
384
389
394
399
5 Hewlett-Packard
5
10
15
20
25
130
135
140
145
150
255
260
265
270
275
380
385
390
395
400
6 North Star
7 OSI
8 PET/CBM
9 SWTP
L How many people read your copy of Kilobaud
Microcomputing''
1 1
26
31
36
41
46
151
156
161
166
171
276
281
286
291
296
401
406
411
416
421
10 Tl
2 2
27
32
37
42
47
152
157
162
167
172
277
282
287
292
297
402
407
412
417
422
11 TRS-80
19 ntK.r M __ mm
3 3
• 4 4 or more
28
29
33
34
38
39
43
44
48
49
153
154
158
159
163
164
168
169
173
174
278
279
283
284
288
289
293
294
298
299
403
404
408
409
413
414
418
419
423
424
B. How much have you Invested in hardware (In-
cluding pertpherlala)?
1 S1000-S2000
2 S2001-S3000
3 $3001 $4000
J. Where did you obtain this copy of Kilobaud
Microcomputing
1 Subscription
2 Newsstand
3 Computer store
4 Friend
30
35
40
45
50
155
160
165
170
175
280
285
290
295
300
405
410
415
420
425
51
56
61
66
71
176
181
186
191
196
301
306
311
316
321
426
431
436
441
446
4 More than $4000
52
57
62
67
72
177
182
187
192
197
302
307
312
317
322
427
432
437
442
447
S nttvmi
53
58
63
68
73
178
183
188
189
190
193
194
195
198
199
200
303
308
313
318
323
428
433
438
443
448
C. What will be your next mator Hardware pur-
chase?
1 Primer
K. Which cover style do you prefer for this
magazine?
54
55
59
60
64
65
69
70
74
75
179
180
184
185
304
305
309
310
314
315
319
320
324
325
429
430
434
435
439
440
444
445
449
450
2 Modem
3 Oisk System
_ 1. The old table of contents cover
2 The newer picture-type cover
3 Don t care
76
77
81
82
86
87
91
92
96
97
201
202
206
207
211
212
216
217
221
222
326
327
331
332
336
337
341
342
346
347
451
452
456
457
461
462
466
467
471
D. On average, how many of each Issue's program
472
listings do you actually type Into your micro?
L On a scale of (no Interest) to 5 (most Interest)
78
83
88
93
98
203
208
213
218
223
328
333
338
343
348
453
458
463
468
473
1 0-2
2 3-5
please rate your Interest in the following
specialized article themes:
1 Artificial Intelligence
2 Robotics
3 Applications
4 Business
5 Speech Synthesis
6 Languages
79
84
89
94
99
204
209
214
219
224
329
334
339
344
349
454
459
464
469
474
3 6-8
4 9 or more
80
85
90
95
100
205
210
215
220
225
330
335
340
345
350
455
460
465
470
475
E. How much have you spent on software
1 Less than $100
101
106
111
116
121
226
231
236
241
246
351
356
361
366
371
476
481
486
491
496
2 $100-$250
102
107
112
117
122
227
232
237
242
247
352
357
362
367
372
477
482
487
492
497
3 $251 $500
103
104
105
108
109
110
113
114
115
118
119
120
123
124
125
228
229
230
233
234
235
238
239
240
243
244
245
248
249
250
353
354
355
358
359
360
363
364
365
368
369
370
373
374
375
478
479
480
483
484
485
488
489
490
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BOOK REVIEWS
Edited by Lise Markus
Ciarcia is Not for the Novice
Help Arrives for Pascal Programmers
Plug In 6502 Assembly Routines
Getting Started with CP/M
Build Your Own Z-80
Computer, Design Guidelines
And Applications Notes
Steve Ciarcia
Byte Books, 1981
Paperback, 332 pp.. $15.95
Criticizing a Steve Ciarcia do-it-your-
self work is a bit like saying that Porsche
doesn't know how to build automobiles,
but I will do it anyway.
In case you are not familiar with his
writing, Ciarcia produces a monthly col-
umn for Byte magazine, discussing how
to build projects ranging from speech
synthesizers to communication by laser
beam. These articles are informative, ac-
curate and fun to read. This book does
not measure up to such high standards.
To begin with, the cover is misleading.
In addition to the title, there is a picture of
an S- 100 bus format prototype plugboard
full of lCs. This combination of title and
photo would indicate to the bookstore
browser that the project concerns the
construction of an S-lOO-compatible
Z-80-based computer. Way back on page
183, however, the author points out that
the project computer is intended as a
trainer, and other use would require
"considerably more memory and periph-
erals." Since the project includes 1Kbyte
each of RAM and ROM, this disclaimer is
somewhat of an understatement.
To get from IK byte of RAM to a config-
uration usable as a computer usually re-
quires the use of dynamic RAM chips,
and the Z-80, with its built-in refresh cir-
cuitry, greatly simplifies the construc-
tion of a dynamic RAM main memory.
Curiously, this book does not even men-
tion the existence of this feature of the
Z-80, or the economic benefits of dynam-
ic memory. Because, simply, this is not a
book on building a computer.
It is actually a book giving "design
guidelines and application notes" useful
to the experienced experimenter inter-
ested in building an "Applications Pro-
cessor" that would be "a natural for intel-
ligent control applications." Why doesn't
the cover say so?
Once the reader becomes aware that
the subject matter is not how to build an
S-100 computer, he can proceed to dis-
cover that the subject matter is dated.
About 1977, I'd guess. The selection of
CPU chip (the 8085 is not even men-
tioned, and would be a better choice for a
controller of this size) and supporting de-
vices (7442 decoder instead of 74138) in-
dicate that most of the material was writ-
ten five years ago, even though this is a
"new" book published in 1981.
It doesn't really matter, because in
spite of all the above put-downs, the book
is a valuable source of information on a
wide-ranging list of topics that would be
of interest to the experimenter. It is not a
step-by-step how-to-build-it text for the
beginner. Keeping this in mind, the true
value of the information contained in the
book becomes more obvious.
I especially like the opening chapter on
power supplies. Ciarcia points out the us-
ual design errors found in even some
commercial equipment. Nobody both-
ers to design power supplies anymore.
Just throw some parts together, copying
the circuit from any old equipment sche-
matic, and hang an integrated circuit
regulator on the output to smooth things
out. Well, you can get away with things
like that most of the time, but until you
read Steve's first chapter you won't real-
ly know what is going on inside this
much-neglected portion of all electronic
equipment.
Too much of the rest of the book does
not include such detailed information on
the circuits shown. For instance, a couple
of crystal-controlled oscillator schemat-
ics are given in Fig. 4.3, with no mention
of the fact that digital logic circuits are
being used as linear amplifiers. Other
bits and pieces of circuitry are included
throughout the book that might be more
useful if their theory of operation, when
not straightforward and obvious, were to
be explained. Since there is a lot of redun-
dancy in the subject matter, the book
might have been better written with
more-detailed coverage of fewer circuits.
Perhaps with fewer circuits in the
book, the artwork could have been better
proofread, and that poor D to A converter
in Fig. 8. 10 wouldn't be trying to pump
its output into an infinite signal sink. And
maybe that one pin on the baud rate
generator in Fig. 5. 12 wouldn't be trying
to provide both 4800 Hz and 16 times
4800 Hz at the same time.
The purpose of this nitpicking is to
point out that this book contains guide-
lines and notes useful to the experiment-
er, not hard facts and proven designs re-
producible by the novice. It also contains
artwork and typo errors that will have to
be sifted out by the more experienced
reader.
If you are an experienced hardware
hacker, but have yet to build your own
microprocessor-based controller or com-
puter, you will find this book a gold mine
of useable circuitry. Just be forewarned
that there are typos, and circuits that
won't work without some debugging.
And some of the devices might be better
Microcomputing, April 1982 1 79
replaced with more modern types.
In spite of these deficiencies, this is an
informative book, and like all Ciarcia's
writing, enjoyable to read.
Ken Barbier
Borrego Springs, CA
Apple Pascal:
A Hands-On Approach
Arthur Luehrmann
and Hebert Peckham
McGraw-Hill
Paperback, 431 pp.. $14.95
Pascal Programming
For the Apple
T.G. Lewis
Reston Publishing Co.
Paperback, 234 pp., $12.95
My only complaint about Apple Pas-
cal: A Hands-On Approach is that it
should have been published two years
ago when I wanted it so badly. It does a
superb job of meeting an important need
in the microcomputer field, and it should
do a lot to stimulate the widespread use of
Pascal in computers for the home and
small businesses. If you have considered
adding the language system to your Apple
II (or bought one and finally gave up on it),
the Luehrmann -Peckham book is exactly
what you need. It is specifically designed
for the beginner, and it tells you every-
thing you need to know to get through the
initial stages of programming.
Perhaps it can best be described as the
Pascal counterpart of the Applesoft Tuto-
rial (without the typos). The authors have
gone to great pains to eliminate errors
(especially in the example programs); I
couldn't find anything that didn't work
when I typed it correctly. They've used
well-established instructional tech-
niques, and have adapted them effective-
ly for practice at the computer keyboard.
Like all good teachers, the authors have
been careful to repeat and reenforce pre-
vious points as new topics are intro-
duced. Even the book's format is help-
ful — the spiral binding allows the book to
open flat, quite a convenience at the
computer.
It is often repeated that "Pascal is real-
ly a very powerful language, but it is a bit
difficult at the beginning"; and that is
certainly true for those of us who were
new programmers when the Apple lan-
guage system first appeared. Using the
old white book that came with the 1.0
version of Apple Pascal, it took my wife
and me a week to get the system in opera-
tion. Even the newer 1.1 version is still
introduced with the warning that "you
must have a thorough knowledge of Stan-
dard or UCSD Pascal, or use some book or
manual that fully describes Standard or
UCSD Pascal." The identity of the "some
book or manual" is left hazy — probably
180 Microcomputing, April 1982
because no suitable publication was
available at the time the manual was
written.
The absence of such books is curious
because the Pascal language is frequent-
ly described as being designed to teach
good programming practices to begin-
ners. That may be true, but until Apple
Pascal the poor beginner first had to
figure out how to turn on the machine,
and the sophisticated operating system
that accompanies UCSD Pascal can be
pretty frightening to a rank beginner.
This has probably scared off a good many
people who might have found the greater
operating speed and excellent file-han-
dling capacity of Pascal well suited to
their needs.
Pascal includes a lot of features that
simply have no convenient counterpart
in Basic, and the Luehrmann and Peck-
ham book starts with an interesting and
useful discussion of the relative advan-
tages and disadvantages of the two lan-
guages, as well as a discussion of just
when each language might be most
useful.
The main body of the book is a series of
14 two-hour sessions, each of which illus-
trates and develops some experience
with an important aspect of Pascal. After
two introductory sessions on the me-
chanics of starting the system and enter-
ing programs into the editor, the first pro-
gram (which prints out "How now brown
cow") is entered, compiled and run.
Every step involved in these processes is
described in detail.
The next session uses the Apple sound
system to illustrate the FOR statement,
and subsequent sessions introduce pro-
cedures, functions, the graphics system,
etc. These are followed by more ad-
vanced sessions on branching (IF and
CASE), and WHILE loops are introduced
in a session on string variables.
The last few sessions are devoted to
some more advanced concepts and spe-
cial aspects of Pascal— scalar data types,
sets, arrays, records and files, and recur-
sion. Here, too, the presentation is
careful, the illustrative programs are
relatively short and simple (but often
rather interesting), and things are built
up in a straightforward, logical manner
that should be easy for the beginner to
follow.
This book is not — and is not intended
to be — a reference manual for Pascal pro-
grammers, and it does not attempt to
cover some of the more advanced aspects
of Pascal programming; more progress
along those lines can be made using the
Lewis book reviewed below. Things like
Library Units, Segment Procedures, Ex-
it, Memavail, External, Chainstuff, etc.,
required for longer and more complex
procedures, are omitted, and some of the
more useful graphics procedures such as
WCHAR and WSTRING are not described.
The rather confusing binary tree proce-
dures and functions are not presented
here. But even the omissions are very
clearly listed (in Appendix C), so the
reader knows exactly what he can look
forward to learning as he gets farther into
the system.
According to the introduction, the con-
tents of this book have had a lot of testing
and revision prior to publication, and the
results of all this care are evident in the
final product. Each session starts with a
specific set of goals, proceeds through the
stepwise development of a program which
teaches the things needed to reach those
goals, summarizes what has been cov-
ered and ends with a set of questions and
problems which allow the reader to de-
cide how well he understands the materi-
al just covered. An appendix contains
suggested answers (in programming,
there is no such thing as THE ANSWER)
for all odd-numbered questions; perhaps
the only thing one might want added to
the book is some explanation of the an-
swers. When all sessions are ended, there
is a chapter entitled "Where Do You Go
from Here?" which lists reference books.
The book ends with a useful series of
appendices which detail the procedures
to be used with single or dual disk drives
as well as the usual lists of reserved
words, built-ins, ASCII values, etc. Ap-
pendix H is a detailed listing of the
specific changes in the book that would
be required if it is used with Apple Pascal
version 1.0 (rather than 1.1, for which
the book is written). It is difficult to imag-
ine anything a beginner might want to
know about the Apple version of UCSD
Pascal that has not been covered clearly
and in detail in this outstanding book.
Considering the amount of money re-
quired to obtain the hardware and soft-
ware needed to run Apple Pascal, the
$14.95 list price for the book is a tremen-
dous bargain.
Although Pascal Programming for the
Apple is also a bargain, it is definitely not
for beginners. It's an excellent sequel to
the Hands-on Approach for new Pascal
programmers when they reach the stage
at which more complex programs and
advanced techniques are needed.
Lewis has done a great service to us in-
termediate Pascal programmers by dem-
onstrating a number of ways to exploit
the impressive potential of UCSD Pascal
as implemented on the Apple II, and he
enhances this contribution by compar-
ing the advantages and disadvantages of
a number of solutions to programming
problems.
Lewis explains just what is going on in
his programs; this makes them much
easier to adapt to your own needs. Many
of those programs can be really useful for
a variety of Apple owners. For instance,
Chapter 6 contains a very attractive gen-
eral program that sets up a datafile
(stored on diskette) which provides a
screenful of instructions, prompts,
blanks, etc. A subsequent program illus-
trates the use of this menu, and a third
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Microcomputing, April1982 181
program demonstrates how the respons-
es to the prompts can be retrieved from
diskette for use in whatever data process-
ing program you might have in mind.
Perhaps this is old hat to experienced
programmers, but it will certainly
change the way I write my programs in
the future.
Other example programs calculate
mortgage interest, keep track of stock
prices, analyze real estate cash flow,
shuffle cards, etc. There is an excellent
chapter on the use of library units, seg-
ment procedures and other techniques
needed in very large programs. Much of
this is not restricted to the Apple, so it
could be useful to owners of other micro-
computers for which UCSD Pascal has
been implemented, and the final chapter
evaluating the advantages and disadvan-
tages of Pascal and Basic should be of in-
terest to all microcomputer users. For
Apple owners, there are several pro-
grams for the Pascal graphics and music
systems; although none is very exten-
sive, they all indicate some of the things
that might be done with these features of
the Apple. There are few if any errors in
the printouts of these programs; all of
them that I tested worked as soon as I
eliminated my typos. The culmination of
the book is a long (8V2 pages) program
which illustrates the use of a B-tree to
form, index and access files. This power-
ful system illustrates some of the ad-
vanced aspects of Pascal which make the
Apple II look increasingly attractive for
business and scientific uses.
This last program also illustrates a
weakness of the book. The prompts pro-
vided by the program are terse almost to
the point of being uninterpretable. This
seems to be a common problem with ad-
vanced programmers, who seem to for-
get that the program will be used by
someone who probably has no idea of the
difference between an index and a file,
and he certainly doesn't know what
name may have been entered on the disk
the last time the program was run. Lewis
provides enough information about the
programs so a more user-friendly adapta-
tion could be written rather readily, and I
hope that the reader will keep the user in
mind when writing the prompts for his
own programs.
Another weakness is the coverage of
string handling in Pascal. The im-
pressive usefulness of the system as a
text editor is ignored, and the possibility
of using the Apple Pascal system to
analyze and/or format text is not men-
tioned. There are even some errors in the
description of programming with strings.
It's inevitable in such a rapidly moving
area, but the book has already been at-
tacked by that scourge of the computer
industry, the voracious superseder. Al-
though the point is not specifically
stated, the book was obviously written
for the Apple Pascal 1.0 version, so it
necessarily omits features available in
the 1.1 system currently being sold. This
182 Microcomputing, April1982
is particularly striking in the section on
segments; the new system makes 15
(rather than seven) segments available to
the programmer, and some of the com-
piler options are a bit different.
In spite of these minor weaknesses, I
think that Pascal Programming for the
Apple is an excellent and very useful ad-
dition to the library of anyone who wants
to exploit the speed, convenience and
awesome capacity which make the Apple
Pascal system so attractive. The Hands-
On Approach and Pascal Programming
for the Apple provide a useful set which
can guide a newcomer from the begin-
ning to a rather sophisticated level of
Pascal programming.
James R. Florin!
Syracuse, NY
Beyond Gaines: Systems
Software for Your 6502
Personal Computer
Ken Skier
Byte Books
Paperback, 200 pp., $14.95
You've seen the T-shirts with the bold
proclamation: NOT PERFECT. . BUT
CLOSE. I kept thinking about that state-
ment of self-assurance as I read Ken Ski-
er's Beyond Games, an introduction to
6502 assemble-language programming.
Beyond Games is an excellent refer-
ence text because it includes tables,
terms and programs that any assembly
level programmer can use. The 6502 op
codes are presented in several forms for
reference and study: a mnemonic list, the
instruction set in hex form with mne-
monics, op codes by mnemonic and ad-
dressing mode and a chart showing
instruction execution times.
There is also an ASCII character
code list and a hexadecimal conversion
table. Beyond these quick-reference
listings, however, there are numerous
assembly-language routines which a pro-
grammer can pull out to include in larger
programs.
Beyond Games seems about evenly di-
vided between instructional text and ap-
pendices. The two sections are interde-
pendent, however. The author intro-
duces a concept, provides a short exam-
ple of how to use the idea, and then refers
the reader to the appropriate appendix
routine for a complete program. The
assembler documentation included with
each program in turn references the
appropriate chapter for a detailed discus-
sion of the material included in the
listing.
Skier does a pretty good job of intro-
ducing the 6502 architecture and ma-
chine level concepts in general. Terms
are defined in a readable, relaxed form
with excellent diagrams. I like the way
he introduces material as it is needed
without lengthy introductions. The style
is informal with many examples and
questions. In every chapter there are
many one-sentence rules, definitions and
instructions which seem to stand out
from the informal text. These rules are
put to use in the sample programs, so I
found it useful to underline them as I
came across them.
While Beyond Games is a useful refer-
ence text for anyone using the 6502 pro-
cessor, PET, Apple, OSI or Atari users
will especially like it for the numerous as-
sembly routines that will install directly
on these machines. The author's Visible
Monitor program, for example, will be
useful to anyone programming at the
machine level, but especially so to the
programmer without assembler/editor
software for his computer. When proper-
ly implemented, the Visible Monitor will
display a memory address, the contents
of that location, a graphics representa-
tion of the value and the contents of the
four 6502 registers. An up arrow below
these fields points to the current ue\d be-
ing accessed so the user may modify
these locations. Some of today's micro-
computers don't allow access to a ma-
chine-code monitor. Those that do fre-
quently give only rudimentary informa-
tion and have a cumbersome command
structure. The Visible Monitor provided
in Beyond Games should be a valuable
programming tool for any 6502 machine-
level programmer.
The major fault I find with Skier's ap-
proach is a lack of detailed information
on using assembler software to produce
the results in the book. Of course, each
type of computer uses slightly different
assembler protocol, but the 6502 MOS
technology assembler seems to be the
standard around which most are built.
I think it would be appropriate, there-
fore, to include another appendix with
assembler commands and error codes.
Another chapter with instructions on
loading the assembler software into each
computer and saving programs onto tape
would be welcome.
In general, there seems to be very little
information on how to apply a new
knowledge of assembly programming.
While the author was careful to step the
reader through learning the assembly
mnemonics and what each routine does,
he falls into the trap of assuming the
computer user knows more than he prob-
ably does about accessing the hardware
itself. Although chapter 13 does include
information on entering the programs as
Basic routines using DATA statements
and some instructions on accessing each
machine's ROM monitor, more detail
would be welcome, especially if the user
has limited machine experience.
I found only one error in the text. In
discussing the OSI C1P computer. Skier
observes that the USR routine will not
pass a value from machine code back
to Basic. In fact, OSI uses the abil-
ity to pass values between Basic and
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^See List of Advertisers on page 178
Microcomputing, April 1982 1 83
machine code and back again in many of
its own routines.
In his introduction, Skier says he de-
signed the programs he presents to be
useful, easy to use, readable, portable,
compatible, expandable, compact and
fast. Overall, I'd say he met his objectives
pretty well. The text that supports his
programs seems to fit these criteria also.
Beyond Games won't stand alone if
you get really serious about program-
ming at the machine and assembly level,
but it is an excellent tutorial for the be-
ginner and a useful reference work for the
experienced. One thing's for sure; if
you've never ventured past Basic, you'll
find machine code a marvelous adven-
ture. So, as Skier asseverates in his intro-
duction, "Read. Program. Enjoy!"
Tom Badgett
Bluefield, WV
How to Get Started
With CP/M
Carl Townsend
dilithium Press, 1981
Paperback, 140 pp., $9.95
I thought this book would be just what
the doctor ordered for the novice pro-
grammer who can't fathom the complex-
ities of the CP/M manuals. But the con-
tents do not live up to the title's promise.
In half of the ten chapters, Townsend
offers a sketchy overview of the CP/M op-
erating system. The balance of the book
covers the definition of an operating
system, hardware in a typical microcom-
puter system, care of floppy disks, word
processing, spoolers and high level lan-
guages available for CP/M. The last 42
pages are appendices.
"Your First CP/M Session," chapter 4,
takes you gently by the hand from load-
ing your new CP/M master diskette
through making two copies. The instruc-
tions assume that you have two disk
drives and that your blank disks have al-
ready been formatted. Obviously, this
may not be the case. Control codes are
described with little more information
than that furnished in the single liners of
the CP/M manuals.
After a brief introduction to file names
and wild card references, the next chap-
ter gives a few paragraphs of explanation
for each of the built-in commands: DIR
(directory), ERA(erase), REN(rename),
SAVE and TYPE(output to screen). The
USER command added by version 2.0 of
CP/M isn't mentioned.
An entire chapter is devoted to the
CP/M editor. You are given a fair idea of
what is involved in the basic creation and
modification of a text file. The PIP (copy
and transfer functions), STAT (disk and
file status) and DUMP (hexadecimal list-
ing) utilities are quickly surveyed. PIP
special control functions are listed with a
summary of the CP/M manual descrip-
tion of each function.
Appendix A is a useful summary of the
CP/M memory map, built-in commands
and utilities, control codes, editor and
PIP commands. The other appendices in-
clude lists of suppliers of hardware for
which CP/M is available, vendors of CP/M-
compatible software of various types, a
glossary, list of titles for the first 33
volumes of the CP/M User's Group soft-
ware (there are now in excess of 50 vol-
umes with information on programs on
each disk available from CPMUG) and
simple diagnostic information for a few
common problems which may occur in
using CP/M.
This book might be helpful to a poten-
tial purchaser who needs to know what a
disk operating system is. A general idea
of the major features of CP/M as a file
handling system and how it works is
given. But if you really want to get started
using CP/M, you'll be much better off
spending your money on one of the pro-
grammed learning guides. These guides
are usually more complete and enable
you to get hands-on experience in work-
ing through the various nuances of CP/M.
Charles R. Perelman
Beverly Hills, CA
microcomputing book nook
ALL NEW— FOR 80 OWNERS
ENCYCLOPEDIA FOR THE TRS-80*
ENCYCLOPEDIA FOR THE TRS-80** is
the newest peripheral for your micro-
computer. This ten-volume reference
series contains programs and articles
especially selected to extend the docu-
mentation that comes with the TRS-80.
Volumes of the Encyclopedia are being
issued one-at-a-time, approximately six
weeks apart. This means that each new
volume will reflect the latest develop-
ments in TRS-80 microcomputing.
Encyclopedia for the TRS-80 is avail-
able in two editions. The deluxe
COLLECTOR'S EDITION has a hand-
some green and black hard cover with a
dust jacket. A soft cover edition is also
available.
To order single hard cover volumes of
the Encyclopedia please specify:
Volume 1 EN8101
Volume 2 EN8102
Volume 3 (avail. Nov.) EN8103
Volume 4 (avail. Jan.) EN8104
Volume 5 (avail. Feb.) EN8105
To order single softcover volumes of the
Encyclopedia please specify:
Volume 1 EN8081
Volume 2 EN8082
Volume 3 (avail. Nov.) EN8083
Volume 4 (avail. Jan.) EN8084
Volume 5 (avail. Feb.) EN8085
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ENCYCLOPEDIA
FOR THE TRS-W
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Order the entire set (the first ten volumes)
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10 Volume deluxe hard cover
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EN8100 $164.00 postpaid
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ENCYCLOPEDIA LOADER is the
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Encyclopedia Loader.
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for
the
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EL800111 $12.95*
Additional Encyclopedia Loaders
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80 is issued. To order specify
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Volume 2
Volume 3
Volume4
Volume 5
EN8002
EN8003
EN8004
EN8005
$1
4.95*
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111
tn in ^h<?ok1,£ \ ♦ th s ™ a fla z ' ne or itemize your order on a separate piece of paper and mail to Microcomputing Book Department • Peterborough NH 03458 Be sure
mail. Please allow 4-6 weeks for delivery. Questions regarding your order? Please write to Customer Service at this address 9
FOR TOLL FREE ORDERING CALL 1 -800-258-5473
184 Microcomputing, April 1982
TEXAS COMPUTER SYSTEMS
We Offer Lowest Prices On
C COMPILER
CP/M
HDOS
Model II 64k $3248
All accessories, disk expansions and soft-
ware available at our low discount prices
Hard Disks in stock now 1 SCALL.
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48k 2 Disk RS232c $2049
Ideal system tor small business use Has tull
RS warranty Plus, for limited time with your
purchase, we are offering a FREE disk of
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$150 Can today for this special offer
$ CALL FOR PRICES $
We offer a full line of Radio Shack computers
and accessories, as well as TCS custom
computers and software.
Call now for our catalog and price list!
Color Computers
4k Level 1 $308
16k Extended Basic $459
16k Extended Basic
with TCS Memory $439
Other Color Computers & accessories at com-
petitive prices Disk Drives in stock SCALL
Epson Printers
The amazing EPSON printers with such
standard features as 12 tvoe fonts, removable
print head, complete software control, word
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All printers and interfaces in stock!
If you buy elsewhere, you'll probably pay too
much Call for our low low prices!!!
For fast, efficient service. H68ft Of we can air height from Dallas
TEXAS COMPUTER SYSTEMS
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Toll Free Number 800 433-5184
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• Payment Money order, cashiers check. • Prices subject to change any time
certified check Prices above reflect 3% cash § No tax out-of-state Texans add 5%
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Attention:
European Subscribers
Due to shipping problems in Europe, we
are asking our subscribers to send us their
most recent mailing label from Microcom-
puting. If you are unable to provide us
with a label, please send us your name and
address, and tell us at what point you are
presently in in your subscription. This in-
formation is very necessary in order to
solve a forwarding problem, so we are ask-
ing for your co-operation in this matter.
Please direct all information to: Attn:
Doris Day, Microcomputing, 80 Pine
Street, Peterborough, NH 03458.
MOVE INTO THE
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WITH THE..
Vi
AZTEC C COMPILER!
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□ EXTENSIVE RUN TIME LIBRARY WITH STANDARD 10, STRING FUNCTIONS,
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POP 1 1 cross compilers available
□ COMPILER PRODUCES ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE SOURCE THAT CAN BE
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MACRO-80 ASSEMBLER
D YES WE DO SUPPORT: static, initialized, and register variables-*- multi-
dimensional arrays + true extern support tor multi module linking and private
library support + short and unsigned datatypes-*- structures and unions-*- while,
fordo/while, switch/case, and goto-*-conditional compilation with #itdet,
#ifndef,#else,#endif-*- all C operators-*- declarations of complex datatypes
-♦-command line arguments (argcargv) -*-fopen,printf,tclose,open,close,iseek,
Jormat, . . .
□ ORDER BY PHONE OR MAIL - SPECIFY CP/M OR HDOS^NO DISK FORMAT.
IF YOU DO NOT HAVE K&R BOOK YOU SHOULD ORDER IT FOR A LANGUAGE
REFERENCE MANUAL. ADD $3 for shipping to U.S. Ixations, $5 TO CANADA,
$10 TO all other locations
AZTEC C II (AZTEC C with float and long support!
WITH K&R BOOK
AZTEC C II UPGRADE TO AZTEC C
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AZTEC C, ASSEMBLER. AND LINKER
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WITH K&R BOOK $151
AZTEC C UNIX CROSS COMPILER (PDP 11) $850
TECHNICAL SOFTWARE SYSTEMS ^
BOX 55, SHREWSBURY, N.J. 07701
(201)780-4004
NJ. residents add 5% sales tax Call or write for catalog
AZTEC C is a trademark of MANX Software Systems
CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research
UNIX is a trademark of Bell Labs
• See List of Advertisers on page 178
Microcomputing, April 1982 185
NEW PRODUCTS
Edited by Linda Stephenson
Sanyo Is Running with CP/M
Computer Access for the Handicapped
Add-Ons for IBM PC
Versatile
Business Micros
Sanyo Business Systems
Corp., 51 Joseph St., Moon-
achie, NJ 07074, has intro-
duced three new desktop
computers. All are supplied
with CP/M, Sanyo-Basic, diag-
nostics and utilities. All have
graphics capability, detach-
able keyboard, number pad,
programmable function keys
and a video display.
The FDS- 1000 includes one
floppy disk drive and can run
with three additional drives. It
is built around a Z-80A micro-
processor. Price is $1995.
The MBC-2000, priced at
$3495, includes two 328K-
byte drives with capacity for
two additional drives for a
total of 1.3M bytes. The
MBC-3000 offers two 1Mbyte
drives with add-on capacity
for a total of 4M bytes; price is
$6495. Both MBC-2000 and
MBC-3000 use the 8085A
microprocessor chip. Reader
Service number 464.
Take Along
Your Apple
A power supply upgrade
package for Apple II micro-
computers lets users take
their system just about any-
where. Apple-Up is installed
through a Cuesta Systems
factory service program: A 12
V dc battery-powered inverter
is incorporated into the stan-
dard power supply: modifica-
tions to a circuit board, instal-
lation of the inverter module
and addition of a rear-
mounted plug with mating
connector are included. A
buzzer warns when the bat-
tery needs recharging. Price
for the Apple-Up unit is $195.
plus shipping and handling.
Cuesta Systems, Inc.. 3440
Roberto Court, San Luis
Obispo, CA 93401. Reader
Service number 465.
Communication
Tool Provides
Computer Input
The Omni communications
system is available from Com-
munications Research Corp.,
1720 130th Ave. N.E..
Bellevue. WA 98005. Omni is
a fully portable communica-
tion aid for the non-vocal or
vocally impaired severely
handicapped person, and a
computer keyboard substi-
tute for people with impaired
dexterity. The Omni system
includes a display board. LCD
readout, hard copy printout.
16K programmable memory,
remote environmental con-
trol, audible alarm, voice
synthesizer, typewriter inter-
face and computer aeeess.
The display board com-
municates seleeted messages
in the form of printed words,
phrases, symbols or pictures.
Environmental control
enables the user to turn on
and off electrical equipment.
The emergency alarm will
automatically sound if the
switching device is held in an
open position. An RS-232 port
allows interfacing with miero-
Three new business micros from Sanyo.
186 Microcomputing, April1982
JUDGE THE REST, THEN BUY THE BEST
Only GIMIX offers you SOFTWARE SWITCHING between MICROWARE's OS-9 and TSC's
FLEX. Plus you get the power of the GMXBUG system monitor with its advanced debugging
utility, and memory manipulation routines. A wide variety of languages and other software is
available for these two predominant 6809 Disk Operating Systems.
You can order a system to meet your needs, or select from the 6809 Systems featured below.
JUDGE THE FEATURES AND QUALITY OF GIMIX 6809 SYSTEMS
GIMIX' CLASSY CHASSIS™ is a heavyweight aluminum mainframe cabinet with back panel cutouts to conveniently connect your terminals, printers, drives, monitors,
etc. A 3 position keyswitch lets you lock out the reset switch. The power supply features a ferro-resonant constant voltage transformer that supplies 8V at 30 amps, + 15V at
5 amps, and - 15V at 5 amps to insure against problems caused by adverse power input conditions. It supplies power for all the boards in a fully loaded system plus two
5 V* " drives (yes 1 even a Winchester) that can be installed in the cabinet. The Mother board has fifteen 50 pin and eight 30 pin slots to give you the most room for expansion
of any SS50 system available 11 standard baud rates from 75 to 38. 4K are provided and the I/O section has its own extended addressing to permit the maximum memory
address space to be used The 2 Mhz 6809 CPU card has both a time of day clock with battery back-up and a 6840 programmable timer. It also contains 1K RAM. 4
PR0M/R0M/RAM sockets, and provides for an optional 951 1 A or 9512 Arithmetic Processor The RAM boards use high speed, low power STATIC memory that is fully com-
patible with any DMA technique. STATIC RAM requires no refresh timing, no wait states or clock stretching, and allows fast, reliable operation. The system includes a 2 port
RS232 serial interface and cables. All GIMIX boards use gold plated bus connectors and are fully socketed. GIMIX designs, manufactures, and tests in-house its complete
line of products. All boards are twice tested, and burned in electrically to insure reliability and freedom from infant mortality of component parts. All systems are assembled
and then retested as a system after being configured to your specific order.
56KB 2MHZ 6809 SYSTEMS WITH GMXBUX/FLEX/OS-9 SOFTWARE SELECTABLE
With #58 single density disk controller $2988.59
With #68 DMA double density disk controller $3248.49
to substitute Non-volatile CMOS RAM with battery back-up, add $150.00
for 50 Hz export power supply models, add 30.00
Either controller can be used with any combination of 5" and/or 8" drives, up to 4 drives total, have data recovery
circuits (data separators), and are designed to fully meet the timing requirements of the controller I.C.s.
5 14 M DRIVES INSTALLED IN THE ABOVE with all necessary cables
Chart shows total
capacity in Bytes for
2 drives.
Contact GIMIX for price and availability of 8" floppy disk drives and cabinets; and 5" and 8" Winchester hard disk system.
SINGLE DENSITY
DOUBLE
DENSITY
Formatted
Unformatted
Formatted
Unformatted
40 track (48TPI) single sided
199.680
250.000
341.424
500.000
2 for $700 00
40 track (48TPI) double sided
399.360
500.000
718.848
1.000.000
2 for 900.00
80 track (96TPI) single
404.480
500.000
728.064
1.000.000
2 for 900 00
80 track (96TPI) double
808.960
1.000.000
1.456.128
2.000.000
2 for 1300 00
$3798.39
$300.00
. . . $638.67
. . . $798.64
30.00
128KB 2Mhz 6809 DMA Systems for use with TSC's UNIFLEX or MICROWARES's OS-9 Level 2
(Software and drives not included)
to substitute 128KB CMOS RAM with battery back-up, add
for each additional 64KB NMOS STATIC RAM board, add
for each additional 64KB CMOS STATIC RAM board, add
for 50 Hz export power supply, add
NOTE: UNIFLEX can not be used with 5" minifloppy drives.
GIMIX has a wide variety of RAM, ROM, Serial and Parallel I/O, Video, Graphics, and other SS50 bus cards that
can be added now or in the future. Phone or write for more complete information and brochure.
THE SUN NEVER SETS ON GIMIX USERS
GIMIX Systems are found on every continent, except Antarctica. (Any users there? If so, please contact GIMIX so we can
change this.) A representative group of GIMIX users includes: Government Research and Scientific Organizations in
Australia, Canada, U.K., and in the U.S.; NASA, Oak Ridge, White Plains, Fermilab, Argonne, Scripps, Sloan Kettering,
Los Alamos National Labs. AURA. Universities: Carleton, Waterloo, Royal Military College, in Canada; Trier in Germany; and
in the U.S.; Stanford, SUNY, Harvard, UCSD, Mississippi, Georgia Tech. Industrial users in Hong Kong, Malaysia, South
Africa, Germany, Sweden, and in the U.S.; GTE, Becton Dickinson, American Hoechst, Monsanto, Allied, Honeywell, Perkin
Elmer, Johnson Controls, Associated Press, Aydin, Newkirk Electric, Revere Sugar, HI-G/AMS Controls, Chevron. Computer
mainframe and peripheral manufacturers, IBM, OKI, Computer Peripherals Inc., Qume, Floating Point Systems. Software
houses; Microware, T.S.C., Lucidata, Norpak, Talbot, Stylo Systems, AAA, HHH, Frank Hogg Labs, Epstein Associates,
Softwest, Dynasoft, Research Resources U.K., Microworks, Analog Systems, Computerized Business Systems.
GIMIX Systems are chosen by the Pros
because of quality, reliability and features.
TO ORDER BY MAIL
SEND CHECK OR MONEY ORDER OR USE YOUR VISA OR MASTER CHARGE Please allow 3 weeks for personal checks to clear
U S orders add $5 handling if order s under $200 00 Foreign orders add $10 handling if order is under $200 00
Foreign orders over $200 00 will be shipped via Emery Air Freight COLLECT, and we will charge no handling All orders must be prepaid in US
funds Please note that foreign checks have been taking about 8 weeks for collection so we would advise winng money, or checks drawn on a
bank account in the U S Our bank is the Continental Illinois National Bank of Chicago, account #73-32033 Visa or Master Charge also accepted
GIMIX INC reserves the right to change pacing and product specifications at any time without further notice
GIMIX- i'c GHOST' are registered trademarks ot GIMIX Inc O 1981 GIMIX Inc
FLEX AND Umflex are trademarks of Technical Systems
Consultants Inc 0S-9 is a trademark of Microware Inc See their ads for
other GIMIX compatible software
Gimix
inc.
The Company that delivers
Quality Electronic products since 1975.
1337 WEST 37th PLACE, CHICAGO, IL 60609
(31 2) 927-551 • TWX 91 0-221 -4055
^See List of Advertisers on page 178
Microcomputing, April1982 187
HAVE WE
GOT A PROGRAM
FOR YOU IN'82
Over 150,000 computer owners and novices attended the 1981
National Computer Shows and Office Equipment Expositions,
and more than a quarter of a million are expected to be at the
1982 shows.
Each show features hundreds of companies using thousands
of square feet of display space to showcase and sell millions of dollars
worth of micro and mini computers, data and word processing equipment,
peripherals, accessories, supplies and software.
Under one roof you'll see — and be able to buy — all of the hardware
and software made by every major computer manufacturer for busi-
ness, industry, government, education, home and personal use.
The show includes computers costing as little as $100 to com-
puters selling for $150,000.
Don't miss the coming of the new computers — show up for
the show. Admission is $5 per person and $3 for children.
Ticket Information
Send $5 with the name of the show you
plan to attend to National Computer
Shows, 824 Boylston Street. Chestnut
Hill, Mass. 02167 Tickets can also be
purchased at the show
THE
MID'HTLHNTIC
- COMPUTER -
SOUTHWEST
COMPUTER
SHOW
Dallas
Dallas Market Hall
Thursday-Sunday
April 15-18, 1982
11 AM to 6 PM Daily
DIRECTIONS:
2200 STEMMONS FREEWAY
(AT INDUSTRIAL BLVD)
THE
YORK
- COMPUTER -i
SHOW
Uniondale, Long Island
Nassau Coliseum
Thursday-Sunday
April 22-25, 1982
11 AM to 6 PM Daily
DIRECTIONS: TAKE L.I. EXPWY
TO EXIT 38 NO. STATE PKWY
TO EXIT 31A MEADOWBROOK
PKWY SO. TO EXIT M5
HEMPSTEAD TURNPIKE
THE
m CITIES
*_*_?
t &.:
SHOW
Minneapolis
Minn. Auditorium
& Convention Hall
Third Avenue
Thursday-Sunday
September 16-19, 1982
11 AM to 6 PM Daily
DIRECTIONS: HWY 94 to
11th St Exit to Third Ave
Washington, DC
DC Armory /Starplex
Across from RFK Stadium
Thursday-Sunday
October 28-31, 1982
11 AM to 6 PM Daily
DIRECTIONS:
2001E.CAPITOLST.SE
(E. CAPITOL ST. EXIT OFF I-295
— KENILWORTH FRWY)
TH!
MID
COMPUTER
SHOW
Chicago
(Arlington Heights)
Arlington Park Racetrack
Exhibition Center
Thursday-Sunday
November 5-7, 1982
11 AM to 6 PM Daily
DIRECTIONS: EUCLID AVE &
WILKE RD. TAKE NW TOLLWAY
TO RTE 53 EXIT AT
EUCLID AVE EAST
NORTHEAST
COMPUTER
SHOW
Boston
Hynes Auditorium/
Prudential Center
Thursday-Sunday
November 11-14, 1982
11 AM to 6 PM Daily
DIRECTIONS: TAKE MASS
PIKE TO PRUDENTIAL
CENTER EXIT
THE
SOUTHEAST
COMPUTER
SHOW
Atlanta
Atlanta Civic Center
Thursday-Sunday
December 9-12, 1982
11 AM to 6 PM Daily
DIRECTIONS:
395 PIEDMONT AVE NE
(AT RALPH McGILL BLVD)
The National Computer Shows are produced by Northeast Expositions Inc. who also produce Electronica — shows featuring home entertainment equipment and personal
electronics — which are held annually in major US cities. NEI also produces the Applefest Shows. For more information about any of these events call us at 617-739-2000
or write to the above address.
188 Microcomputing, April1982
The Omni communications system from CRC.
computers, and the system
will substitute for the com-
puter keyboard to input func-
tions and data. The read-
er/printer attachment pro-
vides alphabetic interpreta-
tion of symbols or pictures.
The LCD lets the user proof
script before transfer to hard
copy. Reader Service number
472.
68000
Microcomputer
The Fortune 32: 16 includes
a 32-bit microprocessor with a
16-bit data path, expandable
memory, floppy disk drive,
keyboard and 12-inch video
display. The microcomputer
features an operating system
derived from the UNIX sys-
tem and has a full range of
business software. The For-
tune 32:16 supports Basic,
Cobol, Fortran, Pascal and C.
The 99-key keyboard is light-
weight and removable for
convenient word and data
processing input. The basic
configuration is priced at
$4995.
Fortune Systems Corp.,
1501 Industrial Road, San
Carlos. CA 94070. Reader
Service number 466.
Dot Matrix
The Axiom GP100 impact
printer uses standard fanfold
paper up to 9 l /2 inches in
width. It will mix dot graph-
Trie Fortune 32:16 68000-based microcomputer.
See List of Advertisers on page 178
WE'VE GOT
GOOD NEWS.
AND WE'VE GOT
BAD NEWS.
First, the good news:
Introducing the RBTE-80,™ our Remote
Batch Terminal Emulator that enables an
SB-80™ or any CP/M-80® compatible com-
puter to interact with an IBM main frame*
and perform just like an IBM terminal.
Now, the bad news:
End-users can now choose between
buying your expensive IBM terminal or our
inexpensive RBTE-80 program.
For more details on RBTE-80, distributed
exclusively and fully supported by Lifeboat
Associates, mail the coupon.
Lifeboat Worldwide offers you the world's
largest library of software from its offices in the
U.S.A., Japan, U.K., Switzerland, W. Germany,
and France.
•Or any other computer terminal using IBM Bisync protocols, such as IBM
2770. IBM 2780. IBM 2968. IBM 3741 or IBM 3780 remote batch terminal.
Mail to: Lifeboat Associates, 1651 Third Ave., NY,
NY 10028 or call (212) 860-0300 or TWX 710-581-2524
(LBSOFT NYK)
D Please send details on RBTE-80.™
□ Please send a free Lifeboat Software Desk Reference.™
^78
Name
Title.
Company.
Street
City.
State
Zip
Software Desk Reference, SB-80 and RBTE-80 are
trademarks of Lifeboat Associates.
CP/M-80 is a registered trademark of Digital
Research, Inc.
Software With
Full Support
lifeboat Associates
World's foremost software source.
2416
Copyright © 1982, by Lifeboat Associates.
Microcomputing, April 1982 189
60 N. 300 WEST PROVO UTAH
n . TT 84601
UJIIjIj: (801)377-2247
t
Industrial Computer System — $2695.00
A rugged Z80A system suited for tough applications. Uses 'CP/M operating
system, allowing use of thousands of CP/M compatable business, industrial
and hobby software programs now available. This computer features:
• Z80A Processor!
• 2 Serial Ports!
• 2 8" Double Sided, Double
Density Disks, 1 Meg each.!
• 8 Slot - S100 Buss! w
• 64K Dynamic RAM!
EPROM Burner on Board!
(needs rom kit for operation)
• Just add terminal for
working system!
QUME SHUGART ACCESSORY SPECIAL!
New disk drives in boxes.
8" Single Sided $465.00
8"Double Sided 575.00
Terminal Cables (RS232) . 24.95
2716 EPROMS 4.50
4164 Dyn RAMs 10.50
Misc. 8" Floppy Disks (call)
ROM kit for industrial computer which allows programming of 2716 EPROMS,
kit includes 1 personality ROM, 1 2K X 8 RAM, 1 2K Monitor - $60.00
Control Computer Board Bonanza! Special on zsoAfuii slave sioo
beard. This is a complete, one board computer to do your slave programs
allowing your master computer to run other programs. Slave interupts master
only when something needs attention. Contains Z80A, 2K 2716 EPROM, 2K of
static RAM, 25 buffered control lines. Use for control of toasters, coffee pots,
sprinklers, stereos. N.C. Mills, nuclear power plants, printers, disk drives, tape
drives, or just about anything! Comes programmed to run a SA1 000 Hard Disk.
Comes with spec, sheet and program examples - $230.00!!!
Fast Dot Matrix Printers
INFOSCRIBE 175 CPS with
factory warranty. 135 column for
wide computer paper. These are
full sized printers suited for
heavy use, not "Hobby"
printers!!! Bi-directional
operation. Form tractor feed.
Condensed print. RS232 hook- ^237
up with options - $995.00!!!
'CP/M Trademark of Digital Research
The Axiom GPlOOdot matrix printer.
ics, alphanumeric characters
and double-width characters
within a single line. Axiom's
unique Uni-Hammer design
makes the GP 100 smaller and
simpler than other dot matrix
printers. Price is $389.
Axiom Corp., 1014 Gris-
wold Ave., San Fernando, CA
91340. Reader Service num-
ber 467.
EPROM/PROM
Programmer
Zero hardware redundancy
might make the new P&E Pro-
grammer your best choice If
you already have needed ter-
minals and power supplies.
Terminal strips connect the
Programmer— a compact PC
board— to RS-232 I/O devices,
power supply and computer.
The Programmer is Z-80-
based. with 4K bytes of RAM
and firmware in two 2716
EPROMs. Protocols for 15
standard TI and Intel PROMs
and EPROMs are internal.
Adapting to a new PROM
takes only a few sec-
onds—just drop DIP-sized
wire-wrapped headers (which
you have made or bought) in-
to two zero-insertion-force
sockets. Programmer costs
$450.
P&E Microcomputer Sys-
tems, PO Box 2044, Woburn.
MA 01888. Reader Service
number 468.
High Capacity
Disks and Drives
Brown Disc Manufacturing.
Inc., 1015 Garden of the Gods
P&E EPROM/PROM Programmer.
190 Microcomputing, April 1982
Ultrahigh-density floppies from Brown Disc Manufacturing. Inc. team up with the unique Amlyn drive system for up to 8M bytes
of on-line storage.
Road, Colorado Springs. CO
80919, produces ultrahigh-
density floppy disks for the
new drive technology. The
disks are manufactured using
a spin-coating technique
similar to that used for rigid
disk media. Browns UHR I
disk provides 150-200 track-
per-inch recording capability,
for use with the Amlyn
Corp.'s high-capacity drives.
The VHR 1 floppy disk pro-
vides 96 tpi data storage.
Sample disks are $10 each.
Reader Service number 47 1 .
Amlyn Corp., 1758-H Junc-
tion Ave.. San Jose, CA
951 12. offers 5 l A -inch floppy
disk drives that employ an In-
tel 805 1 microprocessor and a
unique disk cartridge to pro-
vide up to 8M bytes of data
storage. The cartridge holds
five spin-coated high-resolu-
tion disks: an articulating
selector device removes the
addressed disk and loads it on
the drive spindle. Users can
easily change an entire car-
tridge or individual disks. The
Amlyn 5850 is functionally
compatible with controllers
that interface to the Shugart
SA850 double-sided, double-
density Maxi-Drive: the model
A506 is compatible with
controllers that interface to
the Seagate Technology
ST506 Winchester drive. The
new MiniPac drives are
designed for backup of small-
to medium-sized hard disks
and for on-line use. Price for
the Amlyn 5850 is $1250; the
Model A506 is $1280. Reader
Service number 470.
Protect
Your Keyboard
The Plexa-lok clear acrylic
cover slips up and over the
Apple II keyboard and then
gently snaps into position. It
protects the keyboard from
dust and spills when the com-
puter is not in use, and lets
you leave the power on for
extended periods without af-
fecting air circulation — you
can take a break without
worry about visitors acciden-
tally destroying hours of
work. Price is $19.95.
Last Electronics, PO Box
1300, San Andreas. CA
95249. Reader Service
number 469.
Micro-Sci Offers
Alternative to
Apple Disk II
Micro-Sci's model A2
5V4 -inch drive is fully compat-
ible with the Apple II control-
ler. The A2 can also be pur-
chased with a Micro-Sci A2
controller to provide a com-
plete A2 subsystem. Any
combination of A2s and Disk
lis with either type of con-
troller will run, providing full
system-level compatibility at
lower cost. Software support
The Plexa-lok cover from Last Electronics.
Micro-Sci's A2 floppy disk drive.
Microcomputing, April1982 191
Announcing JRT PASCAL Version 2.
As the name implies, it's PASCAL refined —
the second generation. Here's why:
■No limit on program size— separately compiled
external procedures are auto-loaded
■No limits of size of procedures, nesting levels
or recursion
■14 digit precision arithmetic, no conversion errors,
exponents from -64 to +63
■Dynamic strings up to 64K bytes
■Verbal error messages, dynamic trace, assembly code
■True dynamic storage with auto-compression
■All new 110 page user manual
■One-step compiler for CP/M* systems
If you're considering any PASCAL, seriously
consider JRT PASCAL Version 2 before you buy.
Another advanced programming product from
JRT Systems, it's ready for you now.
$Z95 Order from:
JRT SYSTEMS
• 284
Dept. 1a
P.O. Box 22365, 1891 -23rd Avenue
San Francisco, CA 94122
"CP/M is a trademark ol Digital Research
DISK DRIVE WOES?
PRINTER INTERACTION?
MEMORY LOSS?
ERRATIC OPERATION?
Don't ^ ^ so
Blame The ^>\
Software! %£>
Power Line Spikes. Surges & B^^ ISO 2
Hash could be the culprit! Pat #4 259 705 ^
Floppies, printers, memory & processor often interact! Our
patented ISOLATORS eliminate equipment interaction AND curb
damaging Power Line Spikes, Surges and Hash. Guaranteed!
• ISOLATOR (ISO-1) 3 filter isolated 3 prong sockets; integral
Surge/Spike Suppression; 1875 W Maximum load, 1 KW load
anv socket $69.95
• ISOLATOR (ISO-2) 2 filter isolated 3-prong socket banks; (6
sockets total); integral Spike/Surge Suppression; 1875 W Max
load, 1 KW either bank $69.95
• SUPER ISOLATOR (ISO-3) similar to ISO 1 except double
isolation & Suppression $104.95
• SUPER ISOLATOR (ISO-1 1) similar to ISO-2 except double
isolation & Suppression $104.95
• MAGNUM ISOLATOR (ISO-1 7) 4 Quad Isolated sockets; For
ULTRASENSITIVE Systems $181.95
• CIRCUIT BREAKER, any model (Add-CB) Add $9.00
• CKT BRKR/SWITCH/PILOT (CBS) Add $17.00
AT YOUR MasterCard, Visa, American Express
DEALERS ORDER TOLL FREE 1 800 225-4876
(except AK, HI, PR & Canada)
L±iJ Electronic Specialists, Inc. ' 93
171 South Mam Street. Natick. Mass 01760
Technical & Non-800: 1-617-655-1532
Tecmar's PC-Mate expansion chassis is styled to match the
IBM Personal Computer
includes compatibility with
DOS 3.2, DOS 3.3, Pascal and
CP/M. Micro-Scis A2 with
controller is priced at $579,
without controller $479.
Micro-Sci, 17742 Irvine
Blvd., Suite 205, Tustin, CA
92680. Reader Service
number 474.
Expansion
Options for IBM PC
PC-Mate, a product line of
more than 20 options for the
IBM Personal Computer, is
currently available from Tec-
mar, Inc., 23600 Mercantile
Road. Cleveland, OH 44122.
The line includes an expan-
sion chassis, Winchester disk.
64/128/192/256K byte RAM
cards, system clock/calendar
with battery backup, digital-
to-analog and analog-to-dig-
ital converters, voice synthe-
sizer and other devices.
Reader Service number 478.
Micro/Mini
Digital Equipment Corp..
Maynard, MA 01754. has an-
nounced the first of a series of
chip-level PDP- 1 1 micropro-
cessors for use in personal
computers. The Micro/T- 1 1
chip is a 16-bit micropro-
cessor with a base-level
PDP-1 1 instruction set; it can
be operated with various in-
dustry standard devices with
The Micro/T- 1 1 microprocessor from Digital is shown with a
I magnified view of its internal circuits.
192 Microcomputing, Apri/1982
MultiTech Systems' MT500 microcomputer system.
a user-selectable 16- or eight-
bit data bus. Application pro-
grams can be developed for
Micro/T-11 on the PDP-11
minicomputer or on micro-
computer systems using
Macro 1 1 assembly language.
Programmers familiar with
PDP-11 programming at the
assembly level can generate
programs for Micro/T- 1 1 with-
out specialized training.
Reader Service number 477.
New Micro with
CP/M
The MT500 provides both
data and word processing for
business and scientific appli-
cations. This Z-80A-based
computer features 64K bytes
of RAM, two integral 5 Winch
floppy disk drives and Win-
chester hard disk storage of
5M bytes. Video display and
S- 100 expansion are built in.
Options include letter quality
or high speed printers and
103- or 212A-compatible
modems. Prices range from
$4795 to $7995, depending
on storage options.
Multi-Tech Systems, Inc.,
82 Second Ave. S.E., New
Brighton, MN 55112. Reader
Service number 479.
RAM-Pack Micro
Casio's new FX-9000P
personal computer features
full 67-key keyboard and CRT
built into a compact unit. A
separate numeric keypad and
mathematical functions in-
cluding standard deviation,
regression analysis and cor-
relation coefficient provide
Super/Net S-100 board from Advanced Micro Digital Corp.
convenience in statistical
management. High-resolu-
tion graphics simplify anal-
ysis of experimental results
and business data. The FX-
9000P can be expanded up to
32K bytes of user memory.
The basic unit comes with
one 4K slot-in RAM pack.
Price is $1199.
Casio, Inc., 15 Gardner
Road, Fairfield, NJ 07006.
Reader Service number 481.
Complete System on
A Single S-lOO
Board
An S-100 single board com-
puter has been introduced by
Advanced Micro Digital Corp.,
7201 Garden Grove Blvd.,
Suite E, Garden Grove, CA
92641. Super/Net has 64K
bytes of bank-select dynamic
RAM, a Z-80A CPU. a 2716
2K monitor EPROM, 5 l /4-and
eight-inch floppy disk control-
ler, two serial and two parallel
interface ports and a Z-80A
CTC for real-time interrupts;
full DMA operation is sup-
ported. Super/Net meets
IEEE-696 specifications and
operates under both CP/M and
MP/M software. The single-
board design requires less
power and costs less to pro-
duce than the traditional four-
board S-100 design; it allows
the addition of more user-de-
fined options at a lower cost. It
can also be used as a bus mas-
ter in a multi-user system.
Price is $1125. Reader Ser-
vice number 480.
Three in a Row
Centronics Data Computer
Corp., Hudson, NH 03051, of-
fers the Printstation 350 series
The Casio FX-9000P microcomputer provides on-line storage in 4K-byte RAM cartridges.
Microcomputing, April 1982 193
AP101 Apple II with Single Disk Drive $109
AP102 Apple II with Double Disk Drives 119
AP103 Apple II, 9 inch Monitor & Double Drives . . 129
AP104 Apple ///, two additional Drives & Silentype 139
AP105 12 inch monitor plus accessories 99
RS201 TRS-80 Model I, Expansion Unit & Drives . . 109
RS202 TRS-80 Monitor or TV set 84
RS204 TRS-80 Model III 129
RS205 Radio Shack Color Computer 89
AT301 Atari Computer & Accessories 109
P401 Paper Tiger 440/445/460 99
P402 Centronics 730/737 Line Printer ll/IV 89
P403 Epson MX70 or MX80 89
P404 Epson MX100 99
CC90 Matching Attache Case 75
compuTer case company ^
5650 INDIAN MOUND CT. COLUMBUS, OHIO 43213 (614) 868-9464
Centronics Printstation 350.
of industrial-grade matrix print-
ers. All models handle cut-
sheet, fan-fold and tear-off
forms. Eight resident charac-
ter sets and 1 10/200 V opera-
tion permit international use
of these printers. Pin-address-
able graphics, 200 cps print
speed, self-test diagnostics
and bidirectional logic-seek-
ing printing are included. The
Printstation 350 was de-
signed to be customized for
special needs. The Printsta-
tion 352 provides data-pro-
cessing quality printing and is
priced at $1795. The Printsta-
tion 353, which can also pro-
vide high-resolution word
processing with multipass
functioning, is $2495. Reader
Service number 482.
IAS and CP/M™
Our Integrated Accounting System (IAS) has always been a good value, but
wait until you see the latest version. And, it's now available for the CP/M™
operating system, too. Some of the features include:
Custom Chart of Accounts with a more flexible numbering system and 25
character account names. Improved financial reports, including an Income
Statement with percent-of-sales figures. An expanded and more flexible check
register. Expanded account names in AR and AP. AR incorporates a modified
open-item, balance-forward account system with invoicing and statements.
AP has a more flexible check writing program as does the PR subsystem. The
GL. AP and PR check writing programs all are formatted for the same NEBS
checks so you don't need three different types of checks. The AR invoicing and
statement programs are also formatted for NEBS forms. All programs use our
exclusive Skip-Sequential file structure for improved speed and disk effi-
ciency. The user's manual has been expanded and includes sample printouts
from most programs, and is written for the non-programmer.
The General Ledger is $1 50.00 and may be used as a stand-alone system. The
AR, AP and PR subsystems require the GL subsystem for proper operation. GL
plus one subsystem is $250 00; GL plus two subsystems is $325.00 and the
complete package is $395.00. NOTE: the new IAS requires a 24 *
cursor-addressable terminal. 48K of memory and one 8" or two bV*~ disk
drives. CP/M™ users must have the SoHo Group's Matchmaker, which we
will provide free to the first 1 00 buyers of the complete IAS package ($11 0.00
value). Matchmaker may otherwise be ordered with any IAS subsystem for
$75.00.
The IAS operator's manual may be purchased for $25.00 (credited towards
purchase). Please specify 8" SD (soft sectored) or 5V«" North Star disk and
CRT type when ordering.
CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research.
master charge
TMC INTERBANK CARD
ECOSOFT ^82
P.O. Box 68602
Indianapolis, IN 46268
(317) 283 8883
is HARD COPY STORAGE a problem?
MICROCOMPUTING, as thick as
more like a floppy when it comes to stand-
ing on the bookshelf. Try the MICROCOM-
PUTING Library Shelf Boxes . . sturdy cor-
rugated white dirt-resistant cardboard
boxes which will keep them from flopping
around. We have self-sticking labels for
the boxes, too, not only for MICROCOM-
PUTING, but also for 73 Magazine, 80
MICROCOMPUTING and for CQ, QST,
Ham Radio, Personal Computing, Radio Electronics, Interface Age,
and Byte. Ask for whatever stickers you want with your box order.
They hold a full year of MICROCOMPUTING, 80 MICROCOMPUTING
... or 73 Magazine. Your magazine library is your prime reference;
keep it handy and keep it neat with these strong library shelf boxes.
One box (BX- 1 000) is $2.00, 2-7 boxes (BX- 1 OO I ) are $ 1 .50 each,
and eight or more boxes (BX- 1 002) are $ 1 .25 each. Be sure to specify
which labels we should send. Have your credit card handy and call our
toll-free order number 800-258-5473, or use the order card in the
back of the magazine and mail to:
kilobaud
TM
MICROCOMPUTING
Peterborough nh 03458
Att: Book Sales
Shipping & Handling: $2.00 per order
$10.00 foreign airmail
194 Microcomputing, April 1982
CRT CONTROLLER
6522 APPLE II INTERFACE
81-260
u
SLIM"
JBE I MICROCOMPUTER
This intelligent CRT Controller
uses an 8085A CPU & an 8275 In-
tegrated CRT Controller, it
features:
• 25lines(80char./line)
• 5x7 dot matrix
• Upper & lower case
• Two 2716's (controller & char,
generator)
• Serial interface RS232 & TTL
• Baud rates of 1 1 0, 1 50, 300, 600,
1200, 2400, 4800 and 9600
• Keyboard scanning system
• Unencoded keyboard required
• Uses + 5V & ± 12V Power Sup-
plies
• Does not have graphic
capabilities.
Documentation includes program
listing and composite video cir-
cuit.
Bare Board only
(with doc) $39.95
2716Char.Gen.A7 $19.95
2716 Program A 12 $19.95
The J BE 6522 Paral lei I nterf ace for
the Apple II Computer, plugs
directly into any slot 1 through 7 in
the Apple. This card has 2 6522
VIA's that provide:
• Four 8 bit bi-directional I/O
ports
• Four 16 bit programmable
timer/counters
• Serial shift registers
• Handshaking
A 74LS05 is for timing. Four 16 pin
sockets provide easy connections
to other peripheral devices. (Dip
jumpers with ribbon cables are
also available from J BE) The 6522
Parallel I/O card interfaces to the
JBE EPROM programmer.
Understanding of machine
language required to use this
board. Inputs and outputs are TTL
compatible.
79-295A
79-295K
79-295B
$69.95 Assembled
$59.95 Kit
$19.95 Bare board
AD CONVERTER
SPEECH SYNTHESIZERS
P*
JBEs 16 channel A-D Converter plugs in-
to your Apple II computer. It uses an
ADC081 7 which incorporates a 1 6 chan-
nel multiplexer and an 8 bit A-D Con-
verter. The 16 inputs are high Im-
pedance and the voltage range is to
5.12 volts. Conversion time is<100^sec.
The resolution is 8 bits or 250 steps,
linearity is ± 1/2 step. Two 16 pin DIP
sockets are used for input, GND &
reference voltage connections. There
are3singlebitTTLinputs.DOC. Includes
sample program.
81-132AAssm. $89.95
81-132KKit 1 $69.95
81 -1326 Bare Board ■ $29.95
EPROM PROGRAMMER
JBE's EPROM Programmer Is designed
to program 5V 2516's, 2532*s & 2716's. It
interfaces to the JBE Parallel I/O card
using four ribbon cables. An LED in-
dicates when the EPROM is being pro-
grammed. A textooi zero insertion force
socket is used for the EPROM. Comes
with complete documentation for
writing and reading EPROM's in the Ap-
ple II or Apple tl Plus. Cables available
separately.
80-244 A Assm. $49.95
80-244KKit $39.95
80-244 B Bare Board $24.95
PARTS
6502 MPU
6522 VIA
Z-80MPU
Z-80PIO
TW02114RAM
2716
50pinconn.
DipJumper2ft.
$9.95
$9.95
$9.95
$9.95
$9.95
$14.95
$5.95
$4.95
JBEs Speech Synthesizers use
the Votrax SC-01 Phoneme Syn-
thesizer chip. The SC-01
phonetically synthesizes con-
tinuous speech of unlimited
vocabulary. The SC-01 contains64
different phonemes and 4 levels of
inflection accessed by an 8 bit
code. It requires 10 Bytes per se-
cond for continuous speech. Both
boards have an audio amp for
direct connection to an 8 ohm
speaker.
Documentation includes basic
user programs, a phoneme chart
and listing of coded words to help
you get started. Documentation
for the Apple II® Speech Syn-
thesizer includes a disk with many
user programs.
81-088 Apple II Speech
Synthesizer $139.95
81-120 Parallel Input Speech
Synthesizer $149.95
Prices Include the SC-01 Chip
SC-01 sold separately for $ 75.95
EPROM EXPANSION CARD
JBE EPROM Expander for the Apple II
holds six 5V 2716s for a total of 12K
bytes of EPROM. This board takes the
place of the on board ROM in the Apple.
It is software switchable by the same
technique used by the Apple II firmware
card. Solder jumpers are for reset to the
Apple ROM or EPROM Expansion Card.
Use JBE EPROM Programmer and
Parallel I/O to program your EPROMs.
EPROMs sold separately.
81-085AAssm.
81-085KKit
81 -085 B Bare Board
$59.95
$49.95
$39.95
Single board large scale Integra-
tion Microcomputer. This 4.5 x 6.5
board uses the 6502
Microprocessor, two 6522 VIA's,
four 2114 RAM's, 2516, 2716 or
2532 EPROM. The fully buffered
22/44 pin bus is similar to the
KIM® , SYM® , and AIM® expan-
sion connector. The four 8 bit I/O
ports connect through 16 pin dip
sockets. This board was designed
for control and is ideal for Per-
sonal and OEM use.
6502 MPU
Two 6522 VIA's
Four 21 14 RAM's (2K bytes)
One EPROM 2516 or 2532
Crystal clock 1 Mhz
Requires 5V1 AMP P
4.5 x 6.5 card
Power on reset
Fully buffered-expandable
Solder mask-both sides
Use your Apple II Computer, JBE
6522 Parallel Interface card and
EPROM Programmer as a
development system for SLIM.
Pricesi
81-260A $199.95 Assembled
81-260K $149.95 Kit
81 -260 B $ 39.95 Bare Board
6502 MICROCOMPUTER
6502 MPU, 6522 VIA, 2716 EPROM, 21 14
RAM single board computer. Single 5
volt power supply at 400 Ma. Two in-
dependent 8 bit I/O ports with hand-
shake lines. RC controlled 1 Mhz clock.
Complete documentation. I/O lines use
50 pin edge connector. Data and ad-
dress lines are not accessible. Mod. for
2532 is included. EPROM is not includ-
ed. 1K RAM, 2K EPROM, 2 I/O ports.
80-153Assm. $110.95
80-153 Kit $ 89.95
80-1 53 Bare Board t 19.95
Z-80 MICROCOMUTER
Z-80 MPU, Z-80 PIO, 2716 EPROM, 21 14
RAM single board computer. Single 5
volt power supply at 300 Ma. Two in-
dependent 8 bit I/O ports with hand-
shake lines. RC controlled 2Mhz clock.
Complete documentation. I/O lines use
50 pin edge connector. Data and ad-
dress lines are not accessible. Mod. for
2532 is included. EPROM is not includ-
ed. 1K RAM, 2K EPROM, 2 I/O ports.
80-280 Assm.
80-280 Kit
80-280 Bare Board
$129.95
$119.95
$ 19.95
JBE's 7.75 x 11.75 6502 base
Microcomputer has the
capacity for 16K of EPROM,
4K of RAM, 8 Parallel Ports
and 1 Serial Port. Monitor and
Tiny Basic are also available.
The fully populated version
includes:
• 16502 CPU
• 4 6522 VIA (8 Parallel I/O
Ports)
• 1 AY5-1013 (Serial I/O
Ports)
• 8 2114 RAM (4K)
• 2 2716 EPROM (Monitor &
Tiny Basic)
The partially populated ver-
sion Includes:
• 16502 CPU
• 1 6522 VIA (2 Parallel I/O
Ports)
• 1 AY5-1013 (Serial I/O Port)
• 22114 RAM (1K)
• 1 2716 EPROM (with
Monitor)
Both versions include
sockets for 2716s or 2532s, 8
16 pin sockets for I/O interfac-
ing and a DB25 connector for
RS232.
All address and data I ines are
brought of f the board to the 50
pin edge connector, (similar
to the Apple II bus)
This board also features
power on reset and cassette
interface.
81-030CFufty
Populated $349.95
81-030M Partially
Populated $249.95
81 -030B Bare Board $ 89.95
2716 EPROM
(with Monitor) $ 19.95
2715 EPROM
(with Tiny Basic $ 19.95
•John Bell Engineering, Inc.
MC
ALL PRODUCTS ARE A VAILABLE FROM JOHN BELL ENGINEERING • P.O. BOX 338 • REDWOOD CITY, CA 94064
ADD SALES TAX IN CALIFORNIA • ADD 5% SHIPPING & HANDLING 3% FOR ORDERS OVER $100
SEND FOR CATALOG (415) 367-1137 10% OUTSIDE U.S.A.
VISA
NEW SOFTWARE
Edited by Linda Stephenson
Apple Programmers Have a New Tool
Software for IBM Gets Personal
Cobol
Reprogramming Tool
Even a nonprogrammer
equipped with CRT! can pro-
duce error-free RM/Cobol
source programs. CRT! lets
you use your computer to pro-
gram itself, thus speeding
generation of bug-free lines. It
lets you standardize the code,
thus reducing documentation
and maintenance costs. CRT!
will generate complete
RM/Cobol source programs
that present data entry
screens, allow data entry with
extensive input editing, up-
date (or inquire into) files from
the data entered and print
simple or complex reports.
Data dictionaries of files,
records and fields are built
and maintained by the sys-
tem, allowing quick and easy
modification. CRT! is priced
at $1500 for CP/M, MP/M and
Oasis systems; MOasis and
Unix versions cost $2000 and
$2500 respectively.
Communication Arts, 2120
Main St., Suite 250B, Hunt-
ington Beach. CA 92648.
Reader Service number 483.
Apple Programming
Aid
The Tool, for the Apple II, is
designed to save programmers
80 to 90 percent of develop-
ment time. Designing attrac-
tive entry screens, validating,
formatting and storing user
input and providing the user
with efficient screen editing
take up most of a program-
mer's time and the computer's
memory. The Tool stream-
lines these repetitive aspects
of Basic programming. Price
is $395.
High Technology Software
Products, Inc., POBox 14665,
2201 N.E. 63rd St., Oklahoma
City, OK 73113. Reader Ser-
vice number 484.
Pascal for CBM
Commodore Business Ma-
chines, Inc., 681 Moore Road,
King of Prussia, PA 19406, is
offering UCSD Pascal Version
IV.O (P-System) for its CBM
microcomputers. This up-
dated version of Pascal in-
creases storage efficiency of
program segments and pro-
vides compatibility with all
other UCSD users. Program
units can be linked dynami-
cally at run time rather than
prior to running. Version IV.O
also features a debugger. The
P-System supports CBM
model 8032 with a 64K RAM
card, model 4040 and 8050
disk drives and IEEE and
serial printers. Priced at $175.
Reader Service number 485.
Professional Package
Educational Computing
Systems, 106 Fairbanks
Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37830,
announces the Omniware line
of software for Apple II with
Applesoft, 48K RAM and DOS
3.3. Omnifile is a full-featured
file manager and report gen-
erator; price is $49.95. Omni-
trend, a powerful multiple
regression trend analysis pro-
gram with statistical calcula-
tions and extensive high-
resolution graphics is priced
at $44.95. Omnigraph, a flexi-
ble data plotting program that
allows X-Y plots, bar charts
and pie charts, costs $39.95.
All three are available as Om-
nipack for $99.95. Program
disk includes listable code.
Reader Service number 486.
Apple Corps Bomber
They told you your mission
would be easy— just drop in
on the Flatlanders with your
supersonic jet and clear away
a few radar and ICBM installa-
tions. But maybe they didn't
warn you about the super-
sonic tanks, heat-seeking
missiles, explosive balloons,
enemy jets and fuel-guzzling
bluebirds you'd have to face.
Bluebirds? Starblazer puts
you at the controls of a ma-
neuverable fighter bomber
charged with five different
missions that will put your at-
tack and evasion skills to the
test. Uses joystick or key-
board control, and requires
48K Apple II, 13- or 16-sector.
Price is $31.95.
Broderbund Software, Inc.,
Entertainment Software Divi-
sion, 1938 Fourth St., San
Rafael, CA 9490 1 . Reader Ser-
vice number 487.
Failsafe
With an IBM Personal Com-
puter and a newly released
software package from Meta-
morphics, Inc., you can now
keep records of your posses-
sions updated and cross-refer-
enced electronically. House-
hold Inventory will track up to
100 items in each of 25 de-
fined rooms of your home.
Just key in your effects, in-
cluding serial numbers, val-
ue, date of purchase and other
pertinent information, and in
case of loss you'll have ready
access to a detailed printout
for your insurance company.
But remember to store the
floppy disk off the prem-
ises — in case of fire, you'll
have trouble reconstructing
melted data. Price is $95.
Metamorphics, Inc., 154
Montgomery Ave., Bala Cyn-
wyd, PA 19004. Reader Ser-
vice number 488.
Ringing Up Savings
PhoneSaver is an easy to
use database management
system designed to cut the
cost of long-distance phone
calls. Phone numbers that are
not pre-authorized will show
up at the end of each month
on a report of unauthorized
phone calls. Authorized num-
bers are summarized by
name, address and authoriza-
tion department. Client cod-
ing can also be used by profes-
sional offices to more effec-
tively control reimbursable
charge calls. PhoneSaver is
now available for CP/M sys-
tems and CBasic2. Price is
$75.
Digital Systems, Inc., 680
Lafayette Road, Hampton, NH
03842. Reader Service num-
ber 489.
It's No Joke!
Perhaps you thought a
database program for jokes
and stories was too much to
expect? Well, TexaSoft, 1028
North Madison Ave., Dallas,
TX 75208, brings you Micro-
Joke to fulfill that very need.
Micro-Joke comes with over
50 jokes already on file. You
can store and retrieve your
own favorites by keyword,
number or random chance.
And for a truly trivial data-
base—Micro-Trivia comes
with 50 entries on file and
room for more. You need
never forget those totally
insignificant facts again. Both
programs are available for
TRS-80 and IBM Personal
Computer and cost $29.95.
Reader Service number 475.
IBM PC Package
The Mail Manager, a profes-
sional mailing system for the
IBM Personal Computer, will
create and update name and
address files, create subfiles.
1 96 Microcomputing, April 1 982
merge files, sort by name or
zip, select records and print
mailing labels, envelopes and
lists. The Mail Manager costs
$49.
Starware. Suite 802. 1701 K
St. N.W., Washington, DC
20006. Reader Service num-
ber 490.
Super CP/M
Systems Group, 1601
Orangewood Ave., Orange,
CA 92668, has significantly
increased CP/M speed, simpli-
fied its use by programmers
and users, and added an ex-
tensive error management
scheme and utility programs.
Super CP/M is bootable from
any drive, including hard disk
and tape drives; once a
system is brought up the user
no longer needs the system
disk, even for warm boots. A
loader determines memory
size and builds the largest
system allowed. The new
CP/M uses lK-byte sector
sizes, increasing throughput
speed up to fourfold. Super
CP/M costs $190. Reader Ser-
vice number 491.
Tending the Flock
Custom Data, 1100 New
York Ave., PO Box 1066, Ala-
mogordo, NM 88310, an-
nounces completion of its
TRS-80 Church Donations
package, for reporting and re-
cording contributions from
the congregation. The Model
III version now available re-
quires two disk drives and
48K bytes of random-access
memory. It will service a con-
gregation of up to 1200, with
10 user-selectable categories
of donations. Price is $125.
Two complementary pro-
grams are also offered.
Church Directory uses a se-
\ecl code to alphabetically list
members of up to five identi-
fying divisions. Price is $35.
An attendance record that
can keep track of 160 func-
tions for up to 3000 people
also costs $35. Reader Service
number 492.
CP/M Pile Transfer
Transfer is a utility to link
one CP/M system to another
CP/M system that is also
equipped with Transfer. The
software lets you transfer files
at full data speed (no conver-
sion to hex), with CRC block
control check for reliable error
detection and interactive re-
try. It has full wildcard capa-
bility—the sender just needs
to specify a wildcard filename
and the receiver specifies the
destination disk. The file con-
trol block for each individual
file is automatically trans-
ferred from the sender to the
receiver. The 8080 source
code is included for your con-
venience should your system
configuration change. Price
is $179.
Starr Computer Systems,
Inc., 6126 Melissa Lane,
Omaha, NE 68152. Reader
Service number 493.
Stock Market Update
The Personal Investor con-
nects your Apple II with the
Dow Jones News and Quotes
Service to update a portfolio
and retrieve business news.
The portfolio generates four
reports, which include infor-
mation on gains/losses for in-
dividual stocks and total port-
folio, profits/losses for each
sale of stock, dividend yields
on purchase and current
price, and dividend date.
Sales and purchase expenses
such as commissions are ac-
counted for. Stock splits are
calculated automatically.
Quotations include bid, ask,
yesterday's close, today's
open, high, low, last price, vol-
ume and current dividend
yield; net change from yester-
day's close to last price is also
reported. The Personal In-
vestor costs $95.
PBL Corp., 605 Harmony
Circle Drive, Wayzata, MN
55391. Reader Service num-
ber 494.
Apple Speedup
Enhancement
Stellation Two, PO Box
2342, Santa Barbara, CA
93120, has announced Spool-
er, a new software product for
users of the Pascal Speedup
Kit in Apple II microcomput-
ers. This timesaving program
lets you continue to use the
system while data is being
printed. The user executes
Spooler, which then prompts
him for the name of a text file
on disk and the unit number
of his printer. A separate task
Pac-Man by Atari
is then launched to begin the
transfer, and control is re-
turned to the user. Spooler
works in any slot, with any
printer. It is priced at $45.
Reader Service number 496.
Pascal for Z-80
Micros
Alcor Systems offers a Pas-
cal Compiler that runs on
TRS-80 Models I and III and
Z-80-based CP/M systems.
Alcor Pascal is a complete im-
plementation of Jensen and
Wirth standard Pascal, with
over 20 language extensions.
Alcor Pascal can compile
large programs using limited
memory (4000+ lines in 48K
bytes). A full screen text edi-
tor is included. The Compiler
is $199; Advanced Develop-
ment Package with p-code op-
timizer and native code gen-
erator is $125.
Alcor Systems, 13534 Pres-
ton Road, Suite 365, Dallas
TX 75240. Reader Service
number 497.
Just for Fun
Three new game programs
have been released by the
Home Computer Division of
Atari, Inc., 1265 Borregas
Ave., PO Box 427, Sunnyvale,
CA 94086. Pac-Man is the
Atari version of a popular ar-
cade game — in this version, a
player's character must nego-
tiate a maze without being
eaten by any of four pursuers.
Eating an energy dot gives the
player's character ability to
attack and gobble up the pur-
suers.
The Centipede player uses a
Bug Blaster to annihilate col-
orful legions of spiders, fleas,
scorpions and poisonous
mushrooms— and the cen-
tipede itself. Both games are
priced at $44.95.
Caverns of Mars takes
players beneath the surface of
Mars. The player's character
must penetrate several layers
of defenses to reach the
Alien's stronghold. Floating
mines, enemy ships on patrol
and deadly laser fire pose a
constant menace. This game
costs $39.95. Reader Service
number 495.
Project Tracking
Micro Associates, Inc., 2300
Highway 365. Box 131. Ned-
erland, TX 77627, offers a
project tracking and manage-
ment system for microcom-
puters with CP/M and Micro-
soft Basic. DWGLIST is de-
signed to help engineers and
contractors develop and
maintain drawing indexes.
The program allows quick ref-
erence to the latest drawing
revisions to ensure that the
latest designs are being fol-
lowed. It keeps track of draw-
ings to avoid duplication. And
it will produce a master draw-
ing index or project drawing
index on command. DWG-
LIST costs $350. Reader Ser-
vice number 499.
Microcomputing, April1982 197
X
to
a
3
\.»
Sample 2.
(continued from p. 210)
Spotter will let you set the high and/or
low points for the graph (it'll do this auto-
matically, based on the data itself, too),
the starting date for the data, and will
even let you move information back and
forth in time, so to speak, so that you
could compare 1981 sales and 1980 sales
month-by-month on the screen.
Trend-Spotter will work with either a
single- or dual-drive Apple II Plus 48K
system. You start the program with the
Trend-Spotter disk in your main drive
when you turn the system on.
It's quick and easy to set up data files.
The only problem I found with the filing
system is that once you have a file saved,
you can't change the title of that file. It's
easy to add or change the data in the file,
but if you start with a file called Electrici-
ty (for your electric bill every month), and
then want to shorten it to Elec to save
time each time you use this file, you can't
do it.
The numbers go in easily and fast
(once you set a starting date, Trend-Spot-
ter will automatically know the next date
to ask you for). Each file can hold up to
100 points of information, which means
on a monthly basis you can store more
than eight years of data in a single file.
The latest version of Trend-Spotter will
allow you to use and display VisiCalc
files, too, if your information is already in
that format.
And, yes, you can get hard copy of any
file, for your records.
As noted, once you have the data
saved, you use the Display program to
show the information in whatever format
you want. A simple line graph for 1981
sales? You type LINE SALES 1981. How
about a bar graph for your utility costs,
say, for that Electricity file? Simply type
BAR ELECTRICITY.
It really is that easy.
Even something different is simple.
How about a line graph for sales and an
area graph for the cost of materials? Type
LINE SALES 1981 and AREA MATERIALS
1981 and it's there on your screen.
Trend-Spotter uses four work files so
you can have the data from four files
available in memory at one time; you
don't have to load them from your data
disk each time you want to change the
graph. You can also add one file to
another (remember the example of add-
ing up all your utility costs?), or multiply
one file by another, or subtract one from
another, and then display the results as
you wish.
You can even add an inflation rate (or a
deflation rate, if you're so inclined) to see
what the data would look like at a 12 per-
cent (or whatever) rate of change. Think
of how helpful it might be to display a
graph showing your 1981 sales, with an-
other line in a different color showing
what those sales would look like at an 8
percent inflation rate, and perhaps an-
other line showing what they'd be if they
were down 5 percent.
Trend-Spotter uses a Sum command to
add up data points, to display whatever
type of graph you want as a cumulative
total for the information.
But what if the data you have for one
set of information is quarterly, while
another is monthly, and another is bi-
monthly? Not to worry— Trend-Spotter
can convert your data from one form
(quarterly, for instance) to another. This
makes it easy to compare data that you
have in different forms, all on the same
graphic scale.
All information from your data entries
is saved in the form of text files on the
data disk. Trend-Spotter has a way to
make things a little easier for you if, for
instance, you need to make a graphic
presentation. You can construct the pic-
ture on your video screen, using different
colors, different types of graphs, etc., un-
til the data is shown just as you want it—
and then will save this "picture" as a
binary file on the disk. This lets you load
the entire display at one time, just as it
was when you finished with it. So, to dis-
play this picture in the future, you don't
even need to load in the various files you
used to make the graph— you just load
the display with one command.
And if you have a question, type HELP
and all the commands, with a brief expla-
nation of each, are displayed for you.
Trend-Spotter is a terrific aid for any
businessman who wants to see not only
where his business has been but also
where it's heading. It's quick and easy to
operate, and if you want advanced math-
ematical functions like creating a moving
average, they're available within the pro-
gram itself.
We all know a picture is supposed to be
worth a thousand words, but is Trend-
Spotter worth $175 to the average busi-
nessman? From my viewpoint, there's
no question: I'm buying a copy of the pro-
gram for our business.
[Software Resources, 1 86 Alewife-Brook
Parkway, Cambridge, MA 02138. $1 75.)
Gregory R. Glau
Prescott, AZ
The Data Reporter
Manipulate your database
With this flexible
Applesoft package
Users of the Modifiable Database from
programmers Robert Clardy and Christo-
pher Anson will know what to expect
from Synergistic Software's new release,
The Data Reporter. This is a thorough,
flexible, comfortable data handling
package which provides a satisfactory
compromise between simplicity and ease
of use.
The Data Reporter is a package of coop-
erating Applesoft programs. You get The
Data Reporter database, of course, plus a
Report Generator, an Analyzer/Plotter, a
Sort/Merge program and a label-printing
utility. There's also a program that
modifies the software to meet your
special needs, and a user-controlled
Reformatter that allows you to restruc-
ture your data files without rekeying
data. The programs interface with each
other and use the same data files, so you
can key in data only once and yet have it
accessible for multiple uses and separate
applications.
The program disk even comes with a
utility for converting data files from the
company's earlier database system to the
new format TDR requires, and the docu-
mentation gives technical instructions
198 Microcomputing, April1982
for pulling in data files created by other
programs. This makes TDR a fairly com-
plete system that provides the usual in-
put, sorting and handling, formatting
and printing capabilities, as well as spe-
cial functions such as manual and auto-
matic updating, form letter merging, and
a few unusual functions you won't find in
most other programs.
Menus and Prompts
The TDR system is commanded entire-
ly from menus and mini-menus activated
by single keystroke commands. Selec-
tions from a program's main menu lead
to other menus — often with convenient
defaults in case you are too lazy, tired or
confused to make decisions. The menus
and prompts are extensive enough that
you almost do not need the manual. And
once you've read through the documen-
tation and understand what the program
options are, you can operate directly
from the on-screen prompts.
The program is safe to play with be-
cause it provides good data protection in
several ways. The escape key usually
aborts a command without data damage
and returns you to the main program
menu. Data protection also comes from
command confirmations and plenty of
error-trapping throughout. In most
cases, incorrect responses to prompts are
no problem. At the worst, hitting the
wrong keys will bring you an error report
and a fast return to the main menu.
Two Stage Boot
TDR comes on one minifloppy disk, us-
ing a protected (noncopyable) version of
Apple DOS 3.3. Registered owners of
TDR can purchase one backup copy of
the program disk by mail from the manu-
facturer for $5. To run the program you
must boot from the master program disk.
But once the primary menu has ap-
peared, the system will run from your
nonbooting copies.
This primary menu gives you a choice
of the Setup program, the Database pro-
gram, the Report Generator or a demon-
stration. While the demonstration is val-
uable for novice users, it seems somehow
wrong to have it embedded in the pri-
mary menu, which you see every time
you boot. Nevertheless, it doesn't inter-
fere. You merely run option 1 , 2 or 3, and
begin to work.
Application Set Ups
The TDR system is intended to run on
your backup copies instead of the
master. The idea is that you selectively
modify each nonbooting backup into an
applications disk to suit your special
needs. Each applications disk can be con-
figured only one way at a time. To set it,
or reset it, you simply run the Set Up pro-
gram on the disk. There are dozens of Set
Up options, but you can scan them quick-
ly and modify just the ones you want.
The rest remain unchanged. Set Up de-
^See List of Advertisers on page 178
termines, among other factors, the name
of your database, printout justification
and formatting options and printer con-
trol characters.
Another Set Up specification is the data
type for each field. Alphanumeric data
will not calculate; a numeric or monetary
specification is required if you want any
mathematical operations on the data.
You also set tab stops for printing each
field, which become the default or stan-
dard format for reports on that database.
These standard reports are tabular list-
ings of data where each record forms one
row, and each field forms a vertical col-
umn at the tab stop you designate. You
can also set TDR to add, subtract, multi-
ply or divide any two numeric or mone-
tary columns, and store the result in any
third field you specify. This capability is
limited, but not severely, in comparison
to some other database programs. Other
report formats and more elaborate calcu-
lations are possible, of course, with the
separate Report Generator program.
Set Up allows some interesting fea-
tures in your databases. Horizontal total-
ling, for example, adds any number of
fields within a record, as you enter them,
and automatically stores the result in the
record's last field. Unfortunately, this last
field can't be used with other preset cal-
culations, because no subsequent field
exists to receive the results.
You get to pick the one or two fields
shown in a quick listing. The normal full
listing displays or prints every field one
record at a time. But the quick listing
gives you a continuous display of just the
selected fields, one line per record. This
quick list is great for a rapid visual search
when your brain blanks out on
everything you might use as a formal
search key, and is also an easy way to
scan through large databases for fre-
quently needed data.
Other Special Functions
All of the decisions you make when you
set up a database are changeable, too.
You can rerun the Set Up utility any
time, and quickly revamp your database
as new needs arise. If you select the spe-
cial reformatting function, the format for
each record comes totally under your
control. If you wish, you can even gener-
ate a totally new database containing on-
ly some of the data in the existing file.
TDR has other nice features. It can
search, sort, update, calculate and delete
on files in memory or on the disk. It will
save and load by file number, and append
records from the disk into memory (but
not the reverse) until there is no more
room. Other special functions give you
quick totals for each of the numeric and
monetary fields in a file and global edit,
where you can have the computer re-
place, add to or multiply the contents of
any field in every record.
Database Operations
Once you are satisfied with a database
500 K
Great Reasons
to Buy Your
Diskettes From
Snappware!
Byte for byte, performance
counts. Every byte of data you
record is important. That's why
Snappware offers Scotch dish
ettes. the highest quality disK
ette on the market at very com
petitive prices. Scotch diskettes
are tested and quaranteed error-
free. And the low abrasivity
saves your read write heads.
Scotch Brand 744-0
5Va inch single sided, single den-
sity, soft sectored with hub rings
One box $23.00/box
Five boxes $22.50/box
Ten boxes $22.00/box
Twenty boxes $21 .50 box
Scotch Brand 744D-0
The premium grade mini-floppy
Double density certified, with
hub rings. The very finest avail-
able for your Model III.
One box $27.00/box
Five boxes $26.S0/box
Ten boxes $26.00/box
Twenty boxes $25.50/box
Scotch Brand 741-0
Eight inch single sided, double
density soft sectored The very
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setup, you take option 2 from the pri-
mary menu: "Run an applications pro-
gram." The computer then prompts for
an applications disk to be inserted, and
runs the database program. Data files
can be on the applications disk or on a
third disk for data only. The database
menu gives you options to start a new
file, enter records, list/modify, search,
sort and output, and also provides disk
access, special functions and a catalog-
and-quit option.
Starting a new file clears memory and
prompts for a file name. If you have
nothing in memory, you can skip this op-
tion and simply enter records. You can
supply a name later when you save the
data to disk.
As you key in fresh data, the screen
displays up to eight field names at a time,
underscores the space you have allotted
for each field, and prompts for the next
input in sequence. Also, two mini-menus
display common operating commands. If
your records have more than eight fields,
you can scroll to see them all in se-
quence. TDR supports any standard
lowercase hardware adapter and accepts
both upper- and lowercase input.
You can edit, delete or print any com-
pleted record when displayed. Hit E for
edit and a number appears conveniently
beside each field. You select fields by
number for rekeying or simple math op-
erations. But you have to hit "E" again
and again, once for each field you wish to
revise. If you hit "D," you can delete one
or more records in order from the current
record toward the end of the file.
Retrieval Operations
You can look at existing records— on
screen or hard copy— two ways: via List/
Modify, or more elaborately by doing a
search. List/Modify gives you the quick-
or full-list options. Records are displayed
in order, starting with record # 1 or any
record number you specify. With a full
list, you can edit the records as above.
With a quick list, you can scan much
more quickly but cannot edit, delete or
print any individual record.
Search is a more elaborate function.
First you must specify what you want
done with all records found in the search;
then you must key in some search crite-
ria. Records found in a search can be dis-
played on the screen; printed using the
standard format; totalled, all fields sepa-
rately; edited (via automatic replace-
ment, addition or multiplication of
values); deleted; or saved to a new file.
Any combination of these operations is
possible.
The search and save sequence, in par-
ticular, is useful because it allows you to
collect the records you want from exist-
ing databases and place them into a
new — more homogeneous — file. The new
file is faster to work with, and may not
need either searching or sorting to be
used. Search-and-saves can break down
overly long customer lists, for example,
by date of last purchase, zip code or any
other field, and save each group on sepa-
rate disks. The program automatically
saves the records under the name TEMP,
by the way, so to avoid overwriting the
new file on a subsequent pass you must
load the TEMP file and store it under
another name, using disk access com-
mands.
TDR's search capabilities are about
average. You can search up to ten fields
at a time, within single or multiple files,
on one to four drives (or ten volumes of a
hard disk). The program will search for
alphanumeric matches, numerical
ranges or exclusionary matches where
the search key is not found in the
specified field. Searches are neither
notably fast nor slow, averaging several
seconds per file for each field searched.
TDR's sort capabilities are somewhat
similar. You can sort on any one, two or
three fields of files in memory or on disk.
Sort works normally, except that sorting
on numbers requires a field set up to
right justify its data. Numbers that line
up normally, sort normally. But with
numbers that line up on the left, the pro-
gram apparently gets confused and reads
the 9 in 90 as being higher than the 1 in
1000. On whichever side you line things
up, it's still your responsibility to include
the proper number of decimal places,
since TDR's justification routine con-
cerns itself with the right-most or left-
most digit, and not with the decimal
point, as it should.
The Output selection from the main
database menu provides access to the
standard-format print routines, or to vari-
ous other programs in the system. The
standard report can be printed with or
without subtotals, and proceeds from
any record number you choose to the end
of the file. You can even select multiple
file operation and obtain an automatic
printout of several files right off the disk.
The Report Generator
This program is actually a stand-alone
text editor. It operates on numbered lines
of text and provides editing, printing and
data extraction capabilities. You can run
the Report Generator from either the pri-
mary menu after the first stage boot or
from the database menu by taking the
output option.
The program has the usual features of
a line-oriented text editor: add, delete,
find, get, insert, list, print, save and so on.
But it will also allow the construction of
"form letter" files with embedded com-
mands that access and print information
selected from your databases.
Control-K is the most useful command
for creating form letters to integrate text
and database information. Various com-
mand sequences on lines beginning with
control-K tell the computer which record
to use for data input, which text line to
print next, when to start a new printed
200 Microcomputing, April 1982
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Microcomputing, April 1982 201
page, how many times to print a se-
quence of text, or simply to halt the print-
ing until you hit any key. You use these
control-K lines to point the computer at
print time to the record you want ac-
cessed for merging into the form letter.
Control-F and a field number is read by
the computer as a get command at print
time. On screen, you will see a '*?" fol-
lowed by an inverse "F' with the field
number after it, and an "@" sign for each
remaining space in that field. During
printout, the computer will retrieve
whatever record it has been pointed to,
and print data from the specified field at
that point in the text.
Control-K also signals a formula defini-
tion, or a formula to be processed at print
time. Formulas are not printed, but they
are calculated at print time and the re-
sults are printed in your text. A formula
can include any combination of math op-
erations ( + , - , * , / and exponents), con-
stants, data drawn from specified fields
and formatting commands. You can de-
fine up to nine calculations per report,
and use them repeatedly in any combina-
tion you wish.
Control-R is the signal for "argu-
ments," or arbitrary strings of characters
you give the computer at print time and
which it then inserts where indicated in
your text. The program is delivered set
up for zero to ten arguments per report.
but you can increase the number via sim-
ple and complete instructions in the
documentation.
The Analyzer/Plotter
This companion program in the pack-
age operates on the designated numeric
and monetary fields of one or more data
files. It will produce statistical summa-
ries, multiple plots of dot, line or bar
charts on the same axes in several colors,
and pie charts. It will also save and re-
trieve the calculations and plots to and
from the disk. The graphs will not print
with the programs supplied, but the doc-
umentation claims that appropriate high-
resolution screen dump software for your
printer will allow printing of the plots.
Dot graphs are produced simply by
plotting the magnitude of two data fields
you specify, for all records in the fields
you wish to process. Line graphs are pro-
duced by grouping the data according to
the x-axis values, and then averaging the
y-axis values associated with each group.
The computer plots a line connecting
points that show the average y-value for
each x- value group.
Bar graphs are produced by grouping
values according to keyword x-value
search criteria. Records are sorted into
one to ten categories, and the magnitude
of the bar indicates either the number of
records in each category or the total of a
specified field in the records of each
category. Pie charts are produced by the
same procedure as bar charts, except
that you can display only one at a time
and white is the only color available.
Labels and titles can be placed any-
where on the graphic display screen,
changed and edited, and then accepted
as part of the display. Once graphs have
been produced and saved to the disk, you
can retrieve and display up to ten of them
in any pre-arranged sequence, with
single keystroke control.
Loading, Saving
Disk access for graphs or data files is
not an automatic function in normal
operation. The computer will load and
print, or load, sort, and save when it
operates on multiple files. But most of the
time, you must manually load in files to
work on, and save them again before you
quit. Except for the first time you save a
file, the computer shows you file names
by number, nine at a time, and you can
load and save with a single keystroke.
Documentation
I found the documentation acceptable,
overall. The 6x8 inch book has fewer
than 100 hefty pages in a loose-leaf pad-
ded binder. The writing was generally
clear and concise, friendly in some parts
but downright murky in other places-
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202 Microcomputing, April 1982
particularly when discussing the more
esoteric functions of the report generator.
The whole document is organized logi-
cally into functional operations, so find-
ing the section on what you want done is
fairly easy, despite the lack of an index.
If the program were not so self-explana-
tory, this level of documentation would
probably be inadequate. But the program
is extremely self-documenting, so the
book supplied is enough.
The best part of the documentation is
the technical section, which outlines the
programming lines in the Data Reporter
and gives modifications you can key in to
make several important changes, includ-
ing how to search with logical "or" in-
stead of "and" criteria, information on
how to load files created by other data-
base programs, how to extend line
lengths beyond 132 characters and
more.
Conclusions
This is a good program. It is reasonably
fast, very comfortable to use, and leaves
me with enough control to make it do
what I want.
It has limited search and math capabil-
ities, to be sure. But they are capable
enough for most uses. Look carefully at
these capabilities before you buy, to
make sure the program can do all you
need it to do. If it meets your technical
needs, you'll have a hard time finding a
more capable program that is as easy to
use as this one.
(Synergistic Software, 5221 120th Ave.
S.E., Bellevue, WA 98006. $220; $5 ex-
tra for one backup.)
Robert Moskowitz
Canoga Park, CA
Lucidata Pascal
Polybytes converts
An SWTP package
To Heath's HDOS
The March 1980 issue of Byte con-
tained Phil Hughes' review of Lucidata' s
Pascal for the Southwest Technical Prod-
ucts Corporation (SWTPC) 6800 comput-
er. At the time, I felt this was an excellent
piece of software and that something like
it was needed for Heath computers.
While there are several versions of Pascal
available for the H8 and H-89 systems,
most are either CP/M-based or have their
own unique operating systems like
UCSD Pascal. I preferred a version that
allowed full use of the features of Heath's
disk operating system (HDOS), so I was
forced to wait.
The wait is now over, because Larry C.
Reeve of Polybytes has converted the
package from SWTPC's Flex 2.0 to HDOS
2.0 by writing a new run- time system for
the Heath.
Before looking at the features provided,
this is a good place to point out the signifi-
cant advantage of p-code (pseudo-code)
machines for language implementations.
What Reeve did was make full use of
David Gibby's P-6800 Pascal p-code gen-
erating compiler, which relies on Nigel
Bennee's 6800-based run-time system,
and write his own run-time package
(RTP) for the computer of his choice. This
has been the main idea behind the p-code
concept from the beginning, but thus far,
only the UCSD Pascal versions have
made much use of it. Reeve was able to
go one step further: he wrote run-time
systems in both 8080 and Z-80 code,
allowing total compatibility between the
H-89 with its Z-80 and the older H8 with
its 8080. The former can use the slightly
faster Z-80 RTP, while the latter can run
the same programs using the 8080 RTP.
It's an excellent approach, and one that
will prevent the Pascal package from
becoming dated as 8080 users upgrade to
Z-80 processors.
Lucidata Pascal is a subset of the ISO
Standard Pascal, with certain input/out-
put enhancements added to make practi-
cal programming easier and, in this case,
to make fullest use of the capabilities of
wzMm
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80 PINE STREET PETERBOROUGH NH 03458
PET/CBM
STOP PLAYING GAMES ™ P s L 8 E o .Mode, , &
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Calculate odds on HORSE RACES with ANY COMPU
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SCIENTIFICALLY DERIVED SYSTEM really works. TV
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the Wall Street Journal (June 6. 1980) article on
Horse-Handicapping This system was written and
used by computer experts and is now being made available to home computer owners This
method is based on storing data from a large number of races on a high speed large scale
computer 23 factors taken from the 'Daily Racing Form were then analyzed by the
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be the most vital in determining winners NUMERICAL PROBABILITIES of each of these 10
factors were then computed and this forms the basis of this REVOLUTIONARY NEW
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SIMPLE TO USE: Obtain Daily Racing Form the day before the races and answer the 10
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YOU GET: 1) TRS-80 (Level II). Color-80. Apple or PET/CBM Cassette
2) Listing of BASIC program for use with any computer
3) Instructions on how to get the needed data from the Daily Racing Form''
4) Tips on using the odds generated by the program
5) Sample form to simplify entering data for each race
MAIL COUPON OR CALL TODAY—
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Microcomputing, April 1982 203
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Many of the programs are
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This powerful monitor provides
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[Disassemble, Memory Dump HEX
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MACRO Assembler
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language)
Order No 7207 819.95
EPROM BURNER for ATARI
400/800. Bare boards only with
| description, schematic ♦ software
(2716.2732)
| Order No 7041 899.00
Invoice Writing for very small
business with ATARI 400/800
16K RAM.
[ Order No 7022, CM. 829.16
Order No. 7200. disc. 8JB.99
Wordprocesaor
48K RAM
Order No. 7210
for ATARI 800.
829 95
to connect your EPSON
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I Construction article with printed
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Order No 7210 619.96
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OSJOSIOS^OS^OSI
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1 Introduction to OSI computers.
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192 pages.
I Order No. 1S7 67.96
The Second Book of Ohio
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Very valuable information about
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I Order No 158 67.96
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Payment Check, Money Order. VISA. Mastercharge. Eurocheck.
POSTPAID or PREPAID in USA 65.00 handling fee for C.O.D All
orders outside USA: Add 15 % shipping. CA add 6.5 % sales tax.
ATARI is a registered trademark of ATARI Inc.
APPLE 1 1 is a registered trademark of APPLE Ir
The Third Book of Ohio Scientific
is now available!
Very important information for
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end 6802
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Introduction to Business Appli-
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Low cost expanison boards for
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Prototyping card
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8K EPROM/RAM Card
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^169
BOOKS and
SOFTWARE
HDOS. Two data types, REAL and
RECORD, are omitted. Perhaps if I had
used them elsewhere I might feel the
loss, but after several months' use I can't
say that I've missed them. The Type
directive only supports enumerated
types, but an outport procedure has been
added, letting you assign a byte value to
an 8080 or Z-80 I/O port. Also added is
support for binary constants in the
source code.
Procedures, functions, multi-dimen-
sioned arrays, recursion and file types
are all available. All the branching con-
structs are present, including IF-THEN-
ELSE and CASE-OF. REPEAT-UNTIL
and WHILE-DO are present, as are the
data types CHAR, BOOLEAN, INTEGER,
BYTE and ALFA (a six-character string),
and scalars, which can be members of
SETS. In general, little of significance is
left out.
Lucidata Pascal provides the standard
I/O procedures of RESET, REWRITE,
READ, WRITE, POSITION, READLN and
WRITELN. POKE, PEEK and HALT are
available, and the programmer can de-
fine USER functions to pass control from
a compiled Pascal program to the user
code. The normal ordinal and predicate
functions CHR, ORD, SUCC, PRED,
ODD, EOLN and EOF are provided, as are
CARD, UNPACK, INPORT and OUT-
PORT. The standard arithmetic and
transfer functions such as ABS, SQR,
TRUNC and ROUND are also included.
A useful feature, present in the original
6800 version and retained in the HDOS
version, is the use of automatic paging of
the p-code file into memory for those
systems having less than 56K bytes of
memory. The way the run- time package
is written, a 48K or smaller H8 or H-89
will always use the paging feature, but in
my 56K H8 I have yet to see this used. In
other words, the owner of an unexpanded
H-89 can compile and run programs with
a p-code size of 32,768 bytes.
The manual that accompanies the Sc-
inch diskette is exemplary. The only
thing it lacks is an index, but the table of
contents is laid out well enough so that it
poses no real problem. Everything is ar-
ranged in a logical manner, and most of
the manual is devoted to a detailed de-
scription of what each element does and
a sample of how each is used. The entire
manual, including five appendices, is
about 75 pages, and includes syntax
diagrams, a description of the resource
use, a section on fine-tuning programs
and a section on customizing the run-
time package. This last makes use of a
well-designed patch utility that allows
the use of non-HDOS device drivers. The
method of altering stack size and mem-
ory limits is also covered.
Included on the diskette with the Pas-
cal compiler, the 8080 run-time package
and the Z-80 run-time package is a set of
14 demonstration programs that I found
invaluable as an introduction to this ver-
sion of Pascal. The programs, ranging
from a sample of the use of Alfa to a
demonstration of Usercode, are in-
valuable as learning tools and an in-
troduction to the spirit and function of
Pascal. There are a few sample programs
that just show programming technique,
like the eight queens problem and a
demonstration of sorting routines. These
demo programs are ready to compile and
run, and include a Validate routine to test
the compiler and run-time package as
soon as you start the system.
One of the appendices is a list of
references and additional readings on
Pascal, including Jensen and Wirth's
standard reference and Peter Grogono's
excellent text. I'd like to add one to the
list that I've had good results with—
Pascal Programming Structures by
George W. Cherry. Cherry gives the most
lucid explanation of data structures I've
seen, and his text is applicable to any ver-
sion of Pascal. His and Grogono's books
are likely to be the only two reference
texts you'll ever need for Pascal, regard-
less of what version you choose.
Without doubt, one of the most valu-
able features of Lucidata Pascal is the ex-
ceptional support Larry Reeve himself
provides. Being located in Iowa, as op-
posed to the Netherlands (the original
source of Lucidata Pascal), certainly
helps where mail is concerned. Larry
answers inquiries with a total turn-
around time of about a week. He also pro-
vides updates of the software for a truly
minimal cost; the update I just received
rectified a run-time problem that I hadn't
encountered, and added two functions,
Inport and Outport. Total cost is $2.50,
including about six pages of new docu-
mentation. Total time is about a week.
Other vendors please note: This is how
software support is supposed to work!
Reeve also makes available a modified
version that incorporates special com-
mands for handling the Heath H A8-3 col-
or graphics board, and these modifica-
tions make Lucidata Pascal nearly the
perfect graphics language, quick and
easy to write, fast-running and fully
documented.
What you receive for your money is the
p-code compiler, the two run-time pack-
ages, source code on the disk for 14 dem-
onstration programs and a validation
routine, full documentation, and first-
rate support with fast delivery and re-
sponse to questions. And the best news is
the price. Where the original P-6800
Pascal cost $150, Larry's Lucidata
P-8080/Z-80 Pascal package costs $95 for
the plain version, and $30 extra for the
graphics package. And that's for one. If
you line up four other Pascal enthusiasts,
the group purchase price is $65 each, a
truly remarkable value.
(Polybytes, 325 19th St. S.W., Cedar
Rapids. IA 52403.)
D.C. Shoemaker
Blacksburg, VA
204 Microcomputing, April 1982
TECHNICAL
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^See List of Advertisers on page 178
Microcomputing, April 1982 205
Floppy Doctor
A little black bag
To diagnose problems
In TRS-80 software
The TRS-80 Models I and III are very
practical and flexible machines. A whole
industry has sprung up which customiz-
es TRS-80 systems. Dealers offer many
different options that provide alterna-
tives to the straight factory showroom
model. They also offer accessories and
peripherals with different prices and
combinations other than those found in
the Radio Shack catalog. Perhaps the
most common customizations done by
TRS-80 owners are the insertion of
memory chips from many sources and
the addition of disk drives from several
suppliers. It is possible to beat the Radio
Shack prices by ordering from suppliers
who advertise in Microcomputing and 80
Microcomputing, but the integration and
the maintenance of these customized
systems is often up to you.
Apparat, in Denver, CO, is one com-
pany that has traditionally specialized in
upgrading and customizing TRS-80 sys-
tems at a reasonable price. They needed
a diagnostic tool that would help them
evaluate the systems that came to them
with a sometimes very mixed assem-
blage of disk drives, controller boards,
memory chips and peripherals. They
worked closely with a software author
named Dave Stambaugh to develop a
program called Floppy Doctor. Now, they
are cooperating with Stambaugh to make
the program generally available.
If you have a TRS-80 system with
mixed accessories, or if you have a stan-
dard showroom model that you want to
make sure is running up to snuff, the
Floppy Doctor could be a very cheap in-
vestment that pays high returns.
The Floppy Doctor is a stand-alone
package. It doesn't need TRSDOS or any
other operating system to run. It has its
own bootstrap loader and it will run on
any TRS-80 disk drive, regardless of den-
sity, number of tracks or number of sides.
It requires a system with a minimum of
32K of RAM. The disk cannot be duplicat-
ed by normal means. It can only be
copied by careful use of Apparat's Super-
zap program.
What Does It Do?
The Floppy Doctor disk actually con-
tains two programs: a memory diagnos-
tic and a very thorough disk drive tester.
Most memory test programs (and many
are available) perform a simple
read/write test. They enter data in and
then read it back out while checking for
accuracy. These tests will certainly dis-
cover a chip that is blown or improperly
inserted, but they may pass chips that
are running on the ragged edge of their
specifications. (Some "bargain" memory
chips are no bargain!) These same chips
may cause mysterious errors when the
system is executing many different com-
mands in different sequences.
The Floppy Doctor read/write test tries
every possible data pattern in every
memory address 520 times. Additional-
ly, it is accompanied by a unique M-l
Worm Test. This test is named for the
Z-80 M-l machine state (op code fetch),
which is the most critical in terms of
memory timing, and for the fact that it
"worms" its way through the system's
memory.
The M-l Worm Test causes the com-
puter to execute a block of code. This
code moves itself around in the memory
as it executes over and over. Proper exe-
cution of the test requires fast response
and coordination between the memory
pages and the CPU. It takes about 30
minutes to run one complete cycle of the
M-l Worm Test in a 48K machine, but if
you're really interested in proving that a
system will operate under conditions of
heavy use, it would be best to run the test
at least overnight. The performance of
integrated circuits can change greatly
when heat builds up over many hours
of use.
The Floppy Doctor memory diagnos-
tics are as easy to use as they are effec-
tive. You essentially turn them on and go
away. You decide if the system should
pause when it encounters an error or
simply keep track of any errors it finds
and display the condition and location on
the screen.
Testing the Disk Drives
The Floppy Doctor disk drive checks
are even more complex than the memory
tests. Because of the mechanical devices
involved, the program sometimes needs
some help from human hands. Ten dif-
ferent routines are available for disk drive
testing.
These are not simply different combi-
nations of the same read/ write cycle.
Each routine is a unique exercise which
really puts a disk drive through its paces.
The drive tests can be chained so they ex-
ecute consecutively.
They proceed in a logical order. The
first test checks the functions of the con-
troller board and the mechanical opera-
tion of the drive or drives under test. The
second test checks the transfer of the
data between the drive and the control-
ler. The third test checks the drive's abil-
ity to seek all of the track positions on 35-,
40-, 77, or 80- track drives.
The next four tests perform various
data entry and retrieval functions to
check for cross-track interference, head
positioning, head electrical condition
and many other factors. These tests also
check for compatibility between disk
drives. A drive that works well by itself
may not be aligned to the common stan-
dard. It is not at all unusual for a disk re-
corded on one drive to be unreadable on
another. This condition has become well-
known to users of magnetic tape cas-
settes. Many cassette users have to ad-
just head positioning when reading tapes
made on different recorders. Disk-drive
users have been spoiled by the close tol-
erances used in disk-drive quality control
checks, but misaligned drives can cause
many mysterious program errors.
The ninth disk drive test on the Floppy
Doctor menu examines the accuracy of
the drive motor speed. The tenth test is
essentially a drive exerciser, which is in-
valuable to a technician working on the
drive system.
All of the Floppy Doctor programs pro-
vide on-screen reports about what they
are doing. They describe the checks be-
ing run and the locations being tested.
Over 22 error messages describe prob-
lems that the various tests may have en-
countered. The error messages are in real
English and not in secret code numbers.
The most common error messages are
explained more fully in the instruction
book.
The Floppy Doctor instruction book is
not fancy, but the 16 single-spaced pages
provide a great deal of information. An in-
dex would have been helpful, but most
users of the programs will run them in se-
quence and that's the way they are de-
scribed in the manual.
The Floppy Doctor is a diagnostic tool
that could be more valuable to the com-
puter hardware hacker than a volt/ohm
meter. But like all test equipment, it
must be used correctly if it is to give the
correct indication. Improper setup of the
computer (no disks in the drives and so
on) can result in error messages that are
not correct.
But properly used, it is a valuable tool.
Its ability to isolate and diagnose prob-
lems certainly would pay for itself quick-
ly in reduced maintenance time and time
avoided trying to track down mysterious
software glitches that are really the result
of intermittent hardware problems. Just
like a real doctor, a visit with the Floppy
Doctor can be good for both healthy and
sick systems, but this one makes house
calls!
(Apparat. 4401 S. Tamarac Parkway,
Denver, CO 80237. $29.95.)
Prank J. Derfler, Jr. Herndon, VA
Floppy Doctor Error Messages
The first four errors are the most com-
monly found. They are explained in
detail in the Floppy Doctor operating
manual:
• CRC Error
• Lost Data Error
• Record Not Found
• Seek Error
The following errors are less common,
but they are all reported by Floppy
Doctor:
• Index Mark Not Sensed
• Index Mark Sensed When Not Ex-
pected
• Track Not Sensed Correctly
206 Microcomputing, April 1982
• Busy Flag Not Sensed When Expected
• Drive Exceeded Time Limit To Com-
plete Operation
• Controller Chip Track Reg. Is Not Be-
ing Updated
• Write Protect Not Sensed When Ex-
pected
• Write Protect Sensed When Not Ex-
pected
• Drive Sensed Not Ready
• Drive Sensed Ready When Not Se-
lected
• Forced Lost Data Error Did Not Occur
When Expected
• Forced RCD Not Fnd Error Did Not Oc-
cur When Expected
• Controller Does Not Sense Any Data
Coming From Drive
• Controller Did Not Issue End-Of-
Operation Interrupt
• Controller Did Not Issue Motor Time-
Out Interrupt
• Controller Wait State Counter Not
Working Correctly
• Unexpected Motor Timeout Interrupt
• Data Read From Disk Is Incorrect
Superscribe II
Do your Apple II
Word processing without
An 80-column board
One of the problems I've encountered
using the Apple II for text editing is its
40-column display. I could buy an
80-column board, but it would cost me
between $300 and $350, and wouldn't
have the resolution I need for an accept-
able display on my 9-inch monitor.
But then I found the word processor
Superscribe II, which eliminates the
need for an 80-column board. It is unique
because it allows viewing of 70 columns
using a graphically created 70-column
character set.
The 70-column character set is accept-
able for viewing a whole line at a time,
but it is compressed, and may be a strain
to read for long periods. You can enter
your text using the 40-column format
and then later view the text in the
70-column format. In this way, you can
check what the text will look like before
you print it.
A second, but important, feature is that
since the characters are generated using
software, you don't need a lowercase kit.
This will save you an additional $60.
That's not bad: a total of about $400 sav-
ings.
Operation
To simplify a complicated learning pro-
cess (I find that it takes several hours to
learn most of the sophisticated text edit-
ors), the Superscribe reference manual
begins with an 1 1 -lesson tutorial on us-
ing the system (the manual is 153 pages
in a nice ring binder, and includes a com-
mand reference card).
The text editor uses an extensive menu
system for operation. The main menu
gives you three options: editor, runoff
and end.
Before you go on the editor, you must
initialize a data disk. It's important to
have one or two initialized disks on hand
and one in your drive because you don't
have to save your own files manually: Su-
perscribe does it for you automatically.
Once you've created a few data disks,
you reboot the editor by entering PR#6,
and go into the editor. When the program
comes up, it asks you the file name for the
document you will be working on. After
you've entered that file name, the editor
asks you if it's OK to create. You answer Y
for YES if it is a new file. Then the editor
lets you input a previously-stored file.
Then a split screen view is displayed,
with the top portion of the screen the
work area and the bottom four lines the
command area.
The command area displays the tab
stops, the output file name (which text
data is sent to), the input file name (if you
took data off the disk), a number repre-
senting the amount of work space left on
the disk and a blinking cursor next to the
word COMMAND:. Here you may change
the number of characters displayed on
the screen. Entering 70c will give you the
70-column format, and entering 40c will
get you back to 40 columns. Entering a c
will move the cursor from the command
area to the top of the work area. Here you
can begin entering your text. The options
include embedded commands for special
output formats. For example if .NP is
entered into the text on a separate line, a
new page will be started. It also has com-
mands for right and left justification. You
can merge text with other files, and insert
letters, words, sentences or even whole
paragraphs. You can also move lines or
paragraphs into a buffer, to be placed
elsewhere in the text.
Runoff
Runoff is the module that formats and
prints your files. It can be entered after
the system is booted, or while in the
editor.
Before you use Runoff, you can config-
ure the options that it offers. It also re-
quests your printer specifications so it
can output to your printer in the correct
format. Runoff has several options to aid
you in printing your documents, includ-
ing printing text on the screen before it is
sent to the printer, sending the text to
your printer and monitor at the same
time, printing one page at a time, or
printing all of your file at once, and print-
ing several files one after another (called
spooling).
Other Features
Some of the other features in Super-
Scribe II not found in most word proces-
sors include printer spooling with no
hardware (print several files, one after an-
other), built-in form letter and mailing la-
bel capabilities, a true keyboard buffer, a
complete search-and-replace editing
feature and DOS commands accessibil-
ity. It also allows hyphenation and full
macro capabilities. And a last feature is
the ability to handle documents larger
than the computer's memory.
Superscribe II is a unique word pro-
cessor for what it offers, and, especially,
the 70-column graphics display capabil-
ity—upper- and lowercase, without hard-
ware. I recommend it.
(On-Line Systems, 3675 Mudge Ranch
Road, Coarsegold, CA 93614. $124.95.)
Howard Berenbon
Southfield, MI
Hebrew II
Innovative programming
Lets you write in Hebrew
On your Apple II micro
Most of you probably don't have a
special interest in Hebrew. Read on any-
way. Hebrew II is an example of what
modern desktop computers can do when
combined with innovative program-
ming.
Hebrew is the oldest language used to-
day. It is the spoken and living language
of Israel, and is used, virtually un-
changed, in Jewish prayers. The written
language has 23 consonants, including
two which are silent. Five of the 23 have a
separate form when used at the end of a
word. In common usage, vowels are
neither needed nor used. However, they
are very important for anyone wanting to
learn the language.
Unlike English, written Hebrew is com-
pletely phonetic. This fact makes spell-
ing and reading easy. Most Americans,
like myself, need vowels to read properly.
These are generally written underneath
the consonants as dots and dashes. A few
show up in other places in the text. An
experienced reader of Hebrew reads flu-
ently without the vowel printings.
In Hebrew II, the alphabet is arranged
on the Apple keyboard in the same order
as on an IBM Selectric, to help those
fluent in Hebrew to touch-type. A print-
out of the alphabet, including vowels,
numerals and available symbols, is
shown in Table 1 . The Kiddush in Sam-
ple 1 , a Friday night blessing, shows how
a document prints out in Hebrew. Sam-
ple 2 shows the first sentence of this
prayer with vowels, and a few examples
of Hebrew words.
It is interesting to note that vowels are
entered into the text using the escape
key. Hebrew uses only uppercase letters.
Logically, the escape key, used normally
for uppercase letters, is here used for the
vowels.
The documentation is brief and to the
point. There are only seven pages to the
manual, but that's all you need. The style
of the documentation is amusing and
Microcomputing, April 1982 207
friendly. You are invited to phone Aurora
any time you have a problem with the
program, but not for help with grammar.
(Hebrew grammar is a mystery to most
Americans.) Perhaps some examples of
the vowels with consonants would help. I
had to experiment quite a bit to find the
correct combinations.
After glancing at the instructions for a
few minutes, I promptly booted the DOS
3.3 disk to see what it would do and how
the screen would look.
It's strange to see the cursor at the right
upper corner, but that is, of course,
where it belongs. Push any key of the al-
phabet and Hebrew characters appear
right to left on your screen. Everything
works just like any other word processor.
Words are separated by a space and/or
punctuation. If the whole word at the end
I
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1
? X $ % *
2 3 4 5 6
■ •
■ a
■ a
a
■■
a
T
t:
*
/
(
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+
6
7
8
9
_
9
p "i k 1 1 u a ■
tti-rADy^Ti^in
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<.
T tj 1 n ] n * ji x
Table 1
The Kiddush
»ta arm tr>iim i>n uti^k *» hjik -pn
liuip nnmi .ni rum p/n^Q3 )]\aij > iuik
nuiyn'7 piaY u> % 7iin psm mriKi
IDT UlTf > K"lp« , 7 n^TlJl El ^ Kill ^ 3 . Jl ' UJK11
niuTp nniKi mm na *j lnsm mrs>^
:jiimn mpn %% njiK "inn .UJf>nin
Sample 1.
•u^iim X?n ii»n>x • '■ nfix ina
T T ' V T : T - ' T
Ramat Gan (a village in Israel)
li ^H
on (al )
>i>
poi son (ra' al )
>in
Sample 2.
of a line does not fit. it is not cut up, but
automatically moved to the next line.
Numerals and their decimal points are
printed left to right on the screen, as is
customary in Israel, and is required by in-
ternational commerce. If you want to in-
sert numbers in the text, simply start
after a space, and the computer prints in
the left to right mode so that the numbers
appear in proper order. For example, the
sentence "The house is 20.5 meters
long" looks like this:
rms 20.5 nin "p*
There is no use guessing what Hebrew
letter you are going to get. Only one key is
the same. The R key gives you the He-
brew equivalent, a resh.
On the program disk are two sample
files, one of which is called Character Set.
It is just that (see Table 1). The other file
is formatted to print address labels.
Left and right arrows as well as control
characters move the cursor around with-
out affecting the text. You can print 13
lines of 39 columns each. This will fill the
screen, and you are then prompted to
(S)ave, (P)rint, (B)oth. (G)o back or (C)lear
the screen. The program is configured for
the Silentype printer only. Naturally, you
need a graphics-equipped printer for
Hebrew. For this review I saved each
screen, and then printed it on a graphics-
equipped Epson MX-80 dot matrix
printer with a screen dump program.
If you are fluent in Hebrew, you are
ready to type. Otherwise, the system is a
very good learning tool.
Editing is limited to deleting a
character at a time by bringing the cursor
to the place where you want to change
something, and using the space bar to
rub out letters. Then you type over the
empty spaces. If you want to insert very
much you are in trouble.
Usually when printing in Hebrew,
some letters occupy a full space, smaller
letters half a space. With the Hebrew II
word processor, each character occupies
the same space horizontally. This takes
some getting used to.
I would suggest one additional feature
as a future update: an insert mode is re-
quired.
Included in the word processing
package is a set of self-sticking Hebrew
consonants. I cut them out and stuck
them on the front of the appropriate keys.
Presto, you now have a Hebrew word pro-
cessor. Labels for the vowels are not yet
available. You have to make your own
and stick them on the keys with tape.
The shortcomings of Hebrew II must be
considered in the light of the commercial
facts of life. The market for this kind of
software is obviously small. This limits
the effort that can be put into developing
the program.
(Aurora Systems, Inc., 2040 E. Wash-
ington Ave., Madison, WI 53704. $60.)
G. R. Brieger
Redmond, WA
208 Microcomputing, April 1982
CALENDAR
Eighty/ Apple Computer Show
The Eighty/Apple Computer Show will be held at the
NY Statler Hotel in New York City April 2 through 4. This
second annual show will Include over 100 commercial exhibits
of hardware, software, printers, books, magazines and ac-
cessories for these two popular small computer systems. Other
systems such as IBM, Sinclair and Atari will also be featured by
many exhibitors.
For additional information contact: Kengore Corporation,
3001 Rte. 27, Franklin Park, NJ 08823. 201-297-2526.
California Computer Show
The California Computer Show, a single source, one-day
computer show for OEMs, sophisticated end users, dealers and
distributors will be held April 22 from 1-7 pm at the Hyatt Hotel.
4290 El Camino Real, Palo Alto, CA 94306.
For additional information contact Carol Reimer, c/o Norm De
Nardi Enterprises, 289 S. San Antonio Rd., *204, Los Altos, CA
94022.415-941-8440.
Computer Show and Office Equipment
Expositions
The New York Computer Show and Office Equipment Exposi-
tion will be held at the Nassau Coliseum in Uniondale, NY, April
22-25 from 10 am to 6 pm.
The second annual Southwest Computer Show and Office
Equipment Exposition will be held in Market Hall at the Dallas
Market Center in Dallas, TX, April 15 to 18. Show hours are 10
am to 6 pm daily.
The Southern California Computer Show and Office Equip-
ment Exposition will be held at the Los Angeles Convention
Center May 6 to 9 from 10 am to 6 pm daily.
' Admission for each show is $5 for adults and $3 for children.
For further information contact National Computer Shows.
824 Boylston St.. Chestnut Hill, MA 02167. 617-739-2000.
National Computer Conference
The National Computer Conference will be held June 7- 10 at
the Astrodomain, Houston, TX.
Registration must be received by May 3. To register write to
NCC '82 Registration, AFIPS PO Box 9658, Arlington, VA
22209. For further information call 703-558-3608.
Computerfest '82
The Midwest Affiliation of Computer Clubs is sponsoring the
seventh annual Computerfest, June 18-20 at Franklin Univer-
sity, Columbus, OH. Computerfest will include lectures,
demonstrations, exhibitions and a flea market.
For more information contact M.A.C.C, c/o Professor Don
Moore. 201 South Grant Ave.. Columbus, OH 43215.
Moving Microcomputers into the
Mainstream of Education
The workshop. Moving Microcomputers into the Mainstream
of Education, will be held at the University of Victoria. Victoria.
B.C.. May 6-8.
For more information contact the University Extension Con-
ference Office, University of Victoria, Victoria, B.C. V8W 2Y2.
604-721-8475.
Applefest/Boston
NJ Microcomputer Show and Flea Market
The third annual N J Microcomputer Show and Flea Market
will be held May 22 at the Holiday Inn (North) at the North Ter-
minal of Newark International Airport, Newark, NJ. The event
will include over 50 commercial exhibitors and 150 flea market
sellers Hardware, software and accessories for all popular
systems, including Apple, TRS-80, Atari, PET, Heath/Zenith,
ZX-80/81. S-100 and IBM will be for sale.
For additional information contact: Kengore Corp., 3001 Rte.
27, Franklin Park, NJ 08823. (20D-297-2526.
The second Applefest/Boston will be held May 14 to 16 at
Hynes Auditorium, Boston, MA. Show hours are 1 1 am to 6 pm
daily The show will have over 200 displays and booths, plus
seminars and panel discussions. Ticket prices are $6 per day or
$15 for a three-day ticket.
Call or write National Computer Shows, 824 Boylston St..
Chestnut Hill. MA 02167. 617-739-2000.
Videotex v 82
The Videotex '82 Conference will be held June 28-30 at the
New York Hilton. New York City.
For information contact Online Conferences Ltd., Argyle
House, Northwood Hills, HA6 ITS, Middlesex, England, Unit-
ed Kingdom. Northwood phone: (09274) 28211; internation-
al phone: 44-9274 28211: Telex: 923498; cable: Online
Northwood.
National Computer Camp
National Computer Camp will be held in Simsbury, CT from
July 1 1-Aug. 16 for youngsters ages ten to 18. In addition to
learning about computers, children will have an opportunity to
enjoy recreational activities including swimming and tennis.
For more information contact Michael Zabinski, Ph.D.,
National Computer Camp, PO Box 624, Orange, CT 06477.
203-795-3049.
CLAfJIFIEDS
Classified advertisements are intended for use by persons desiring to buy, sell or trade used com-
puter equipment. No commercial ads are accepted.
Two sizes of ads are available. The $5 box allows up to 5 lines of about 35 characters per line, m-
cluding spaces and punctuation. The $10 box allows up to 10 lines. Minimize use of capita) letters
to save space. No special layouts allowed. Payment is required in advance w.th ad copy. We can-
not bill or accept credit.
Advertising text and payment must reach us 60 days in advance of pubheauon (».e., copy for
March issue, mailed in February, must be here by Jan. 1). The publisher reserves the nght to refuse
questionable or inapplicable advertisements. Mail copy with payment to: aassifkds, Mi-
crocomputing. Peterborough, NH 03458. Do not include any other material with your ad as it may
be delayed.
For sale: SWTP chassis w/power supply, MP-
M2, MP-S, MP-8M boards, $125. Call John,
408-262-3101.
Gimix. 1st $2000 takes Cromemco.
313-349-5513 after 8 PM.
Phone
Cromemco S-100 computer boards, brand
new. Z80SCC, 32K RAM, cardcage, disk
cont., PROM Basic, much software. All
p.c.b. to make system 2D. Also Heath H-19
and Gimix 6800 business system. 32K RAM,
four disk system, lots of software. This is a
full business system, ready to go. Over
10K invested. 1st offer over $4000 takes
Wanted: Ohio Scientific 300, 400, 420C, 440B,
510, 525, 527, 560Z or other boards. Litera-
ture, catalogs, ap. notes, and cabinet needed.
Edward H. Carlson, 3872 Raleigh Dr.,
Okemos, Ml 48864. 517-349-1219.
SWTP 6800, 32K, 2 disk drives, Smartbug, 2
MPS, music software. Looks like Chieftain.
$1500. 214-352-9568.
Microcomputing, April 1982 209
K3WARE REVIEWS
An Apple Graphing Program
The Data Reporter
Pascal for the Heath
A TRS-80 Diagnostic
Word Processinn in Nohr^ A ,
Edited by Eric Maloney
Trend-Spotter
A remarkable program
Generates Apple graphics
With the touch of a key
Late at night, the businessman sits at
his cluttered desk, poring over sheets
and sheets of paper, printouts filled with
little numbers for SALES and OVER-
HEAD and INVENTORY and GROSS
PROFIT and CASH FLOW and UTILITY
COSTS and on and on and on.
He tries to compare last year's data
with current information. One month is
down, another is close to the same, and
another is higher this year than last.
He works his way through four cups of
coffee and three pages of printouts before
he throws down his pencil. "Darn!" he
mutters to himself. "My Apple is great for
keeping track of all this stuff, but for me
to sit here and try to make sense out of
all this information . . . well, it's lust im-
possible!"
No longer, though, thanks to a remark-
able program called Trend-Spotter, put
out by Software Resources, Inc.
This $175 program contains two parts
—the Database section, where you save
your own information, and the Display
part, which is the graphics section of the
program. What it does is take your data
and transform all those numbers into a
readable graph. If you have the Apple
Silentype printer, it'll give you a hard
copy, too.
Even with a black and white monitor,
the displays are terrific. Using colors,
with a good monitor, you have to see
them to appreciate them.
Well, Trend-Spotter can do all they
claim it can, and even more.
Perhaps the best thing about thfs pro-
gram is how easily it works and how sim-
I pie it is to run, and yet what complex
1
'j-
o
• • • #■ * *_* • • ••■
• . *.
i/ s y:- -
• •••#<
• • • ••.
! \ FT-G-il
X
:>-
"ETGrar
x
i
Sample 1
210 Microcomputing, April 1982
functions it's capable of, if you need
them.
Just about anyone with a bit of pro-
gramming knowledge can set up a sim-
ple high-resolution graphing program.
But Trend-Spotter takes things so much
farther.
Everyone knows what a bar graph looks
like— thick columns going straight up.
Trend-Spotter can handle that easily
of course, but it's also got a couple of aces
up its sleeve. For instance, you're able to
bar graph one data set, and then put an-
other graph on top, even using black as a
color to 'erase' part of the first graph, to
get a perfect overlay effect. Or say you'd
like to bar graph two sets of data. Trend-
Spotter provides an LBar (leftbar) and
RBar (rightbar) command so you can
have two side-by-side bar graphs, each in
its own color.
I've done a lot of my own graphics at
our business to compare yearly sales,
material costs and so on, and so I was a
little skeptical when I started reading the
Trend-Spotter manual. After all. they
claimed they could do a number of differ-
ent graphs, even on the same screen-
scatter graphs (little cross marks), line
graphs (which will connect those cross
marks), bar graphs (up and down thick
lines) and area graphs (like a line graph
but with the whole area below the line all
filled in). Then they claimed they could
put things like a trend line into the pic-
ture-showing which general direction
the data was heading. (Sales up or down
this year? Which way are they going?)
They claimed they could smooth out the
graph display, using a mathematical for-
mula. They could display the moving
average of the data. They even said they
could combine files and display the new
total. (Want to know what your entire
utility costs were last year?— Trend-
Spotter will add up your data for electrici-
ty, gas. water, etc. and display a new
graph as a combined total.)
To give you more flexibility, Trend-
(continued on p. 1 98)
Reader Service for facing page *^26—
\
jCipplG Poll/hGf/
The most comprehensive Apple Catalog ever
offered. Over 200 pages of Apple Computer
Systems, Displays/Monitors, Printers, Software,
PC Cards, Games, Books and Accessories!
Proven products carefully selected for their
quality and cost effectiveness by the Apple
experts at Computer Town. To get your catalog
send $9.95 refundable with your first order, to
Computer Town today.
1 1
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Computer
Town
IN ' 1*
8 8
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•^26
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CALL 800-258-6378 IN N.H. CALL 603-893-8812
TWX 710-366-0507 MICRO COURIER 603-893-4361
VfSA'
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forgets:
MORE THAN JUST ANOTHER PRETTY FACE.
Says who? Says ANSI.
Specifically, subcommittee X3B8 of the American
National Standards Institute (ANSI) says so. The fact
is all Elephant™ floppies meet or exceed the specs
required to meet or exceed all their standards.
But just who is "subcommittee X3B8" to issue such
pronouncements?
They're a group of people representing a large,
well-balanced cross section of disciplines—from
academia, government agencies, and the computer
industry. People from places like IBM, Hewlett-Packard,
3M, Lawrence Livermore Labs, The U.S. Department
of Defense, Honeywell and The Association of Com-
puter Programmers and Analysts. In short, it's a bunch
of high-caliber nitpickers whose mission, it seems, in
order to make better disks for consumers, is also to
make life miserable for everyone in the disk-making
business.
How? By gathering together periodically (often,
one suspects, under the full moon) to concoct more
and more rules to increase the quality of flexible
disks. Their most recent rule book runs over 20 single-
spaced pages— listing, and insisting upon— hundreds
upon hundreds of standards a disk must meet in
order to be blessed by ANSI. (And thereby be taken
seriously by people who take disks seriously.)
In fact, if you'd like a copy of this formidable docu-
ment, for free, just let us know and we'll send you
one. Because once you know what it takes to make
an Elephant for ANSI . . .
We think you'll want us to make some Elephants
for you.
ELEPHANT. HEffiTY DUTY DISKS.
Distributed Exclusively by Leading Edge Products, Inc., 225 Turnpike Street, Canton, Massachusetts 02021
Call: toll-free 1-800-343-6833; or in Massachusetts call collect (617) 828-8150. Telex 951-624.
^355
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